AS 


INTRODUCTION 

TO 
ANCIENT  AND  MODERN 

GEOGRAPHY, 

ON  THE  PLAN   OF 

GOLDSMITH  AND  GUY ; 

COMPRISING 

RULES  FOR  PROJECTING  MAPS. 

WITH   AN   ATLAS. 


BY  J.  A.  CUMMINGS. 


Seventh  Edition. 


BOSTON  : 

PUBLISHED  AND  SOLD  BY  CUMMINGS  AND  HILLIARTi, 
NO.  1   CORNHILL. 


Ctmbridge,... 

1820. 


DISTRICT  OF  MASSACHUSETTS,  TO  WIT : 

District  Clerk's  office. 

BE  it  remembered,  that"  on  the  seventh  day  of  May,  A.  D.  1813,  and  in  the 
thirty  seventh  year  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  of  America,  J.  A, 
Cummings  of  the  said  district,  lias  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a  book,  the 
right  ^whereof  he  claims  as  author,  in  the  words  following,  viz. 

*'  An  introduction  to  ancient  and  modern  Geography,  on  the  plan  of  Goldsmith 
and  Guy  ;  comprising  rules  for  projecting  maps.  With  an  atlas.  By  J.  A* 
Cummings." 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  the  congress  of  the  United  States,  entitled  "  An  act 
tfor  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps,  charts,  and 
fcooksj  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies  during  the  times  therein 
jut-ntioned  ;"  and  also  to  an  act,  entitled  a  An  act  supplementary  to  an  act,  enti- 
tled An  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps, 
cUarts,  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times 
tierein  mentioned,  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing, 
engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other  prints  " 

W.  DAVIS,  Clerk  of  the  district  of  Massachusetts. 


PREFACE. 


THIS  Introduction  to  Geography  is  addressed  to 
teachers  of  schools  and  academies,  and  to  those  par- 
ents, who  have  not  had  the  benefit  of  regular  and 
methodical  instruction  in  this  important  branch  of  ed- 
ucation. 

The  plan  of  GUY  and  GOLDSMITH  has  been  a- 
dopted,  because  it  is  excellent ;  and  had  those  writers 
been  as  full  in  their  descriptions  of  the  western  conti- 
nent, especially  of  the  United  States,  as  they  have 
been  of  the  eastern  ;  or  had  there  been  no  material 
objections  to  the  American  editions  of  Goldsmith, 
and  especially  to  the  maps  which  accompany  them, 
this  treatise  would  not  have  been  added  to  the  num- 
ber of  Geographies,  already  so  great  as  to  obstruct, 
rather  than  promote  improvement. 

That  the  following  work  has  no  errors  nor  defects, 
is  not  presumed.  The  nature  of  the  subject  does  not 
admit  perfection ;  but  it  is  hoped,  the  errors  are  not 
material,  nor  the  deficiencies  more  numerous,  than  are 
common  to  epitomes. 

In  estimating  the  merits  of  this  work,  that  part 
which  treats  of  ancient  geography,  and  the  rules  and 
directions  for  projecting  maps,  deserves  particular  no- 
tice 5  and  these,  together  with  the  following  observa- 
tions on  the  manner  of  teaching  geography,  will,  it  is 
presumed,  give  it  some  claim  to  attention. 

It  may  be  proper  to  notice  several  peculiarities  in 
this  compilation,  the  reasons  of  which  may  not  be  per- 
fectly obvious. 

In  the  first  place,  the  many  words  printed  in  italics 
are  designed  to  direct  inexperienced  teachers  to  the 
names  of  the  most  important  places,  and  to  such  as  are 


iv  PREFACE. 

generally  to  be  found  on  the  maps.  And  though  the 
names  of  counties,  towns,  Sec.  in  the  work,  greatly  ex- 
ceed those  found  on  the  maps,  yet  those  which  should 
be  studied,  till  their  situation  be  perfectly  known,  are 
by  this  means  easily  distinguished  from  others  of  less 
importance. 

It  may  perhaps  be  thought,  that -the  names  of  towns, 
rivers,  See.  are  many  more  than  are  necessary,  when  so 
small  a  part  of  them  only  are  designated  by  Italics, 
as  sufficient  in  a  common  course  of  study.  But  al- 
though enough  are  in  Italics  to  give  a  good  knowl- 
edge of  Geography,  yet  it  is  sometimes  desirable  to  be- 
come better  acquainted  with  some  one  state  or  king- 
dom; or  a  child  may  have  access  to  some  large  map, 
to  which  the  parent  may  wish  it  should  pay  particular 
attention.  This  geography  will  be  found  a  convenient 
directory  for  the  purpose.  So  that,  although  the  long 
catalogues  of  hard  names,  excepting  those  in  Italics, 
be  wholly  omitted  in  a  common  course  of  lessons,  they 
may  still  be  useful  for  obtaining  a  more  minute  knowl- 
edge of  any  particular  part  of  the  world. 

Figures  in  most  instances  have  been  preferred  to  let- 
ters, in  expressing  numbers.  This  has  been  done  with 
a  design  to  assist  the  memory.  It  is  well  known  to 
experienced  teachers,  that  a  number  expressed  by  fig- 
ures is  more  easily  remembered,  than  when  written  at 
full  length. 

The  length  and  breadth  of  countries  are  for  the  most 
part  omitted.  This  may  be  thought  a  defect.  But 
it  is  of  more  importance  that  a  child  know  the  compar- 
ative extent  of  states  and  countries,  than  to  learn  their 
exact  length  and  breadth  in  miles.  A  child  cannot, 
from  the  book,  as  is  usual,  learn  the  length  and  breadth 
of  many  places,  without  confounding  one  with  another. 
But  by  studying  the  maps  he  will  soon  easily  recollect 
whether  any  one  state  is  larger  or  smaller  than  another, 
and  form  some  good  conjecture  what  proportion  they 
bear  to  one  another. 


PREFACE.  v 

The  same  may  be  said  with  respect  to  the  latitude 
and  longitude,  and  the  boundaries  of  places.  Should 
the  boundaries  of  all  the  countries  and  kingdoms  in 
the  world  be  learned  from  the  book,  which  the  pupil 
will  always  prefer  to  learning  them  from  the  map, 
they  would  not  long  be  recollected,  nor  would  there 
be  any  distinct  idea  of  their  extent  and  situation  ;  but 
if  taken  from  the  map,  they  cannot  but  be  recollect- 
ed, and  if  faithfully  studied  two  or  three  times  over, 
a  picture  of  the  earth's  surface  will  always  be  distinct 
and  familiar  to  the  mind. 

The  maps,  which  accompany  this  geography,  are 
engraved  from  Wilkinson's,  whose  authority  was,  by 
the  late  Rev.  Mr.  Buckminster,  pronounced  as  good 
as  could  be  followed;  and  although  some  of  them 
may  appear  too  full  of  names  for  the  use  of  learners, 
the  inconvenience,  should  it  be  thought  one,  may  ea- 
sily be  remedied  by  drawing  a  black  mark  with  a  pen 
under  those  words,  to  which  particular  attention  is 
required.  This  sufficiently  distinguishes  the  most 
important  words,  and  for  use,  the  maps  will  be  rather 
benefited,  than  injured  or  defaced. 

Besides  Goldsmith  and  Guy,  the  authors,  who 
have  been  consulted  in  making  this  compilation,  are 
Pinkerton,  Walker,  Adams,  Reeves,  Evans,  &c.  In 
the  part  relating  to  the  projection  of  maps,  much  as- 
sistance has  been  received  from  a  learned  and  much 
respect  friend. 


The  following  tifrser-vations  are  designed  to  assist  teach- 
ers, who  ha~ve  had  but  imfierfect,  or  no  geographical 
instruction,  and  who  may  wish  to  ado/it  a  method, 
which  has  been  attended  with  great  success. 

In  teaching  geography,  let  the    pupils  always    sit 
with  their  faces  toward  the  north.      Trifling  as  this 
a* 


vi  PREFACE. 

may  appear,  it  is  of  great  importance.  Place  the  map 
of  the  world  before  them,  and  let  them  put  their  right 
hand  on  the  letter  E,  the  east  side,  and  their  left  hand 
on  the  letter  W,  the  west  side.  Show  them  the  let- 
ter N,  or  the  word  North  Pole,  on  the  top  of  the  map, 
for  north  ;  and  the  letter  S,  or  South  Pole,  at  the  bot- 
tom, for  the  south.  Then  ask  the  following  questions  : 
What  part  of  the  map  is  north  ?  The  answer  will 
be— the  top.  What  part  is  south  ?— The  bottom.  On 
which  hand  is  east  ?— The  right.  On  which  hand  is 
west?— -The  left;  varying  and  repeating  the  questions 
till  the  answers  can  be  readily  given. 

Show  them  the  equator,  and  ask  whether  it  appears 
to  divide  the  map  into  equal  or  unequal  parts ;  their 
answer  will  in  some  measure  serve  to  explain  the  word 
equator^  and  at  the  same  time  to  fix  the  meaning  of  kin 
their  minds. 

When  two  or  three  particulars  have  been  shown 
or  explained,  the  learners  should  be  immediately 
required  to  give  them;  and  the  questions  and  an- 
swers should  be  repeated  so  often  and  in  so  quick  suc- 
cession, that  it  will  appear  almost  like  trifling  ;  and  not 
more  than  two,  three,  or  four  new  questions  should  be 
-asked,  before  they  be  put  with  previous  ones,  always 
observing  to  ask  those  most  frequently,  which  appear 
most  difficult  to  be  remembered. 

Learners  should  always  be  required,  for  a  considera- 
ble time  at  least,  to  point  out  the  place  asked  either 
with  their  finger,  or  something  they  may  hold  in  their 
hand  for  the  purpose.  In  this  way  the  pupils  must  al- 
ways see  the  place,  and  the  teacher  wil^know  it  is  seen. 
And  nothing  valuable  in  geography  can  be  learnt  till 
it  be  conveyed  to  the  mind  by  the  sense  of  seeing,  and 
there  fixed  by  frequent  repetition. 

After  teaching  the  points  of  compass,  E.  W.  N. 
and  S.  on  the  map,  and  which  line  the  equator  is,  re- 
quire each  one  to  point  to  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 


PREFACE.  vii 

N.  America,  S.  America,  the  Atlantic,  the  Pacific, 
the  Indian,  the  Northern,  and  the  Southern  oceans; 
and  let  the  finger  be  kept  on  the  last  named  place,  till 
another  be  asked.  These  questions  should  be  repeat- 
ed till  each  scholar  can  move  his  hand  from  one  to  an- 
other, in  every  direction,  without  hesitation.  When 
these  become  familiar,  as  they  will  in  a  few  minutes, 
if  asked  in  haste  and  with  proper  variation,  add  a  few 
more  questions,  by  naming  some  of  the  largest  islands 
or  seas.  Then  proceed  to  ask  the  principal  divisions 
in  Africa,  ana  in  N,  and  S.  America;  first  pointing 
out  the  names  of  the  places,  and  then  requiring  the 
pupils  to  do  it,  as  last  as  the  questions  are  asked  ;  al- 
ways obliging  them  to  name  in  what  part  the  place  is 
situated,  according  to  the  following  examples. 

Where  is  Lapland  ? — In  the  north  of  Europe. 
Where  is  Patagonia  ? — At  the  southern  extremity  of 

S.  America. 

Where  is  China  ? — The  east  part  of  Asia. 
Where  is  cape  Verd  ? — The  west  part  of  Africa. 
Where  is  Kamtschatka  F — Northeast  part  of  Asia. 
Where  are  the  Russian  settlements  F — Northwest  of 

N.  America. 

Where  is  Arabia? — In  the  southwest  part  of  Asia. 
Where  is  Spain  ? — In  the  southwest  part  of  Europe. 
Where  is  Ethiopia  ? — Near  the  centre  of  Africa, 

These  answers  include  nearly  all  the  variety,  neces- 
sary to  be  given,  unless  the  place  or  town  be  situa- 
ted on  a  river,  island,  gulf,  &c.  when  the  situation 
will  readily  suggest  the  answer. 

After  freely  exercising  the  pupils  in  this  manner, 
the  boundaries  should  be  commenced  on  the  map  of  the 
world.  x 

In  the  first  place,  make  a  dotted  line  with  a  pen 
from  Cape  Horn  to  the  ed^e  of  the  map,  where  write 
56,  for  the  degree  of  latitude,  in  which  the  cape  is 


viii  PREFACE. 

south ;  and  then,  as  expressed  in  Italics  OP  page  4th 
in  the  geography,  require  the  learners  to  give  the  ex- 
tent, and  at  the  same  time  to  move  their  hand  from  the 
cape  to  the  north  pole,  as  they  repeat  the  words  taken 
from  the  mouth  of  the  teacher,  and  not  by  any  means 
reading  them  in  the  book ;  and  then  say ;  America  is 

bounded  east  by  the ocean,  and  west  by  the 

ocean.  When  this  can  be  correctly  read  by  looking  on 
the  map,  the  pupils  should  study  by  themselves,  till 
they  can  nearly  or  quite  repeat  it  without  looking  on 
the  map. 

Then  make  a  dotted  line  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  to  the  edge  of  the  map,  and  write  35,  and  re- 
quiring the  scholars  to  point  every  thing  they  name, 
teach  them  to  say  j  Africa  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Medi- 
terranean sea,  which  separates  it  from  Europe  ;  S.  it  ter- 
minates in  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  35  degrees  S.  lati- 
tude ;  it  is  bounded  E.  by  the  Indian  ocean,  and  W. 
by  the  Atlantic  ocean.  This  should  be  studied  till  it 
can  be  nearly  repeated.  When  ever  a  sea,  river,  or 
mountain  separates  any  two  places,  it  should  always  be 
mentioned  in  giving  the  boundary,  as  the  Mediterranean 
sea,  in  giving  the  boundary  of  Africa  ;  because  it  not 
only  gives  the  boundary  of  a  particular  place,  but  at  the 
same  time  it  gives  three  places  in  their  relative  situa- 
tion. It  may  be  observed,  that  for  the  sake  of  order,  it 
will  be  convenient  to  give  the  opposite  sides  in  con« 
nexion,  as  N.  and  S.  E,  and  W* 

After  the  extent  and  boundaries  of  America  and. 
Africa  can  easily  be  given,  proceed  to  Europe  and 
Asia,  which  are  easier.  Then  leach  the  boundaries  of 
the  United  States  from  the  same  map.  where  it  will  be 
seen  from  the  situation  of  the  words,  that  the  United 
States  are  bounded  N.  by  Canada,  S.  by  the  Floridas, 
W.  by  the  river  Mississippi,  which  separates  them 
from  Louisiana,  and  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean.  This 
was  the  old  boundary,  and  it  will  be  convenient  for  the 


PREFACE.  ix 

learner  to  retain  it  on  account  of  the  opposite  position 
of  the  words  Canada  and  Florida,  Atlantic  and  Mis- 
sissipi ;  and  it  may  be  observed,  that  the  position  of  the 
names  of  the  places  is  in  general  sufficient,  without 
perplexing  children  with  tracing  the  obscure  winding 
lines,  which  are  the  real  boundaries. 

The  pupils  should  be  exercised  considerably  in  read- 
ing and  reciting  these  boundaries,  and  in  giving  the 
situation  of  the  large  islands,  seas,  countries,  &c.  in 
different  parts  of  the  map,  before  they  proceed  to  other 
boundaries. 

Questions  should  be  asked  relating  to  parts  of  the 
world  very  distant,  and  in  various  directions;  as, 
Where  is  Russia  ? — Where  is  Egypt  ? — Where  is 
Hindostan  ? — Where  is  Mexico  ?  &c.  This  sudden 
transition  from  one  part  to  another,  will  the  sooner 
make  them  familiar. 

The  questions  on  the  map  of  the  world,  found  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  book,  may  now  be  studied.  When 
the  above  boundaries,  and  the  most  conspicuous  places 
on  the  map  of  the  world,  can  be  readily  given,  the  map 
of  the  United  States  should  be  commenced;  first  by 
giving  the  boundary  of  the  whole,  as  before  directed  ; 
then  showing  the  several  New  England  states,  so  that 
each  pupil  can  read  them  on  the  map ;  and  let  them  be 
studied  till  they  be  committed  to  memory.  Proceed 
in  the  same  manner  with  the  Middle,  Western,  and 
Southern  States,  and  Louisiana.  When  the  divisions 
are  learned  from  the  maps,  so  that  they  can  readily  be 
given,  begin  with  the  individual  states,  requiring  the 
boundaries,  towns,  rivers,  and  mountains  of  one  or  two 
states  at  a  lesson,  as  may  best  suit  the  age  and  capaci- 
ty of  the  learner,  remembering  that  short  lessons  and 
often  reciting',  are  much  better  in  the  first,  even  if  it  be 
not  in  the  second  course.  It  will  not  be  forgotten, 
that  the  towns,  rivers,  mountains,  islands,  &c.  thus  to  be 
gotten  on  the  maps,  are,  for  the  aid  of  teachers  not 
familiar  with  this  subject,  found  in  the  geography 


x  PREFACE. 

printed  in  italics,  except  the  capitals  of  each  state  and 
country,  which  are  printed  in  SMALL  CAPITALS.  In 
giving  the  towns,  it  may  be  useful  to  begin  with  the 
capital,  which  will  be  easily  recollected,  if  the  design  of 
this  order  be  previously  made  known.  There  are  a 
few  places  in  italics,  not  to  be  found  on  the  maps. 
The  teacher  need  not  trouble  the  pupils  to  commit 
these  to  memory,  unles  there  be  access  to  some  larger 
map,  where  their  situation  can  be  seen ;  for  without 
maps,  committing  them  to  memory  will  be  of  little 
benefit. 

Most  of  the  United  States  are  so  regular,  that  no 
one  by  inspecting  them  can  mistake  their  boundaries. 
So  far  as  any  are  irregular,  it  may  be  proper  to  state 
them,  after  observing,  that -the  object  of  giving  the 
boundaries  is  not  that  the  young  student  should  know 
precisely  every  curvature  and  angle  in  the  boundary 
lines,  but  that  a  picture  of  all  the  important  objects  in 
their  relative  position  may,  by  keeping  the  eye  long  fix- 
ed on  them,  be  so  impressed  upon  the  mind,  that  it  shall 
never  be  effaced. 

Though  the  District  of  Maine  is  not  exactly  square, 
it  will  be  sufficiently  correct  to  say,  it  is  bounded  N.  by 
Canada,  S.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  W.  by  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  E.  by  the  river  St.  Croix,  which  separates  it 
from  New  Brunswick. 

N.  B.  Whenever  a  river,  mountain,  gulf,  &c.  is 
between  two  countries,  in  giving  the  boundaries  it 
should  always  be  mentioned,  that  it  separates  one  from 
the  other. 

Rhode  Island  is  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Massachu- 
setts, S.  by,  &c. 

Delaware  is  bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania,  S.  and  W. 
by  Maryland,  and  E.  by  Delaware  bay  and  river,  which 
separates  it  from  New  Jersey. 

Maryland  is  bounded  N.  by ,  S.  and  W.  by  the 

Potowmac  river,  which  separates  it  from  Virginia,  and 
E.  by  Delaware  and  the  Atlantic  ocean. 


PREFACE.  xi 

Virginia  is  bounded  N.  by  Maryland,  Pennsylvania, 
and  the  Ohio  river,  which  separates  it  from  Ohio,  S.  by 
N.  Carolina,  W.  by  Kentucky,  and  E.  by  the  Chesapeak 
and  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

S.  Carolina  is  bounded  N.  by ,  S.  E.  by  the  At- 
lantic ocean,  and  S.  W«  by  the  Savannah  river,  which 
separates  it  from  Georgia. 

The  boundaries  of  the  other  states,  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, are  so  plain,  they  need  not  here  be  given  ;  and 
no  boundaries  in  the  whole  American  continent, 
but  those  of  the  United  States,  need  ever  be  requir- 
ed. 

When  the  large  towns  are  situated  on  rivers,  as  they 
sometimes  are,  especially  in  Virginia,  it  will  be  best  to 
have  them  recited  thus — Alexandria,  on  the  Potow- 
mac ;  Fredericksburg  and  Leeds,  on  the  Rappahan- 
noc,  &c. 

It  will  not  be  profitable  to  confine  the  young 
mind  long  to  any  one  part  of  the  earth  after  having 
taken  a  general  survey  of  it ;  for  although  the  first 
imjfressions  may  in  a  measure  soon  be  lost,  still  two 
benefits  will  be  realized.  The  child  will  be  encourag- 
ed by  his  progress,  that  he  may  soon  be  able  to  say, 
he  has  been  through  his  geography,  which  is  by  no 
means  unimportant ;  strange  and  hard  names  will  in 
some  measure  become  familiar  and  easy.  The  next 
fcourse  will  be  easier,  and  less  discouraging,  and  the 
learner  may  be  required  to  be  more  thorough.  No 
small  injury  is  frequently  done  to  young  persons,  by 
attempting  to  make  them  perfect  in  what  they  the  first 
time  commit  to  memory,  especially  if  it  be  somewhat 
Difficult.  This  by  some  will  be  censured  as  erroneous ; 
but  it  has  been  proved  true  by  long  and  successful  ex- 
perience. 

Jn  preparing  the  map  of  Europe,  let  the  instruct- 
erdot  a  line  from  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  to  the 
margin,  and  there  write  36 ;  they  make  a  mark  on 


xii  PREFACE. 

each  side  of  the  map,  against  45°  and  55°?  and  consid- 
er Europe  as  divided  into  three  parts ;  the  southern, 
contained  between  36°  and  45°,  the  middle,  between 
45°  and  55°,  and  the  northern,  between  55°  and  about 
76°  of  north  latitude  ;  and  it  will  be  seen  that  Portu- 
gal, Spain,  Italy,  and  Turkey  are  in  the  southern  di- 
vision ;  Scotland,  Denmark,  Norway,  Lapland,  Swe- 
den, and  the  northern  part  of  Russia,  in  the  northern  ; 
and  that  the  middle  division  contains  the  other  coun- 
tries. By  studying  Europe  in  these  three  divisions, 
the  latitude  and  climate  of  each  will  more  distinctly  be 
recollected. 

In  giving  the  towns,  where  there  are  many  in  a  coun- 
try, it  is  best  to  give  those  which  are  northern,  southern, 
eastern,  western,  or  central,  separate  from  each  other, 
as  thus ;  the  towns  in  the  northern  part  of  Spain,  are 
Bilboa,  Pampalona,  and  Burgos  ;  in  the  southern  parts 
Cadiz,  Seville,  Malaga,  Grenada,  Sec. 

To  assist  in  giving  the  boundaries  of  places  in  Eu- 
rope, some  of  the  least  obvious  may  be  stated. 

Portugal  is  bounded  N.  >  and  E.  by  Spain,  S.  and 
W.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

Spain  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  the 
Pyrenean  mountains,  which  separate  it  from  France, 
S.  by  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  which  separates  it  from 
Africa,  E.  by  — —  sea,  and  \V,  by  Portugal  and  the 
Atlantic. 

Italy  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Alps,  or  Switzerland, 
which  {separates  it  from  Germany  ;  S.  and  W.  by  the 

sea,  and  E.   by  — —  gulf,  which  separates  it  from 

Turkey. 

Turkey  is  bounded  N.  by  Hungary  and  Poland,  S. 

by ,   E.  by  the  Archipelago,  the  sea  of  Marmora, 

and  the  Black  Sea,  which  separates  it  from  Asia,  and 
\V.  by ,  which  separates  it  from  Italy. 

Denmark  is  bounded  N,  and  W.  by  the  North  Sea. 
S,  by  Germany,  and  E.  by  the  Baltic. 


PREFACE*  xiii 

Norway  is  bounded  N.  by  Lapland,  S.  and  W.  by 
the  North  sea,  and  E.  by  Sweden* 

Sweden  is    bounded    N.   by    Lapland,    S.   by  the 

Baltic,  wnich  separates  it  from ,  W.  by ,  and 

E.  by  Russia. 

Russia  is    bounded  N.   by ,   S.   by  the   Black 

sea,  E.  by—,  and   W.  by  Sweden,  the  Baltic,  and 
Poland. 

France  is  bounded  N.  by  HoPand  and  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  which  separates  it  from ,  S.  by 

the  gulf  of and   the  Pyrenean  mountains,  which 

separate    it  from  Spain,  E.  by  Italy,  Switzerland,  and 
Germany,  and  W.  by—. 

Germany  is  bounded  N.  by  Denmark  and  the 
Baltic,  S.  by  Italy  and  Switzerland,  E.  by  Poland 
and  Hungary,  and  W.  by  Holland  and  France. 

Poland  is  bounded  N.    by  Prussia  and  the    Baltic, 

S.  by  Hungary  and  Turkey,  E.  by ,  and  W.  by 

Germany. 

Hungary  is  bounded  N.  by  Poland,  S.  and  E.  by- 
Turkey,  and  W.  by 

The  situation  of  the  other  divisions  will  be  sum- 
cient:  without  the  boundaries,  thus:  Switzerland  is 
situated  between  Germany  on  the  N.  and  Italy  on 
the  S.  Prussia  is  situated  between  the  Baltic  on  the 
N.  and  Poland  on  the  S.  Holland  is  situated  N.  of 
France  and  W,  of  Germany.  Britain  and  Ireland  are 
W.  of  Europe. 

With  these  boundaries  and  situations,  the  towns, 
rivers,  &c.  of  each  country  should  at  the  same  time  be 
learned,  giving  one  or  two  countries,  as  may  be  found 
convenient,  for  a  lesson.  The  countries  and  kingdoms 
in  the  three  divisions  of  Europe  should  frequently 
be  called  for,  by  asking — what  does  the  southern — 
what  does  the  northern — what  does  the  middle  di- 
vision of  Europe  contain  ?  If  these  be  only  read  on 
the  map,  once  or  twice  in  a  day,  in  a  few  clays  they 
will  be  remembered  without  any  other  study. 


viL  PREFACE. 

The  questions  on  the  map  of  Europe,  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  book,  may  here  be  introduced.  The  situ- 
ation of  the  islands  with  their  principal  towns,  and  of 
the  seas,  gulfs,  capes,  and  mountains*  should  be  at- 
tended to,  and  some  of  the  principal  towns  should  be 
promiscuously  asked. 

After  giving  the  boundary  of  Asia,  begin  with 
Turkey,  which  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Black  sea,  S.  by 
Arabia,  E.  by  Persia,  and  W.  by  the  Mediterranean. 

Arabia  is  bounded  N.  by—,  S.  by   the  Arabian 
sea,   and  the    strait  of  Babelmandel,   W.  by  the . 
sea,  which  separates  it  from  Egypt  in  Africa,  and  E. 
by  the  Persian  gulf,  which  separates  it  from  Persia. 

Persia  is  bounded   N.   by  the sea,   S.   by   the 

sea,  W.  by  Turkey,  and  E.  by  the  river  Indus, 

which  separates  it  from  Hindostan. 

Hindostan  is  bounded  N.  by  Tartary,  S.  it  ter- 
minates in  cape about  8  degrees  north  latitude ; 

it  is  bounded  E.  by  the  bay  of  Bengal  and  Birma,  or 
the  Birman  empire,  and  W.  by  the  Arabian  sea  and 
the  river  Indus,  which  separates  it  from  Persia. 

The  Birman  empire  is  bounded  N.  by  China  and 
Thibet,  S.  by  the  strait  of  Malacca,  which  separates 
it  from  the  island  of  Sumatra,  E.  by  the  Chinese  sea, 
and  W.  by  the  sea  of  Bengal  and  Hindostan. 

China  is  bounded  N.  by  the  great  wall,  which 
separates  it  from  Chinese  Tartary,  S.  by  the  Birman 
empire,  and  the  Chinese  sea,  W.  by  Thibet,  and  E.  by 
the  Pacific  ocean. 

The  same  attention  should  be  paid  to  the  islands, 
gulfs,  straits,  and  rivers,  as  was  required  respecting 
Europe. 

Africa  is  so  little  known,  and  the  extent  of  the 
several  divisions  so  uncertain,  that  no  boundaries 
need  be  given.  It  may  be  well  for  the  purpose  of 
assisting  the  memory,  to  point  out  several  countries 
together  and  connect  them  in  one  question  ;  as,  What 


PREFACE.  xv 

and  where  are  the  Mahometan  states?  What  sepa. 
rates  them  from  the  Great  Desert  ?  What  countries 
between  the  Great  Desert  and  the  gulf  of  Guinea  ? 
How  is  the  coast  of  Guinea  divided  ?  What  coun- 
tries between  Benin  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 
What  countries  on  the  southeast  coast  of  Africa,  be- 
tween the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  the  lake  Maravi  ? 
What  countries  in  the  eastern  part,  between  the  lake 
Maravi  and  the  strait  of  Babelmandel  ?  What  coun- 
tries in  the  northeast  of  Africa  along  the  coast  of 
the  Red  sea  ?  The  towns  in  Egypt  and  in  Abyssi- 
nia should  be  required  ;  and  the  rivers,  the  moun- 
tains, the  N.  S.  E.  and  W.  capes,  and  the  several 
clusters  of  islands  and  their  situation.  The  teachers 
will,  by  the  book  and  the  map,  be  able  to  point  out  the 
answers  to  all  the  above  questions,  without  any  diffi- 
culty. 

In  South  America,  the  boundaries  may  be  omit- 
ted ;  but  in  most  of  the  divisions,  two,  three,  or  more 
towns  should  be  given  ?  and  those  most  important 
are  found  in  the  book,  printed  in  Italics.  The  moun- 
tains, the  large  rivers,  the  islands,  and  especially  the 
West  Indies,  and  their  situation,  and  the  N.  S.  E. 
and  W.  capes,  should  be  carefully  studied ;  likewise, 
the  British  and  Spanish  Dominions  in  North  America, 
with  their  principal  towns,  rivers,  lakes,  &c.  and 
some  of  the  largest  islands  in  the  several  clusters  in 
the  Pacific  ocean ;  but  it  will  not  be  necessary  to 
oblige  the  learner  to  commit  them  all  to  memory. 

The  course  may  be  completed  with  the  map  of 
Great  Britain.  This  country  is  so  important  in  its 
relation  to  almost  every  part  of  the  world,  that  it 
should  be  studied  with  particular  attention. 

After  becoming  acquainted  with  the  maps,  lati- 
tude and  longitude  will  easily  be  learned.  It  will  be 
best  not  to  teach  them  both  at  once,  or  on  the  same 
day,  lest,  as  the  words  are  somewhat  similar,  the  mean- 
ing of  them  be  confounded. 


xyi  PREFACE. 

First  explain  the  word  latitude,  which  perhaps  for 
use  in  geography,  cannot  be  done  more  intelligibly 
than  to  say  it  means  side.  This  a  child  will  under- 
stand ;  and  he  will  at  once  perceive,  after  being  shown 
the  equator,  that  a  part  of  the  map  is  on  the  north  side, 
and  a  part  on  the  south  side  of  it ;  and  when  he  is  told 
that  all  places  on  the  north  side  of  the  equator  are  in 
north  latitude,  and  all  on  the  south  side  are  in  south  lat- 
itude, he  will  easily  answer  the  following  questions,  and 
give  the  reasons.  What  latitude  is  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  ?  The  answer  is,  south  latitude.  Why  is  it 
south  latitude?  Because  it  is  south  of  the  equator. 
—-What  latitude  is  the  island  of  Newfoundland  ?  North 
latitude.  How  many  degrees  is  Newfoundland  north 
latitude?  By  looking  on  the  extremities  of  the  line, 
which  passes  through  the  island  from  the  right  hand 
to  the  left,  it  will  be  seen  to  be  about  50  degrees  north 
latitude.  What  latitude  is  New  Zealand  ?  South  lati- 
tude. Why  is  it  south  latitude  ?  Because  it  is  south  of 
the  equator.  How  many  degrees  south  is  it  ?  About  40. 
Many  questions  of  this  kind  should  occasionally,  for 
several  days,  be  put  to  the  learners ;  and  when  they 
understand  latitude,  so  as  to  give  any  place  by  lookp 
ing  on  the  map  ;  teach  them  longitude,  the  meaning  of 
which  word,  they  may  be  informed,  is  lengthwise. 
And  they  should  be  taught,  that  the  curve  or  bent  line, 
or  the  meridian  passing  from  the  north  pole  through 
England  or  London,  and  the  western  part  of  Africa, 
to  the  south  pole,  is  the  one  which  divides  the  map, 
as  it  respects  longitude  ;  and  that  all  places  on  the 
right  hand,  or  east  of  this  line,  are  in  east  longitude, 
and  that  all  on  the  left  hand,  or  west  side,  as  far  as  the 
180th  degree,  are  in  west  longitude.  Then  ask,  What 
longitude  is  Madagascar?  East  longitude.  Why  is 
it  east  longitude  ?  Because  it  is  east  of  the  meridian 
of  London. — How  many  degrees  is  it  east  longitude  ? 
Look  on  the  equator,  where  the  two  lines  each 
side  of  Madagascar  cross  it,  and  it  will  be  found  that 


PREFACE. 

it  is  between  40°  and  50°.  What  longitude  are  Cape 
Verd  islands  ?  West  longitude.  Why  are  they  west 
longitude  ?  Because  they  are  west  of  the  meridian  of 
Lendon.  How  many  degrees  are  they  west  ?  Be- 
tween 20°  and  30°. 

After  longitude  is  well  understood,  both  latitude 
and  longitude  may  be  asked  of  the  same  place.  It 
will  be  sufficient,  that  lat.  and  long,  be  easily  found  on 
the  map,  and  read,  without  committing  them  to  mem- 
ory. 

Whilst  studying  the  maps,  as  above  directed,  the 
definitions,  at  the  beginning  of  the  geography,  and 
the  different  governments  and  religions,  towards  the 
end  of  the  volume,  should  be  committed  to  memory 
in  morning  lessons.  If  the  maps  be  hastily  run  over 
the  first  time,  a  second  course  is  recommended,  before 
much  attention  be  given  to  the  geography  itself.  In 
reading  and  studying  the  geography,  the  catalogues  of 
names  may  be  read  only,  or  wholly  omitted,  as  the 
teacher  may  choose ;  but  what  relates  to  the  descrip- 
tion of  countries,  to  the  climate,  soil,  productions,  cu- 
riosities, manners,  customs,  &c.  should  be  studied  for 
recitation.  These  need  not  be  wholly  committed  to 
memory,  but  they  should  be  studied,  so  as  to  be  re« 
cited  nearly  in  the  words,  in  which  they  are  express- 
ed in  the  book.  The  mind  is  more  strengthened  and 
improved  by  reciting  with  some  latitude,  than  by  being 
confiped  to  the  words  themselves. 

In  studying  the  geography,  reference  should  be 
constantly  made  to  the  maps  for  every  word,  that  can 
be  found  on  them,  especially  to  those  that  are  designa- 
ted by  Italics,  as  most  important. 

Whenever  words  occur  in  reading,  whose  signifi- 
cation is  not  perfectly  well  known,  they  should  be 
marked  with  a  lead  pencil,  or  with  a  pen,  carefully 
looked  in  a  dictionary,  and  prepared  to  be  given  at 
recitation.  This  is  one  of  the  best  exercises,  that  can 


xviii  PREFACE. 

be  given.  It  combines  several  advantages.  It  is  the 
best  method  of  learning  to  spell ;  for  without  spelling 
the  word  correctly,  it  cannot  be  found  in  the  dictiona- 
ry. It  tends  to  make  the  hardest  words  familiar  and 
more  easy'  in  the  pronunciation.  It  strengthens  the 
memory,  it  enriches  the  mind  with  the  signification  of 
words,  without  which  nothing  can  be  understood,  and 
it  is  one  of  the  most  effectual  methods  to  induce  a 
habit  of  study  and  attention. 

In  studying  that  part,  which  treats  of  ancient  ge- 
ography, it  is  very  important  that  scholars  be  furnish- 
ed with  an  ancient  mafi.  The  publishers  of  this  ge- 
ography have  engraved  one  for  the  purpose,  but  its 
size  does  not  admit  of  its  being  bound  in  the  atlas  ac- 
companying this  volume ;  but  for  the  use  of  schools, 
it  may  be  purchased  separate,  at  a  moderate  price. 
After  becoming  acquainted  with  the  modern  maps,  it 
will  not  be  necessary  to  learn  the  boundaries  of  an- 
cient places,  for  although  the  modern  divisions  of  the 
earth  vary  in  many  instances  from  the  ancient,  yet 
they  so  nearly  correspond,  that  it  will  in  general  be 
sufficiently  correct  for  young  persons,  to  learn  the  an- 
cient names  of  places,  rivers,  &c.  which  answer  to  the 
modern. 

Ancient  geography  is  of  more  importance,  than  is 
perhaps  generally  imagined.  In  reading  ancient  his- 
tory it  is  almost  indispensable.  It  gives  a  view  of 
the  places  recorded  in  the  Bible,  excites  additional  nv 
terest  in  studying  the  Scriptures,  connects  events,  and 
greatly  facilitates  the  recollection  of  them.  The 
history  of  any  country  without  a  knowledge  of  its  ge- 
oraphy,  loses  its  reality,  and  to  youth  appears  almost 
visionary. 

Questions  relating  to  ancient  geography,  the  curi- 
osities of  nature,  the  view  of  the  universe,  and  the 
globes,  are  omitted ;  not  that  they  are  unimportant, 
but  they  would  have  enlarged  the  volume  too  much. 


PREFACE.  xix 

And  after  teaching  the  maps,  and  the  first  part  of  the 
geography,  as  above  directed,  and  examining  the  pu- 
pils by  the  questions  in  the  latter  part  of  the  book, 
questions  relating  to  any  other  part  may  easily  be 
supplied  by  the  teacher. 

The  definitions  of  the  parts  of  the  globe  should 
mostly  be  committed  to  memory,  if  there  be  a  globe 
for  the  purpose  of  showing  and  explaining  them. 
But  without  a  globe,  little  or  no  correct  idea  can  be 
formed  of  them,  and  there  is  no  benefit  in  learning  what 
cannot  be  understood. 

Whenever  the  pupils  are  required  to  learn  these 
definitions,  first  show  on  the  globe  the  circles,  poles, 
Sec,  so  that  on  naming  them  they  can  instantly  lay 
their  finger  on  each.  When  they  can  do  this,  the  la- 
bour of  committing  them  to  memory  is  greatly  di- 
minished. 

Few  problems  are  given  for  solution  on  the  globe. 
The  reason  is,  they  are  almost  useless.  They  who  do 
not  understand  astronomy,  are  taught  to  believe 
they  acquire  a  knowledge  of  it  by  solving  these  prob- 
lems ;  but  without  some  previous  knowledge  of  that 
science,  most  of  the  problems  are  unintelligible ;  and 
although  they  may  be  performed,  they  convey  no  dis- 
tinct idea.  However,  a  few  of  the  most  easy  and  use- 
ful, and  such  as  deserve  attention,  are  inserted ;  but 
the  best  use  the  learner  can  make  of  the  globe,  is  to 
find  the  natural  and  civil  divisions  of  the  earth  so  oft- 
en, as  to  render  the  whole  surface  perfectly  familiar. 
For  this  purpose,  write  the  names  of  all  the  oceans, 
continents,  the  largest  seas  and  islands,  for  the  first  ex- 
ercise ;  then  those  divisions  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
and  N.  and  S.  America,  which  are  most  conspicuous, 
and  most  easily  found  on  the  globe,  for  five  other  ex- 
ercises. A  child,  finding  these  a  few  times,  will  ob- 
tain more  valuable  knowledge  of  the  globe,  than  he 
would  by  spending  months  in  solving  the  problems. 


xx  PREFACE. 

The  projection  of  maps  is  a  pleasing  and  useful  ex- 
ercise, and  ought  not  to  be  neglected  in  the  education 
of  youth. 

The  method  of  teaching  geography  here  recom- 
mended, may  by  many  be  thought  tedious,  but  a  pa- 
tient study  of  the  maps  is  the  only  way  in  which 
valuble  and  useful  knowledge  of  this  subject  can  be 
acquired.  By  studying  in  this  manner,  the  relative 
situation  of  places  must  be  known.  The  recollection 
of  hard  names  will  be  greatly  facilitated  by  the  sense 
of  seeing ;  the  impression  on  the  mind  will  be  more 
deep  and  permanent,  and  the  time  requisite  for  a  fa- 
miliar acquaintance  with  all  parts  of  the  earth  needs 
not  exceed  six  or  eight  weeks ;  especially  after  the 
teacher  has  acquired  some  experience. 

These  observations  on  the  manner  of  teaching  ge- 
ography are,  with  diffidence,  submitted  to  the  public. 
It  is  apprehended  they  may  have  the  appearance  of 
too  great  simplicity ;  but  they  are  the  result  of  long 
practice.  The  method  has  been  attended  with  suc- 
cess in  the  long  course  of  instruction,  in  which  the  au- 
thor has  been  engaged ;  and  it  is  hoped  these  hints 
may  be  useful  to  those  teachers,  who  have  not  had  the 
advantage  of  much  study  or  experience. 


GEOGRAPHY. 


GEOGRAPHY  is  a  description  of  the  earth. 

The  earth  is  a  large  globe,  the  diameter  of  which  is 
nearly  eight  thousand  miles,  and  its  circumference  near- 
ly twenty-five  thousand. 

It  is  ascertained  that  the  earth  is  round,  from  its  hav- 
ing been  circumnavigated. 

The  earth  is  95  millions  of  miles,  from  the  sun,  from 
which  it  receives  its  light  and  heat.  It  moves  round 
that  luminary  once  in  a  year,  and  every  day  turns  on  its 
own  axis. 

The  first  natural  division  of  the  earth  is  into  land  and 
water. 

The  surface  of  the  earth  is  diversified  with  hills, 
plains,  mountains,  and  vallies.  It  is  inhabited  by  an  in- 
finite variety  of  animals  ;  at  the  head  of  which  man  is 
placed ;  and  over  all  which  he  presides. 

More  than  two  thirds  of  the  earth's  surface  is  cover- 
ed with  water  ;.  which  is  stored  with  fish  for  the  conven- 
ience and  support  of  man - 

The  land  is  divided  into  continents,  islands,  peninsu- 
las, isthmuses,  capes,  promontories,  mountains,  and 
shores  or  coasts. 

The  water  is  divided  into  cceans?  seas,  lakes,  gulfs  or 
bays,  channels,  straits,  creeks,  roads,  havens  or  harbours, 
friths  or  estuaries,  sounds  and  rivers. 
1 


2  DEFINITIONS, 

LAND. 

A  continent  is  a  vast  extent  of  land,  and  is  no  where 
entirely  separated  by  water.  There  are  three  continents  ; 
the  eastern,  containing  Europe,  Asia-)  and  Africa  ;  the 
western,  containing  North  and  South  America  ;  and  the 
continent  of  New  Holland. 

An  island  is  a  portion  of  land,  surrounded  by  water  j 
as  Newfoundland',  Cuba,  England,  Ireland. 

A  penin'sula  is  a  portion  of  land,  almost  surrounded 
t  by  water ;  as  the  More'a  in  Greece. 

An  isthmus  is  a  neck  of  land,  which  connects  a  pen- 
insula to  the  main  land  ;  as  the  isthmus  of  Da'rien,  the 
isthmus  of  Su'ez,  the  isthmus  of  Corinth. 

A  prom'ontory  is  a  high  land  extending  into  the  sea; 
as  the  southern  extremities  of  South  America,  Ireland, 
Africa. 

A  cape  is  the  extremity  of  a  promontory,  or  of  a  pen- 
ins'ula;  as  Cape  Horn,  Cape  Clear,  Cape  St.  Vincent. 

A  mountain  is  a  vast  elevation  of  land  ;  as  the  White 
mountains,  the  Green  mountains,  the  Andes. 

A  coast  is  the  edge  of  the  land  bordering  upon  the 
sea.  ^ 

A  shore  is  the  coast  of  the  sea,  or  the  bank  of  a  river. 

WATER. 

An  ccean  is  a  vast  extent  of  water,  not  entirely  sepa- 
rated by  land  ;  as  the  Pacific,  the  Indian,  the  Atlantic  ; 
the  Northern  and  Southern  oceans. 
•*    A  sea  is  a  less  extent  of  water,  mostly  surrounded  by 
land  ;  as  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Baltic  seas. 

A  lake  is  a  collection  of  water  surrounded  by  land ; 
as  lakes  Onta'rio,  E^rie,  Huron,  Michigan',  Superior, 
Champlain*. 

A  gulf  ov  bay  is  a  part  of  the  sea,  extending  into  the 
lancl  5  as  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ; 
Baffin's,  Hudson's,  and  James9  days. 

A  strait  is  a  narrow  passage  of  water,  connecting 
two  seas?  or  a  sea  with  an  ocean ;  as  the  strait  of  Gibral- 
tar, the  strait  of  Magel'lan. 


THE  WORLD.  3 

A  channel  is  a  passage  of  water  from  one  sea  to  an- 
other, wider  than  a  strait;  as  the  English  channel^  St. 
George's  channel, 

A  creek  is  a  narrow  part  of  the  sea  extending  into  the 
land. 

A  haven  or  harbour  is  a  small  part  of  the  sea,  almost 
surrounded  by  land,  vvher.e  ships  may  lie  in  satety  ;  as  * 
Boston  harbour,  MHford  haven 

A  road  is  a  place  of  anchorage  at  some  distance  from 
shore,  where  vessels  lie,  when  waiting  for  wind  or  tide 
to  put  out  to  sea,  or  to  carry  them  into  harbour  ;  as  Nan- 
tasket  road,  below  Boston  harbour,  and  Hampton  road, 
at  the  mouth  of  James'  river. 

An  estuary  or  a  frith  is  the  widening  of  a  river  to- 
wards its  mouth  into  an  arm  of  the  sea  ;  as  the  frith  of 
Forth,  the  frith  of  Clyde. 

A  sound  is  a  strait  so  shallow,  that  it  may  be  sounded 
or  measured  with  a  lead  and  line  ;  as  Long  island  sound, 
the  sound  of  Mull. 

A  river  is  a  large  land-stream  of  water  ;  as  the  Con- 
necticut, the  Merrimack,  the  Hudson* 


THE  WORLD. 

THERE  are  five  grand  divisions  of  the  earth,  .Europe, 
Asia,)  Africa,  America,  and  the  continent  of  New  Hol- 
land ;  besides  several  clusters  of  islands,  which  are  des'- 
ignated  by  particular  names,  as  the  East  and  West  In* 
dies)  Australa'sia,  Polynesia. 

Europe  is  the  smallest  grand  division  of  the  earth, 
but  it  is  distinguished  for  its  government  andla^jR^for 
the  cultivation  of  its  soil,  the  intelligence,  letting,  ac- 
tivity,- and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants. 

In  Asia  the  human  race  was  firstg|sfoted,  ;and  there 
occurred  the  most  remarkable  translations,  recorded  in 
the  Bible. 

Africa  has  always  been  in  a  state  of  barbarism,  if  we 
except  Egypt,  where  were  the  ancient  fathers  of  learntm? 


4  AMERICA. 

and  Carthage,  once  the  formidable  rival  of  the  Roman 
empire. 

America  is  remarkable  for  its  size,  and  for  the  gran* 
deur  of  its  mountains,  lakes,  and  rivers.  Except  the 
United  States,  and  the  European  possessions,  it  is  un- 
cultivated, and  inhabited  only  by  savages  and  wild  beasts. 
Many  parts  of  it  are  vet  unknown.  It  is  often  called  the 
New  World. 

AMERICA. 

THE  American  continent  is  the  largest  grand  division 
of  the  globe.  It  extendsjrom  Cafie  Horn^  in  56°  south 
latitude,  to  the  Northern  ocean,  or  to  the  north  pole^  and 
is  bounded  east  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  west  by  the 
Pacific.  It  was  unknown  to  the  civilized  world,  till,  in 
1492,  about  300  years  ago,  Christopher  Columbus,  a  na- 
tive of  Gen'oa,  under  the  patronage  of  Isabella,  queen  of 
Spain,  made  the  first  voyage  across  the  Atlantic,  and 
discovered  San  Salvador,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands. 

in  the  same  voyage  he  discovered  Cuba,  Hispanio'la,, 
or  St.  Domin'go,  and  soon  after,  other  West  India  isl- 
ands, and  visited  the  continent  at  the  northern  part  of 
South  America* 

The  vast  quantities  of  gold  and  silver  found  here,  in- 
vited the  Spaniards  to  conquer  and  colonize  the  country, 
vvhich  they  did  with  more  than  savage  cruelty  to  the  in- 
nocent natives. 

This  continent  is  divided  into  North  and  South  A- 
merica,  by  a  line,  crossing -the  isthmus  of  Da'rien,  be- 
tween Verag'ua  and  Pana'ma,  about  7  or  8  degrees  north 


EXTENT. 

Length.  2?    Breadth. 

The  whole  continent  is  about         9000  £ 

North  America  4500  3      4500 

South  America  4600  ST     3000 


AMERICA.  5 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  N.  AMERICA. 

Mountains.  Stony  mountains  and  Mount  Elias,  to- 
wards the  northwest  coast ;  the  Apala'chian,  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  ;  and  the  CorcJil'leras  of  Mexico. 

Lakes.  Slave  lake ,  Athapes'cow  or  Arabas'ca,  Win'ni- 
peg,  Mistas'sins;  lakes  Superior,  Michigan',  Huron, 
JE'rie,  Onta'rio,  and  Champlain'. 

Rivers.  Mackenzie's^  Saskashawan,  Nelson,  St. 
Lawrence,  Hudson  or  North  river,  Delaware,  Susque- 
hannah,  Potow'mac,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Mississiji- 
jii,  Rio  Bravo,  Columbia  or  Or'egon,  Colora/do. 

Bays,  Gulfs,  &c.  Baffin's,  Hudson's,  and  James9 
bays  }  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  Massachusetts  bay,  Long 
Island  sound,  Delaware  and  Ches'afieak  bays,  gulf  of 
Mexico,  gulf  of  California,  bay  of  Ca??ifieachy,  and  bay 
of  Honduras. 

Straits.  Baffin's  or  Davis*  straits,  Hudson's  strait, 
strait  of  Belle  Isle,  Bhering's  strait. 

Peninsulas.     Nova  Scotia,California,zi\&  Yucatan'. 

Isthmuses.     The  isthmus  of  Dafrien  or  Pana'ma. 

Islands.  Newfoundland',  Cafie  Breton,  St.  John's, 
Sable,  Rhode  Island,  Long  Island,  Bermudas,  and  the 
West  Indies. 

Cafies.  Cafie  Farewell,  C,  Chidley,  C.  Charles  or 
St.  Louis,  C.  Ann  and  C.  Cod,  C.  May  and  C.  Hen'lo- 
pen,  C.  Charles  and  C.  Henry,  C.  Hat'teras,  C.  Look- 
out, C,  fear,  C.  Blan'co,  C.  St.  Lucas. 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

North  America  includes  Danish,  Russian,  and  Brit- 
ish America,  the  United  States,  Spanish  America,  and 
the  independent  Indian  nations. 

DANISH  AMERICA. 

Danish  America  consists  only  of  Greenland,  unless 
it  include  Iceland,  a  large  island  not  far  from  its  coast, 
which  by  some  is  considered  an  American  island. 
1* 


6  AMERICA. 

This  country  is  cold,  rough,  and  barren  ;  it  is  thinly 
inhabited  by  a  people  almost  savage,  and  is  valuable 
principally  for  its  whale  fishery. 

RUSSIAN  AMERICA. 

Russian  America  includes  the  Northwest  coast^  from 
Portlock  harbour,  near  New-Norfolk  to  Bher7  ing's  strait 
and  the  adjacent  islands  ;  as  the  Aleu'tian  or  fox  Isl- 
ands, Oumnak  Ounalaska,  Ooneman,  Kodiac,  Kishtac. 

Mountains.  Mount  Ellas  is  one  of  the  highest 
fountains  in  North  America. 

Rivers,  Bays,  &c.  Cook's  river  or  inlet,  Prince 
William's  sound,  Bristol  bay,  Admiralty  bay. 

The  Northwest  coast,  extending  from  the  Russian 
settlements  southward  to  cape  Mendoci'no,  the  northern 
limit  of  California*,  called  also  Vancouver's  Survey,  or 
New  Al'bion,  is  claimed  both  by  England  and  Spain. 

Rivers.     The  Or'egon,or  Columbia  is  the  principal. 

Islands.     Cross,  Queen  Char'totte's,  Nootka* 

Both  this  country  and  the  Russian  territory  are  but 
imperfectly  known.  They  have  been  visited  principal- 
ly for  their  fur  trade.  The  natives,  from  ill  treatment, 
are  become  hostile  to  those,  who  frequent  the  coast,  and 
often  inhumanly  massacre  them. 

THE  INDEPENDENT  INDIAN  NATIONS. 

The  Independent  Indian  nations  inhabit  the  interior 
parts  of  North  America,  extending  from  the  Spanish  do- 
minions to  unknown  regions  in  the  north. 

The  Indians  however  are  not  confined  to  this  coun- 
try. There  are  various  tribes  of  them  in  different  parts 
of  the  United  States;  they  are  indeed  dispersed  over  al- 
most the  whole  continent. 

There  is  among  the  various  tribes  a  general  resem- 
blance, though  not  a  perfect  similarity.  They  are  of 
common  stature,  straight,  erect  in  their  gait,  and  of 
an  olive,  or  capper  complexion.  Their  hair  is  long. 


BRITISH  AMERICA-  f 

straight,  and  black.  Their  motion  is  generally  slow, 
though  they  are  capable  of  great  speed  ;  their  counte- 
nance is  sedate  and  thoughtful.  They  are  averse  to  la- 
bour and  study,  and  much  addicted  to  intoxication.  They 
are  faithful  to  their  friends,  but  cruel  and  implacable  to 
their  enemies  ;  are  patient  of  suffering,  and  seem  almost 
to  exult  under  the  tortures  inflicted  by  their  conquerors. 
They  will  never  forgive  an  injury,  nor  rest  satisfied  till 
they  have  requited  a  favour. 

The  men  are  mostly  engaged  in  war,  hunting,  and 
fishing  ;  the  women  in  more  servile  employments,  impos- 
ed on  them  by  the  men.  They  are  frequently,  especially 
in  warm  climates,  almost  destitute  of  clothing  ;  and  such 
as  they  have  is  mostly  made  of  skins  of  beasts. 

They  live  in  low,  miserable  huts,  constructed  of  logs, 
bark,  and  the  boughs  of  trees,  called  wigwams*  They 
are  fond  of  ornaments,  such  as  pendants,  rings,  and  jew- 
els, which  are  profusely  attached  to.  their  nose,  ears,  and 
arms.  Many  attempts  have  been  made  to  civilize  and 
instruct  those  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States ; 
but  to  little  purpose.  They  retire  from  the  cultivated 
field  and  tjje  abode  of  industry,  and  delight  to  range  their 
native  woods. 

BRITISH  AMERICA. 

BRITISH  AMERICA  is  divided  into  New  Brit'ain*  Ufi- 
Jier  and  Lower  Canada,  New  Brunswick,  Wo-va  Scotia, 
and  the  island  of  Newfoundland',  Cafie  Breton^  Prince 
Edward's  Island  or  St.  John's,  and  the  Bermu'da  or 
Summer  Islands. 

NEW  BRITAIN. 

New  Britain  comprises  Labrador,  New  South  Wales,, 
and  New  North  Wales. 

Towns,  Forts,  or  >  Fort  York,  Churchill.  Severn, 
Trading  Houses.  $  dldany.  Moose,  Nain,  Hope 'dale, 
and  many  others. 

River*.    Churchillj  Nelson,  Severn,  Albany,  Moos*e. 


8  BRITISH  AMERICA. 

New  Brit'ain  is  cold  and  barren,  generally  rocky,  ab- 
rupt and  mountainous  ;  and  abounds  with  lakes  and  riv- 
ers. It  is  valuable  only  for  its  fishery,  and  its  fur  trade 
with  the  natives,  many  of  whom  are  known  by  the  name 
of  Esquimaux  Indians.  They  are  free  and  indepen- 
dent, though  the  country,  in  which  they  live,  is  called 
British  America. 

UPPER  CANADA. 

Towns.  York,  Kingston,  New' ark,  Qucenstown, 
Chip'pawa,  Elizabethtown. 

Lakes.  The  lakes  Ontario,  Erie,  St.  Clair,  Huron, 
Superior,  Rainy  Lake,  Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  Win'. 
nifieg,  are  in  the  southern  borders  of  this  country. 

Nipissing,  Simcoe,  St.  Anne,  Sturgeon,  and  St.  Jo- 
seph are  considerable  collections  of  water. 

Rivers.  The  St.  Lawrence, the  Ot'tawas,  Moose,  and 
Albany  rivers  have  their  source  in  this  country.  There 
are  also  the  Trent,  the  Thames  the  Chip'pawa. 

LOWER  CANADA. 

Towns.  Quebec',  Montreal',  Trois  Rivieres,  La 
Pra'irie,  Sorelle'. 

Mountains.  The  mountains  in  Canada  are  not  high. 
Several  branches  of  the  Stony  Mountains,  which  per- 
vade this  country,  are  the  most  remarkable. 

Lakes.  Temiscamming,  Abitibbe,  and  Mistissinny. 

Rivers.  St.  Lawrence,  Ot'tuwas,or  U'tawas,  Sorelle', 
St.  Francis,  Saguenai,  Black. 

NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

Towns.     St.  Johns,  Fredericktown,  St.  Andrews. 

Rivers.  St.  Johns  is  the  only  river  of  any  conse- 
quence. 

Bays.  Chaleur,  Merrami'chi,  and  Yerte  bays. 
Chi,§-necto  bay,  the  Bay  ofFundy,  and  Pas'samaquod'dy, 
border  on  this  province. 

Islands.  Grand  Menan',  Deer,  Moose,  and  Campo 
Bello. 


I5RITISH  AMERICA,  9 

NOVA  SCOTIA. 

Towns.  Halifax^  Pictou,  Liverpool,  Lunenburg, 
Barrington,  Argyle,  Yarmouth,  Digby,  Annapolis, 
Windsor. 

Rivers.  The  rivers  are  small  and  inconsiderable. 
The  largest  are  Annapolis,  St,  CroLr,  and  Kennetcook. 

Bays.  The  bays  are  numerous,  especially  on  the 
eastern  coast.  The  Bay  of  Fundy  is  the  largest.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  tides,  which  rise  with  great  rapidity 
to  the  height  of  thirty,  and  sometimes  even  to  sixty  feet, 
in  the  narrower  parts,  as  in  Chignec'to  channel.  The 
other  principal  bays  are  Canceau,  Torbay,  St.  Cathe- 
rine's, Country,  Siscomb's,  Beaver,  Sheet  and  Ship  har- 
bours, Jeddore,  Tangiers,  Chebucto,  St.  Margaret's 
and  Mahone  bay. 

Cafies*  Cape  Sable,  Canceau,  d'Or,  Split,  Chig'nec'- 
to,  St.  Mary,  Negro,  Sambro's  head,  Pope's  head,  and 
Lewis  or  St.  George. 

ISLAND  OF  NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Towns.     Placen'tia,  S(.  Johns^  and  Bona-vis'ta. 

Harbours  &  Bays.  Fortunate,  Placen'tia,  St.  Mary's, 
Conception,  Trinity,  Bonavis'ta,  Notre  Dame,  White 
bay,  and  Bay  of  Islands. 

^  Cafles.  Cape  Bay,  Cape  Race,  Cape  St.  Francis, 
Cape  Bonavis'ta,  Cape  F reels,  Cape  St.  Johns,  Cape  de 
Orat 

Banks.  Great  Bank,  Green  Bank,  False  Bank,  Ban- 
quas,  Sand  Island  Shoals,  Whale  Bank,  Bank  of  St.  Pe- 
ters. 

These  banks  are  celebrated  for  their  cod  fishery,  in 
which  have  been  annually  employed,  by  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  more  than  three  thousand  ves- 
sels and  a  hundred  thousand  men, 


10  UNITED  STATES. 

ISLAND  OF  CAPE  BRETON. 

Towns.     Sydney,  Arichat.  and  Lou'isburg. 
Harbours*     Arichat,    Lou'isburg,   Main,    St,   Ann's, 
Port  Hood,  Margaret,  Chetican,  and  St.  Peters. 

ISLAND  OF  ST.  JOHNS. 

Town.     Char'lottetown. 

There  are  many  other  bays,  capes,  and  islands,  inland 
around  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawxenr.e,  and  the  island  of 
Newfoundland'.  Some  of  the  other  principal  islands 
are  Anticosti,  Magdalen  Isles,  Percee,  Belle  isle. 

British  America  is  extensive,  mountainous,  ami  bar- 
ren ;  abounding  with  lakes,  rivers,  and  bays,  which  af- 
ford plenty  offish.  It  is  excessively  cold  in  winter,  and 
the  snow  falls  to  a  great  depth,  and  covers  the  earth,  es- 
pecially in  the  north,  a  great  part  of  the  year. 

The  summer  is  short,  but  warm,  and  vegetation  is  rap- 
ed. The  fur  trade  and  fisheries  render  the  Uritish  da- 
minions  exceedingly  valuable. 

BERMUDAS  OR  SUMMER  ISLANDS. 

The  Bermu'das  are  a  cluster  of  about  four  hundred 
islands,  situated  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  east  of  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  United  States.  The  islands  are  small, 
and  most  of  them  separated  by  narrow  channels.  The 
land  is  poor,  and  of  no  great  value  to  Great  Britain,  but 
as  a  station  for  ships,  or  for  a  place  of  recruit  in  the  West 
India  trade.  * 

UNITED  STATES. 

THE  United  States  may  be  considered  under  five  gen- 
eral divisions  ;  the  northern  or  eastern,  the  middle,  the 
western,  the  southern  states,  and  Louisiana. 

Intern  *tat  *   f  District  of  Maine,     Massachusetts, 
eastern  s     es,  \  N       Hampshire,     Rhode  Island, 
orN.  England^  Vermont>  P  Connecticut. 


DISTRICT  OF  MAINE.  11 

C  New  York,  Delaware. 

Middle  states.  ^  New  Jersey>  Pennsylvania. 

f  Michigan  Ter.        Ohio, 
West'n  states  »nijST  Kentucky, 

«tf  territories,  j  Indiana?  Tennessee 

f  Mary  land,  £J.  Carolina, 

South'n  state,  4  D^ct  of  Colum'  |e«na' 

(^Virginia,  Mississippi. 

T      .  .  ^Louisiana 

Louisiana.  Ofleans.  J     territory. 

These  states  and  territories  are  subdivided  into  coun- 
ties and  towns. 

DISTRICT  OF  MAINE. 

The  district  of  Maine  belonging  to  Massachusetts, 
is  divided  into  9  counties. 

Counties.  Principal  Towns. 

v    ,  f  York,    Wells,  Berwick,  Kittery,   Sdco* 

JBuxton. 

f  PORTLAND,    Falmouth,    North     Yav- 
Cumberland.   <  mouth,  Frun»wick,  Scarborough,  Gor- 
,  New  Gloucester. 


i  Kennebeck.      ^  HaUowl^    Augusta,     Vassalborough, 
\  Farmington. 

i  Somerset*  Norridgewock,  Canaan,  Fairfield. 

C  Wiscasset,   Bath,    Georgetown,  Tops- 
Lincoln.  ^  ham,   Waldoborough)  Camden,  Thorn* 

Lastown,  Bristol. 

TT  5  Castine,  Hampden,  Frankfort,   Belfatttj 

I  Buckstown,  Penobscot. 

Washington.      Machi'as,  EastporU 
Oxford.  Paris,  Buckfieid,  Fryburg, 

Penobscot         Bangor. 


12  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Mountains.  The  District  of  Maine,  though  broken 
and  rough,  is  not  remarkable  for  its  mountains. 

Lakes.  Moose  Lake,  the  source  of  Kennebeck'  riv- 
er, Umba'gGgi  the  source  of  dndroscog'gin  river,  and 
lake  Seba'cook. 

Rivers.  St.  Croix.  Schoo'dic,  Machi'as.  East  and 
West  rivers,  Union,  Penobscot,  Sheepscot,  Kennebeck^ 
dndroscog'gin,  Sdco. 

Bays.  Passamaquod'dy,  Machi'as,  Englishman's, 
Pleasant  river  bay,  Narragua'gus,  Pigeon,  Dyers,  Golds- 
borough  harbour,  Frenchman's  bay,  Flanders,  Bluehill, 
Penobscot,  Belfast,  New  Meadow,  Casco,  Wells. 

Islands,  Beals,  Pe'titmenan',  Mount  Desert',  Sutton, 
Cranberry,  Bartlett's,  Long,  Black,  Swans,  Isle  of  Haut  ; 
Vinal  Haven,  Isleborough,  Matin'icus,  Man^gin, 
Muscon'gus,  Seguin',Isle  of  Shoals. 

Capes.     Small  Point,  Elizabeth,  Por'poise. 

Learning.  Bowdoin  College,  in  Brunswick  ,  is  fast 
increasing  in  reputation.  There  are  several  academies, 
which  are  valuable  sources  of  instruction. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Newhampshire  is  divided  into  6  counties. 

Counties.  Principal  Towns. 

Co-os'.  Lancaster,  Bartlett,  Stratford. 

Grafton.  Haverhill,  Hano-ver,  Lebanon,  Lyme. 

*«i,     v  «         5  Charlestown,    Keene>  Claremont,    Wal- 
e,  Westmoreland. 


Hillsborough.     Amherst,  Goffstown,  Hopkinton,  Weare. 

Rockinerham     \  POR*SMOU*H,  Exeter,  Concord,  Ches- 

C  ter,  Londonderry. 
Strafford.         Dover,  Durham,  Gilmautownj  Barrington. 


VERMONT.  I* 

% 

Mountains.  The  White  mountains^  in  the  northern 
part  of  this  state,  are  a  grand  and  lofty  pile.  They  are 
the  highest  in  New  England,  and  are  seen  at  the  distance 
of  80  or  100  miles.  Their  summit  is  about  7000*  feet 
above  the  sea,  and  is  covered  with  snow,  almost  the 
whole  year.  Snow  has  been  known  to  lie  as  late  as  the 
26th  of  July,  and  to  fall  and  cap  the  mountains  again  in 
August. 

The  Grand  Monad'nock,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  the  Moose  hillock,  Su'napee,  and  Os'sapee,  are 
high  mountains,  and  are  seen  at  a  great  distance.  The 
northern  parts  of  this  state  are  broken  and  mountainous. 

Lakes.  Win'nipiseog'ee,  Umba'gog,  Su'napee,  and 
great  Os'sapee,  are  the  principal. 

Rivers.  Connecticut^  Mer'rimack^  Piscatfaqua^  Sdco, 
and  Androscog'gin. 

Learning.  Dartmouth  College  in  Han'over  is  a  re- 
spectable institution.  Phillifis  Exeter  Academy  is  one 
of  the  best  in  the  United  States.  There  are  academies 
in  Amherst,  Atkinson,  New  Ipswich,  Charlestown,  and 
in  other  places. 

VERMONT'. 

Vermont'  is  divided  into  13  counties. 
Counties.  Principal  towns. 

1x7-^,11,  ^  Newfane,  Brat'tleborough,  Westminster? 

JGuildford,  Putney. 

W  H  n          5  Windsor^   Woodstock,  Chester,   Spring- 
l  field,  Hartland,  Royalton,  Norwich. 

Orange.         Chel'sea,  Randolph,  New'bury. 
Washington.  Montpe'lier,  Wa'terbury,  Bar're. 
Caledo'nia.     Danville',  Peach'am. 
Essex.  Guildhall,  Lunenburg,  Concord. 

Oilcans.        Craftsbuiy,  Browning'ton. 
*  7152  feet. 


14  VERMONT. 

Counties.  Princijial  towns. 

Franklin.  SU  Albans,  S  /anton,  Fairfax. 

Grand  Isle.  Middle  Hero,  South  Hero,  Alburg. 

Chittenden.  Burlington,  Charlotte,  Williston. 

A  i,r  5  Mid'dlebury,  Vergenn<?s'  (firo.  Vergens'}, 

I  Shoreham,  New  Haven. 

Rutland.          Rutland ,  Pawlet,  Clar'endon,  Castleton. 
Bennington.    BE^NINGTON^  Manchester,  Shaftsbury. 

Mountains.  The  Green  Mountains,  so  Called  from 
their  perpetual  verdure,  divide  tins  state  from  north  to 
south,  and  give  rise  to  a  vast  number  of  streams,  which 
abundantly  water  the  country.  Their  summits  are  known 
by  different  names ;  the  highest  is  Killington  Peak. 

Lakes.     Lake  Cha?nfilain',  Memphrema'gog. 

Rivers.  Otter  Creek,  Onion,  Lamoille',  ?Missisque, 
west  of  the  mountains ;  on  the  east  are  Connecticut, 
West,  White,  and  Poousoom'suck  rivers ;  these,  except- 
ing Connecticut,  are  small. 

Learning.  There  are  two  colleges  in  this  state  ;  the 
University  of  Vermont  in  Burlington,  which  possesses 
all  the  funds  given  by  the  state  for  the  promotion  of  lit- 
erature ;  and  Middlebury  College  in  the  town  of  Middle- 
bury,  which  is  a  recent,  but  flourishing  institution,  and, 
though  supported  entirely  by  private  benefactions,  is  the 
principal  college  in  the  state.  Academies  and  schools 
are  numerous,  and  attention  to  learning  is  greatly  in- 
creased. 


MASSACHUSETTS.  1 5 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Massachusetts  is  divided  into  14  counties. 
Counties.  *  Principal  towns. 

Berkshire.    I  Stockbridge,  Lenox,  Pittsfield,  Williams- 

\town> 

Hampshire.     Northampton,  Hadley. 
Franklin.         Deerfidd,  Greenfield,  NorthfiehL 
Hampden.        Springfield,  West  Springfield,  Westfield. 

Worcester  \  Worcester,  Brookfield,  Leicester,    Lan- 
*  \  caster. 

Middlesex    \  Charlestown,  Cambridge,  Concord,  Med- 
C  ford,  Watertown,  Groton. 

Essex.  ^Mewburyport,  Salem,  Ips'wich,  Beverly, 

\  Haverhill,  Marblehead,  Andover,  Lynn/ 

Suffolk.  BOSTON,  Chel'sea. 


Norfolk.        5  ^ox^)liry?  Dedham,  Dor'chester,  Quincy, 
C  Wrenthannr. 

Plymouth     ^  Plymouth,  Pembroke,  Scit'uate,  Bridge- 
2  water,  Duxbury,  Hingham, 

Bristol  5Taunton»     JV3?W      Bedford,      Dartmouth, 

?Westport,Reho'both. 

Barnstable.  $Sarn'*t«M*>    Sandwich,  Yarmouth,  Fal- 
\  mouth. 


Ed'garton, 
Nantucket.      Nantucket. 
Mountains.    The   mountains   in  this   state   are  not 


16  RHODE  ISLAND. 

high  ;  the  principal  elevations  are  Wachu'sett,  in  Prince-, 
ton,  Blue  Hills  near  Boston,  and  Mount  Tom  near 
Northampton. 

Rivers.  Connecticut,  Mer'rimack,  Charles,  Housa- 
ton'ick,  Chickabee',  Nash'ua,  Concord,  Mystick  or  Med- 
ford  and  Taunton. 

Bays.  Massachusetts  is  the  principal ;  Ips'wichbay, 
JBoston  harbour,  Plymouth,  Cape  Cod  or  Barnstable,  and 
Buzzard's  bay. 

Islands.  Nantucket,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Plum  Isl- 
and, and  Elizabeth  Island.  Castle  Island,  on  which  is 
Fort  Independence,  is  in  Boston  harbour. 

Banks.     St.  George*s  bank,  east  of  Cape  Cod. 

Cafies.  Cape  Ann,  Cafie  Cod,  Cape  Malabar,  Sandy 
Point,  Cape  Poge,  Gay  Head. 

Learning.  The  University  in  Cambridge  is  the  most 
ancient,  venerable,  and  richly  endowed  institution  in  the 
United  States.  The  medical  school  in  Boston  is  suppli- 
ed with  learned  and  skilful  professors  in  every  branch 
of  the  profession,  and  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  country. 
Williams  College  i«  in  Williams  town.  In  Andover  is  a 
Theological  Institution,  liberally  endowed  and  supplied 
with  professors  j>i-  the  purpose  of  qualifying  young  men 
for  the  ministry.  The  number  of  students  is  at  present 
about  100  Phillips  Academy,  the  first  in  the  state,  is 
likewise  in  Andover.  There  are  academies  io  the  par- 
hh  of  Byfield  in  Newbury,  in  Bradford,  Le/c<?s'ter, 
Taunton,  and  in  many  other  places. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

Rhode  Is 'land  is  divided  into  4  counties. 
Counties*  Principal  towns. 

p       . ,  C  Providence,     Siuithfield,       Glowc^s'ter, 

ce<    ^  Cumberland,  Cranston,  Foster,  Scituate. 
Newport.  Newport,  Portsmouth,  Tiv'erron. 

Washington.     South  Kingston,  North  Kingston,  Exeter. 
J  Warwick,  Coventry,  West  Greenwich, 
Kent<  |  East  Greenwich. 

Bristol.  Bristol,  Warren,  Barripgton. 


CONNECTICUT.  ir 

Rivers.  Providence,  Taunton,  Pawtuek'et,  Patux'et 
or  Blackstone  river. 

Bays.     Narragan'set  bay,  Mount  Hope  bay. 

Islands.  Rhode  Island,  Canonical,  Prudence,  Block 
Island^  Dyer's,  and  Hog  Island. 

Learning.  There  is  a  literary  institution  in  Provi- 
dence, called  Brown  University. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Connecticut  is  divided  into  8  counties. 
Counties.  Principal  towns. 

f  HARTFORD)  East  Hartford,  East  Wind- 
Hartford.          <  sor,  Farmington,    Suffield,   Weathers- 
Afield,  Windsor,  Berlin. 

f  New  Haven,  Cheshire,  Guildford,  Mil- 
New  Haven.   <  ford,  Wal'lingford,  Wa'terbury,  Wood- 
L  bridge. 

(New    London^  Norwich,    CoFchester, 
Groton,    Lyme,    Preston,   Stonington, 
(^  Waterford. 

f  Fairfield,  Dan'bury,  Green7t>ich,  Hunt- 
Fairfield.          <  ington,  Newtown,  Nor  walk,  Stamford, 
t  Stratford. 

Windham         \  Windham,  Ashford,  KillinglyjLeb'anon, 
^  Mansfield,  Thompson,  Woodstock. 

Litchfield          $  Litchfield,  Ca'naan,  N.  Milford,  Salis'- 
C  bury,  Sharon. 

Middlesex         $  Middletown,  Chatham,  Haddam,  East- 
\  Haddam,  Saybrook,  Killingworth. 

Tolland.  Tolland,  Coventry,  Hebron,  Stafford. 

Rivers.     Connecticut,  Pequod  or  Thames,  also  call- 

9* 


18  NEW  YORK. 

ed  Mohe'gan,  and  Howsaton'ick.  The  smaller  rivers 
are  Quinebaug,  Shetucket,  Williman'tick,  Tunxis  or 
Windsor,  Wallingford,  Nau'gatuck,  Stratford,  and  Sa'- 
gatuck. 

Bays,  Harbours,  &c.  Long  Island  Sound,  New  Ha- 
ven and  New  London  harbours. 

Island.     Fisher's  Island. 

Learning.  Yale  College  in  New  Haven  is  one  of  the 
first  and  best  regulated  in  the  United  States. 

NEW  YORK. 

Cities  &  Towns.  NEW  YORK,  dl'bany,  Hudson9Troyj 
and  Schenec'tady,  incorporated  cities ;  Brooklyn,  Philips- 
burg,  Poughkeefi'sie,  Newburg,  Kingston  or  Eso'pus, 
Lunenburg,  Livingston,  Lan'singburg,  and  Waterford, 
all  situated  on  North  or  Hudson  river.  In  the  western 
part  are  many  pleasant  towns  rapidly  increasing  in 
population.  U'tica*  Rome,  Cayu'ga,  Gene'va,  Canan- 
dai'gua,  Bata'via,  Buffalo,  Auburn,  and  Waterloo. 

Mountains.  The  Catskill  and  the  Highlands.  Tne 
passage  of  the  North  or  Hudson  river  through  these 
Highlands,  about  sixty  miles  north  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  is  grand  and  sublime.  The  mountains,  which 
rise  abruptly  on  each  side,  are  only  far  enough  from 
each  other  to  allow  the  river  to  pass  between  them. 

Lakes  &  Rivers.  Lakes  Onta'rio  and  JZ'rie,  con- 
nected by  Niag'ara  river.  Cone'sus,  Hemlock,  and  Hc- 
neo'ye,  which  are  united  in  Genesee'  river.  Crooked 
lake,  Sen'eca,  Cayu'ga,  Owas'co,  Skaneateles,  Cross, 
Ostis'co,  Ononda'ga,  and  Onei'da  lakes,  unite  their  wa- 
ters in  Osive'go  river,  which  conveys  them  into  lake  On- 
ta'rio. Lake  George  runs  into  lake  Champlain'  at  Ti'- 
condero'ga.  Hudson,  and  the  Mo'hawk,  which  is  a 
principal  branch  of  it,  are  the  most  noted  rivers  in  New 
York  Battenkill,  another  branch  of  the  Hudson,  is  re- 
markable  for  having  its  source  in  Peru'  in  Vermont, 


NEW  JERSEY.  19 

within  twelve  or  fifteen  rods  of  the  source  of  Otter 
Creek,  which  runs  a  northerly  direction  into  Lake  Cham." 
plain'.  Black  river,  Oswegatch'ie,  Grass  river,  Racket, 
Saranack',  and  Sable  rivers,  water  the  northern  part  of 
this  state.  The  head  waters  of  the  Delaware,  the  Sus- 
gueharinah,  the  principal  branch  of  which  is  the  Tio'- 
ga  ;  the  AVlegany  and  its  branches  water  the  southern 
part. 

Bays  &  Harbours.  Sacket's  harbour  on  lake  Onta'- 
rio ;  and  the  bay,  which  forms  the  harbour  of  NewYork 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Hudson. 

Strait.  Hurl  (vulgarly  Hell)  Gate,  which  separates 
the  city  of  New  York  from  Long  Island,  and  unites  the 
sound  with  New  York  harbour. 

Islands.  York  Island,  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
which  is  the  city  of  New  York,  Long  Island^  andStaten 
Island. 

"  Learning.  Columbia  college  is  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  Union  college  in  Schenec'tady.  There  are 
academies  in  various  parts  of  the  state. 

Medicinal  Springs.  Ballstoivn  and  Sarato'ga  springs 
are  much  celebrated  for  their  medicinal  qualities,  and  for 
their  being,  in  the  summer  months,  places  of  resort  for 
invalids  and  people  of  fashion  from  all  parts  of  the  Unit- 
ed States.  There  are  also  medicinal  springs  in  New 
Leb'anon  and  Renssellaer' ;  but  they  are  less  frequented. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Towns.  NEW' ARK)  Elizabethlown,  Am' boy.  Bruns- 
wicfc)  Princeton,  Trenton,  and  Burlington  ;  Bor'den- 
town,  Mor'ristown,  Sec.  , 

Mountains.  The  Al'legany  pass  through  the  north- 
ern and  western  parts  of  this  state,  under  various  names  ; 
as  the  South  mountain.  Kittatin'ny,  Sec.  These  are  not 
very  high.  Nave'sink  and  Center  hills  are  considerable 
elevations. 

Rivers.  North  or  Hudson^  Delaware*  Hack'insack, 
Passa'ick,  Rar'itan,  Cesa'rea  or  Cohan'sey,  Mu'licus, 
Maurice. 


20  PENNSYLVANIA. 

Bays.  Arthur  Kull  or  Newark,  Rar'itan,  and  Ban'e- 
gat  5  Great  and  Little  Egg  harbours,  and  several  others. 

Cafies.  Sandy  Hook,  east  of  Rar'itan  bay  ;  Cape  May 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  state. 

Learning.  Princeton  college,  called  also  Nassau 
Hall,  is  in  Princeton  $  where,  also,  is  a  flourishing  The- 
ological Seminary. 

DELAWARE. 

Towns.  WILMINGTON,  Newcastle,  Dover,  Milford, 
S&lzs'bury,  Lewis,  and  Newport.  The  other  towns  are 
small. 

Rivers.  The  Delaware  is  the  only  river  of  any  mag* 
nitude.  Creeks  and  small  streams  are  numerous. 

Boys.     Delaware,  and  Reho'both. 

Cafies.  Cajie  Hen'lofien,  opposite  to  Cape  May, 
which  is  on  tae  Jersey  side  of  Delaware  bay. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Towns.  PHILADELPHIA,  Lan'castcr,  Carlisle,  Pitts* 
burg,York,Harriitburg,  Readying,  Bethlehem,  Nazareth, 
Brownville,  Kensington,  Germantown,  and  Frankfort. 

Mountains*  The  various  ridges,  which,  under  differ- 
ent names,  compose  the  Al'legany,  pervade  this  state. 

Rivers.  The  Delaware,  Schuyl  kill,  Susquehan'nah^ 
Yohzog'eny,  Mo'nongahe'la,  Al'iegany,  and  their  numer- 
ous branches. 

In  this  state  is  some  of  the  best  land  in  the  country. 
The  farms  are  large  and  valuable,  and  the  productions 
abundant. 

The  western  part  of  this  state,  especially  the  vicinity 
of  Pittsburg,  abounds  with  excellent  coal.  One  pit, 
which  took  lire  nearly  fifty  years  ago,  continues  still 
to  burn.  Another  pi%  at  no  great  distance,  has  been 
burning  more  than  fifteen  years,  but  it  has  spread  only 
a  few  yards, 


ILLINOIS  TERRITORY.  21 

Learning.  There  are  colleges  in  Philadelphia,  Lan- 
caster, and  Carlisle  ;  and  academies  in  various  places ; 
but  their  reputation  is  not  great%  There  is,  however,  at 
Philadelphia,  one  of  the  best  medical  establishments  in 
the  country  ;  and  students  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States  resort  thither  to  complete  their  medical  studies. 

WESTERN   STATES    AND    TERRI- 
TORIES, 

MICHIGAN  TERRITORY. 

Towns.  JDsfJioif'  is  the  capital;  besides  which 
there  are  forts  or  villages,  as  Miclvilimack'inack,  Mez'gs, 
Huron-,  E'rie,  &c. 

Lakes.  Lakes  Superior,  Michigan^  Huron,  and  St. 
Clair. 

Rivers.  St.  Mary's,  Huron  or  St.  Clair,  Detroit* ', 
Saganau',  Rouge,  Raisin,  and  many  other  small  streams. 

Strait.  Mich'ittmack'inack,  which  connects  lake 
Michigan  with  lake  Huron. 

Michigan  Territory  is  a  large  peninsula,  situated  be. 
tween  the  lakes  Huron  and  Michigan.  It  is  an  exten. 
sive,  rich,  and  level  country,  mostly  in  possession  of  the 
Indians. 

ILLINOIS  TERRITORY. 

Towns.  ;  Kaskas'kias,  Goshen,  and  Kaho'kia. 

Lakes.  Rainy,  Bear,  Red,  Pepin,  Winneba'go,  Illi- 
nois', &c. 

Rivers.  The  Mississiji'fii,  Illinois',  Wdbash,  Ouis- 
con'sin,  Chippeway,  St.  Croix,  St.  Louis,  Fox, Crocodile, 
Chickago,  8cc. 

Illinois'  Territory  is  a  part  of  what  was  formerly  call* 


23  OHIO. 

ed  the  Northwestern  Territory.  It  is,  like  Michigan, 
mostly  in  possession  of  the  Indians,  and  is  an  extensive, 
fertile  country,  agreeably  variegated  with  hills  and  mead- 
ows, and  watered  by  large  rivers. 

In  this  Territory  several  rivers,  which  run  in  opposite 
directions  into  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence,  take 
their  rise  so  near  each  other,  that  the  portage  from  one 
to  the  other  is  only  a  few  miles. 


INDIANA. 

Towns*  VIN-CENNES\  Washington,  Harrison,  Wa- 
bash,  Springville,  Clark  ville,  and  Madison. 

Rivers.  The  Wdbash  and  its  numerous  branches, 
and  the  principal  sources  of  the  Illinois'  river. 

This,  together  with  Illinois  Territory,  was  formerly 
called  the  Northwestern  Territory.  In  the  surface  of 
the  country  there  is  a  pleasing  variety  of  hills,  vales,  and 
prairies  or  plains,  which  are  naturally  destitute  of  trees. 
The  land  is  rich  and  productive,  yielding  plentiful  har- 
vests of  wheat  and  corn. 


OHIO. 

Towns.  CHiLicofH'E,  Marietta,  Cincinna'ti,  Zanes- 
ville,  Steubenviile,  Bellville,  St.  Clairville,  Lancaster, 
Franklinton,  Galliop'ofis,  Athens,  Xenia,  Columbia, 
Springfield,  Warren. 

Rivers.  Ohio^  Muskin'gu??i,  Scio'to,  Great  and  Little 
Mia'mi,  Hockhock'ing,  Sandusky,  and  their  branches. 

Ohio  is  neither  hilly  nor  mountainous.  It  presents  a 
varied  surface,  and  is  extremely  rich  and  productive. 
Grass,  grain,  and  almost  all  kinds  of  fruit,  common  to 
temperate  climates,  grow  here  in  abundance. 


TENNESSEE.  23 

KENTUCKY. 

Towns.  FRAUKFOR^,  Lexington^  Louisville,  Wash- 
ington, Paris,  Boonsborough,  Shebbyville,  Beardstown, 
Danville,  Harrodsburg,  Georgetown,  and  Ver-sazlles'. 
Most  of  these  are  small  but  fast  increasing. 

Mountains.  9  Cumberland  mountains  are  the  princi- 
pal. 

Rivers.  Kentucky,  Elkhorn,  Sandy,  Licking,  Salt, 
Green,  and  Cumberland. 

Spring's.  In  this  country  are  several  salt  springs,  or 
as  they  are  sometimes  ealled,  licks,  from  which  salt  is 
made  in  sufficient  quantities  to  supply  the  inhabitants. 

Curiosities.  The  banks  of  the  Kentucky,  and  Dick's 
river,  are  great  curiosities.  In  some  places  the  water 
has  worn  a  channel  through  solid  lime-stone;  in  others 
through  a  beautiful  white  marble,  to  the  depth  of  300 
feet. 

There  are  several  bitu'minous  springs,  which  afford  a 
substance,  answering  every  purpose  of  the  best  lamp 
oil. 

Caverns  of  great  extent  have  been  found  in  this  coun- 
try. In  many  places  in  this  part  of  the  United  States 
there  is  a  stratum  of  lime-stone,  not  very  thick,  nor  ma- 
ny feet  below  the  surface,  which  extends  many  miles. 
Through  this  the  water  sometimes  finds  a  passage,  and, 
running  underneath,  carries  off  the  loose  earth  and  grav- 
el, and  produces  extensive  cavities.  In  consequence  of 
this,  considerable  tracts  of  land  are  frequently  known  to 
fall,  and  form  deep  cavities  in  the  earth,  called  pitfalls. 
Farms  are  sometimes  :dned  by  them,  and  domestic 
animals  lose  their  lives. 

TENNESSEE. 

Towns.  KNQXViLLE,Na$h"uille)Clarke8"ville)  Jones* 
borough,  Abbington,  Greenville. 

Mountains*      Cumberland,  Clinch,    Stone,    Yellow, 


24  MARYLAND. 

Iron,  Bald,  Smoky,  and  Unaka,  are   elevations,  which 
form  the  grand  chain  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 

Rivers.  Hol'st(?in,  Cumberland  or  Shawanee',  Ten" 
nessee',  Clinch,  Wolf,  Hatches',  Forked,  Deer,  Obri'an 
and  Reelfoot. 

Springs.  Salt  springs  or  licks  are  found  in  many 
parrts  of  this  country,  which  are  sufficient0  to  supply  the 
whole  country  with  salt. 

Mines.  Iron,  lead,  gold,  and  silvei  mines  are  found 
in  this  state  ;  also  coal,  ochre,  copperas,  alum,  and  sul- 
phur. 

Curiosities,  There  are  remains  of  towns  and  forts, 
which  appear  to  have  been  built  long  before  the  discov- 
ery of  the  country. 

IB  this  country  are  several  streams  of  water  of  con- 
siderable size,  which  fall  into  the  earth,  and  entirely  dis- 
appear. 

It  is  said,  that  on  what  is  called  the  Enchanted  moun- 
tain, there  are,  in  the  solid  rock,  distinct  impressions  of 
the  feet  of  several  animals,  *  uch  as  men,  horses,  bears, 
&c.  The  origin  and  design  of  these  footsteps  are.  not 
known  They  were  probably  engraved  by  the  original 
inhabitants,  and  are  objects  of  great  curiosity. 

SOUTHERN   STATES  AND   TERRI- 
TORIES. 

. 

Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  Virginia,  North  Car. 
olina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Mississippi. 

MARYLAND. 


Towns.  -  BA  LriMORE)  jinnafi'olis*  Georgetown,  Fred- 
erickstown,  Hagar's  or  Elizabeth  town,  Elkton,  Wash- 
ington. The  cities  Washington  and  Georgetown  are 
situated  on  the  Maryland  side  of  the  Polow'mac,  in  the 
District  of  Columbia. 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  25 

Rivers.  In  the  eastern  part  of  this  state  are  the  Po'- 
komokej  Man'okin,  Wicom'ico,  Nan'ticoke,  Choptank, 
Chester,  Sas'safras,  Bohe'mia,  Elk.  These,  except  the 
Man'okin,  take  their  rise  in  Delaware,  and  fall  into  Ches'- 
apeak  bay. 

The  Susguehan'nah,  a  large  and  rapid  river,  falls  in- 
to the  Che^'apeak,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 

In  the  western  part  are  Gunpowder,  Petap'sco,  Sev- 
ern, Patux'ent,'  and  the  Potow'mac  rivers.  The  Po- 
tow'mac separates  Maryland  from  Virginia,  and  is  nav- 
igable 300  miles  to  Georgetown.  The  eastern  part  of 
this  state  is  low,  marshy,  and  unhealthy. 

Seminaries  of  Learning.  The  principal  colleges  are 
St.  John's  in  Annap'olis,  St.  Mary's  in  Baltimore,  and  a 
college  in  Georgetown.  The  two  last  are  under  the  su- 
perintendance  of  the  Roman  Catholics,  and  are  repre- 
sented as  in  a  flourishing  condition.  In  Somerset  county 
is  Washington  college.  In  this  state  learning  is.  in  gen- 
eral, much  neglected. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

The  District  of  Columbia  is  divided  into  2  counties. 
Counties.  Principal  towns. 

Washington.     WASHINGTON  Cifr  and  Georgetown, 
Alexandria.      Alexandria. 

Rivers.  The  Potow'mac,  the  Eastern  Branch,  and 
Tiber  creek. 

The  District  of  Columbia  is  only  10.  miles  square, 
It  is  about  300  miles  fuom  the  sea,  at  the  head  of  tide 
water  on  the  Potow'mac,  which  runs  through  it  diago- 
nally, near  the  centre. 

In  1790,  it  was  ceded  by  Maryland  and  Virginia  to 
the  United  States,  and  in  1800,  it  became  the  perma- 
nent seat  of  government 

•  The  situation  of  Washington  is  open  and  elevated, 
and  commands  a  pleasant  southern  prospect  down  the 


26  VIRGINIA. 

Potowmac.  The  plan  of  the  city  is  regular  and  ex- 
tensive. The  streets  are  so  laid  out,  that  the  two  most 
conspicuous  buildings,  the  Capitol,  in  which  Congress, 
or  our  national  assembly  meet,  and  the  President's  house, 
are  seen  at  the  same  time  from  almost  every  part  of  it. 
Should  this  city  ever  be  completed  according  to  the  orig- 
inal plan,  it  would  be  one  of  the  most  magnificent  in  the 
world,  and  in  some  measure  worthy  the  man,  who  first 
selected  it  for  the  capital  of  the  nation,  and  whose  name  it 
bears ;  but  it  is  at  present  in  such  a  state,  that  it  has 
scarcely  the  appearance  of  a  city. 

VIRGINIA. 

Towns.  Richmond,  Alexandria,  Norfolk,  Peters- 
burg, Williamsburg,  and  Frederickaburg,  are  the  princi- 
pal. Dumfries*  Leeds..  Yorktoivn,  Lexington,  Urban'- 
nan,  Portroyal,  Falmouth,  New 'castle,  Hanover,  New- 
London,  Suffolk,  Smithfield,  Portsmouth,  Hampton, 
Char'lotteville,  Staunton,  and  Winchester.  These  last 
are  small.  Yorktown,  on  York  river,  is  memorable  for 
the  surrender  of  Lord  Cornwallis  and  his  army  to  the 
Americans  in  the  revolutionary  war.  This  event  de- 
cided the  contest  with  Great  Britain,  and  gave  indepen- 
dence to  America.  Mount  Vernon,  the  celebrated  seat 
of  the  late  President  Washington,  though  not  a  town, 
may  be  noticed  here.  It  is  situated  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Potow'mac,  nine  miles  below  Alexandria.  It 
commands  a  beautiful  and  extensive  prospect  up  and 
down  the  river.  The  mansion  is  now  decaying. 

Mountains.  The  Blue  Ridge,  North  mountain, 
Jackson's  mountain,  and  Laurel  mountain,  are  the  prin- 
cipal rarges  of  what  is  generally  called  the  Al'legany, 
In  the  southern  part  are  the  Cumberland  mountains. 

Rivers,  The  Ohio,  Potow'mac,  Ra/ijiahanrnoCt 
York,  James,  and  Roanoke'*  are  the  largest  Their 
branches  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  important, 
such  as  the  Shenando'ah,  Mattapo'ney,  Pamunky,  Ri- 


VIRGINIA.  27 

vanna,  dpfiomat'toxy  Chickahom'iny,  Nan'semond',  and 
Elizabeth.  In  the  southeast  part  are  the  Not'toway  and 
Meher'rin,  which  unite  in  North  Carolina  and  ibrin  the 
Chowan  river;  and  the  Roanoke',  which  is  formed  by( 
the  junction  of  Stdunton  and  Dan  rivers.  In  the  north- 
west are  the  Kanhd'nvay  and  Sandy  rivers,  which  tail  in- 
to trie  Ohio-  They  abundantly  water  the  country,  and 
afford  an  easy  water  conveyance  through  almost  every 
part  of  the  state, 

Bays.  Chedajieak  is  the  largest  bay  in  the  United 
Stales  ;  it  extends  200  miles  into  the  country,  and  is 
from  7  to  18  miles  wide.  Hampton  Road  is  a  safe, 
commodious  harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  James  river. 

Cafies.  Cafie  Charles  and  Cape  Henry,  sometimes 
called  The  Capes  of  Virginia. 

Learning.  William  and  Mary's  college  in  Williams- 
burg,  Hamden  Sidney  college  in  Prince  Edward  county, 
and  Washington  college  in  Lexing  on.  They  are  not 
eminent.  There  are  academies  in  Akxundrhj  Norfolk. 
Hanover,  New  London,  Sec. 

Curiosities.  There  is  a  remarkable  fall  of  water  on 
Jackson's  river,  in  which  the  water  descends  200  feet 
perpendicularly. 

Over  Cedar  creek  is  what  is  called  the  Natural 
Bridge.  It  is  a  solid  lime-stone,  40  or  50  feet  thick,  of 
sufficient  width  for  a  road,  and  for  the  support  of  a  num- 
ber of  trees.  It  is  nearly  100  feet  in  length,  and  more 
than  200  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water. 

There  is  another  natural  bridge  over  Stock  creek  in 
Washington  county. 

In  this  state  are  several  caves  of  considerable  extent. 
Madison's  cave,  the  most  celebrated,  is  north  of  the 
Blue  Ridge.  Its  entrance  it  into  the  perpendicular  sida 
of  a  hill  200  feet  high,  more  than  130  foet  above  its  base, 
which  is  washed  by  a  small  river.  It  extends  300  feet 
into  the  earth,  descending  irregularly  till  it  terminates  in 
stagnant  water  of  unknown  extent,  and  apparently  on  a 
level  with  the  surface  ct  the  river.  The  top  of  this 


;28  VIRGINIA. 

cave  is  lime-stone,  and  from  20  to  50  feet  high  ;  its 
width  is  various. 

Near  the  .North  mountain  is  a  cave,  the  entrance  to 
which  is  on  the  top  of  a  ridge.  It  descends  30  or  40 
feet  perpendicularly.;  then  ..takes  a  horizontal  direction, 
and  extends  400  feet.  Its  breadth  is  from  20  to  50,  and 
its  height  from  5  to  12  feet. 

At  a  place,  called  the  Panther  Gap,  is  Blowing  Cave, 
whence  constantly  issues  a  strong  current  of  air,  which 
prostrates  the  herbage  at  the  distance  of  50  or  60  feet. 

In  Monroe  county,  near  IvanA  a/way  river,  is  a  subter- 
raneous passage  through  the  base  of  a  mountain.  It  ex- 
tends more  than  two  miles,  and  is  so  large,  that  persons 
have  passed  through.  The  earth  on  the  bottom  is  strong- 
ly impregnated  with  nitre,  from  which  saltpetre  may  be 
made  in  great  quantities. 

In  the  western  part  of  this  state,  and  in  Kentucky,  are 
many  remains  of  ancient  fortifications,  some  of  which 
include  several  acres.  Their  form  and  apparent  struc« 
ture  indicate  a  people  of  great  antiquity,  a«d  of  more 
improvement,  than  the  natives  of  this  country  had  gen- 
erally attaiij^d. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Richmond  on  James  river,  pit-coal 
is  found  in  great  quantities.  The  western  parts  of  the 
state,  on  the  Ohio  river,  afford  it  in  still  greater  abun- 
dance. 

Medicinal  S/irings.  There  are  many  springs  in  Vir* 
ginia,  whidh  possess  medicinal  qualities.  The  Warm 
and  HoLsfirings  in  \ugusta,  near  Jackson's,  or,  as  it  is 
nom^Jnes  called,  Warm  sfiring  mountain,  are  the  most 
eele$™ld.  The  Warm  sjiring  is  a  current  sufficient  to 
carry  a  corn-mill ;  the  water  raises  mercury  in  the  ther- 
mometer to  about  blood  heat. 

The  Hot  s/iring,  abotst  6  miles  distant,  is  less  than  the 
Warm  spring,  and  so  hot  as  to  boil  an  egg.  These 
springs  have  proved  efficacious  in  rheumatism  and  some 
other  complaints. 

About  40  miles  from  these  springs,  in  Botetourt 
county,  are  the  Sweet  ft/irings,  which  possess  medicinal 
Dualities,  though  they  are  less  known. 


NORTH  CAIiOLINA.  29 

Not  far  from  the  Great  Kan/zaVay  there  is  a  small 
cavity  in  the  earth,  from  which  issues  a  stvong  current  oi 
vapour,  which,  on  presenting  a  blaze,  takes  fire,  and  ris- 
es in  a  flame  4  or  5  feet  It  sometimes  burns  several 
days.  There  is  another  similar  curiosity  on  Sandy  river. 

West  of  the  Al'legany  mountains  are  many  salt 
springs.  They  are  not,  however,  more  than  one  third 
as  salt  as  the  ocean, 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


Towns.    J* 

Kingston,  Smithfield,  Hillsborough,  Brunswick,  Wil- 
mington, Fay{  'etteville1  \  Haywood,  Halifax,  Washington, 
and  Greenville. 

Mountains.  The  western  part  of  North  Carolina  ris- 
es into  the  Al'legany,  or  Apala'chian  mountains.  The 
eastern  part,  to  the  distance  of  60  or  70  miles  from  the 
sea,  is  a  level,  pine  barren  country,  except  on  the  mat  - 
gins  of  rivers,  where  is  generally  good  land. 

Rivers.  Meher'rin,  Not'taway  and  Black,  which  form 
the  Chovvan  ;  the  Roandke',  Tar,  Ncuxe,  Cajie  Fear,  or 
Clarendon  river  j  Yaclkin,  Cataw'baw. 

Sounds.  Pamlico,  Alb  er  marl  e1  ,  and  Core  sounds,  all 
communica.ting  with  each  other. 

Inlets.  Currituck,  Roanoke',  and  O'cracoke.  The 
last  only  is  navigable, 

Cafies.  Cape  Hat'  t  eras  >  remarkable  for  violent  winds 
and  tempestuous  weather  ;  Cafie  Fear,  near  which  is  a 
dangerous  shoal,  called,  from  its  peculiar  form,  the  Fry» 
ingfian;  Cafie  Lookout. 

Sivam/is.  There  are  two  swamps  in  North  Carolina, 
called  the  Great  and  Little  Dismal,  The  former  is  70 
or  80  miles  in  circumference,  situated  in  the  eastern  part 
of  this  state  and  in  Virginia.  Its  greatest  extent  is  from 
north  <o  south,  and  contains  140  or  150  thousand  acres. 
In  the  centre  of  it  is  Drummond's  pond,  7  miles  long  and 
3* 


30  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

5  broad.     It    is  remaikable,  that   several   rivers   and 
creeks,  running  in  opposite  directions,  take  their  rise  in 
this  swamp. 

The  Little  Dismal  is  between  Albermarle  and  Pamli- 
co  sounds  ;  there  is  likewise  a  pond  in  this,  1 1  miles 
long  and  7  broad. 

Curiosities.  A  mountain  called  Ar'arat,  in  the 
Northwest  part  of  this  state,  is  a  singular  elevation,  rising 
in  the  form  of  a  pyramid  in  an  easy  and  regular  ascent, 
nearly  a  mile  high,  where  it  is  not  more  than  12  or  15 
rods  in  diameter.  From  the  top  of  this  pyramid  rises  a 
stupendous  rock  300  feet  perpendicular.  Its  summit  is 
smooth  and  regular,  and  affords  an  extensive  and  de- 
lightful prospect  of  the  Apalachian  mountains  for  60  or 
70  miles  on  the  north,  and  of  the  rivers  Dan  and  Yadkin, 
which  flow  from  them,  and  wind  through  the  vales  be- 
low. 

In  the  western  part  of  this  state,  in  Rowan  county, 
have  been  disc  overed  two  subterraneous  walls,  similar  in 
construction,  but  not  in  extent.  One  is  nearly  2  feet 
thick,  from  12  to  1 4  high,  and  30«'J  feet  long.  The  stones, 
of  which  these  walls  are  built,  are  all  of^the  same  kind. 
Their  form,  though  various,  is  regular.  They  are  from 

6  to  10  inches  long,  arranged  crosswise  of  the  wall,  and 
united  with  a  peculiar  cem'ent,  between  which  and  the 
stone  there  is  an  appearance  of  iron  rust.     These  walls 
are  from  1  to  7  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and 
evince  much  art  and  correctness  in  their  construction. 

The  mis'srltoe,  in  the  back  part  of  North  Carolina,  is 
a  great  curiosity.  It  is  a  shrub  that  grows  only  on  the 
tops  of  trees.  The  roots  pierce  the  bark  and  wood,  and 
thence  draw  their  nourishment,  as  other  vegetables  do 
from  the  earth  It  is  an  evergreen,  growing  chiefly  on 
the  crab,  the  hawthorn  and  the  maple  If  not  prevent- 
ed by  cutting,  it  frequently  robs  the  tree,  on  which  it 
grows,  of  its  sap,  and  kills  it  The  ancient  Britons  con- 
sidered this  shrub  sacred,  for  its  supposed  medicinal 
qualities,  especially  when  found  on  the  oak. 


GEORGIA.  31 

Learning.  At  Chapel  Hfcll  is  a  university.  There 
are  several  academies ;  but  none  eminent.  The  state 
oi  learning  is  low  in  general. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Towns.  CHARLESTON,  Beau'fort,  Georgetown,  £o- 
lumbia,)  Granby,  Camden,  Purysburg,  Jacksonburg, 
Orangeburg,  Winnsborough.  States'burg,  Cambridge. 

Mountains.  The  Jljiala'chian  mountains  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  state.  The  eastern  part,  to  the  distance 
of  more  than  100  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  is  almost,  an 
uninterrupted  level. 

Rivers.  Ashley  and  Cooper ;  Winy  aw'  river  or  bay, 
formed  by  the  union  of  Wakkamaw',  Great  and  Little 
Pcdee')  Lynch  creek,  and  Black  river,  about  15  miles 
from  the  ocean.  Santee\  and  its  branches,  Salu'da, 
Broad,  Congaree',  and  Wateree' ;  Edi&'to,  Ashepoo', 
Combahee',  Stono.  Coo'saw,  &c. 

Islands.  Bull's,  Dewee',  Sullivan's,  James's,  John's, 
Wadmelaw',  Simon,  Edis'to,  St.  Hel'ena,  Lad'ico,  Paris, 
Hilton  Head,  Pinckney's,  and  several  others.  These 
islands  are  not  large. 

Cafies.     Cape  Car'teret  or  Roman. 

Learning.  South  Carolina  colkge  is  at  Columbia. 
There  are  colleges  and  academies  in  Charleston,  in 
Cambridge,  and  other  towns. 

GEORGJA. 

Towns.  Savan'nak.  Angus' i a.  MIL' LEDGE r ILLS', 
Washington.  El'berton,  LoH'u-ville^  Lexington,  Sunbu- 
ry,  Frederi'ca,  Du'rien,  Brunswick,  St.  Patrick's,  and 
St.  Mary's. 

Mountains.  The  Blue  Ridge  terminates  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  this  state. 

Rivers.  Savan'nah  and  its  branrh.es,  Keowcc',  Tu- 
gulo.  Broad,  Little  river,  Ogee'chee,  Al'atamaha',  of 
which  Oakmul'gee  and  Oco'nee  are  the  principal  branch- 


32  MISSISSIPPI. 

es ;  Turtle  river,  Great  and  Little  SatiPlas,  St.  Mary's, 
•which  forms  part  of  the  southern  boundary  of  the  United 
States  ;  Afi'alach'ico'la  or  Cat'aho'che,  Flint  River. 

There  is  in  this  state,  at  the  head  of  St.  Mary's  river, 
a  swamp  or  marsh,  300  miles  in  circumference,  known 
by  the  name  of  Ouaquaphenogaw.  (firo..O'-ke-fe~no'ge.) 

Medicinal  Sfirings.  In  Wilkes  county,  near  Washing- 
ton, is  a  spring,  flowing  from  the  trunk  of  a  hollow  tree, 
the  inside  of  which  is  covered  with  a  solid  coat,  an  inch 
thick,  and  the  leaves,  to  a  considerable  distance  round, 
are  incrusted  with  a  white  substance.  Its  waters  have 
been  considered  an  effectual  remedy  in  many  cutaneous 
and  other  disorders.  There  are  other  medicinal  springs 
in  this  state. 

Islands.  Tybee',  Wassaw,  St.  Catherine's,  Sapelo, 
St.  Simon's,  Je'kyl,  and  Cumberland  islands. 

Learning.  Literary  institutions  are  established  in 
Athens,  Eatonton,  Powelton,  and  various  other  places. 
Attention  to  learning  in  this  state  is  fast  increasing. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Towns.  NATCH'EZ  is  the*  only  considerable  town  in 
this  state.  Pinkneyville,  and  some  other  settlements, 
extend  several  miles,  but  are  not  so  compactly  settled 
as  to  receive  the  name  of  towns. 

Mountains.  The  grand  chain  of  the  AVlegany  or 
Ajialachian  mountains  terminates  in  the  northern  part 
of  this  state. 

Rivers,  dfi'alach'ico'la  or  Cat'aho'che,  which  sepa- 
rates this  state  from  Georgia  ;  Escam'bia,  Perdt'du  j  the 
Mobile' ',  into  which  flow  Tombi^'bee^  Alaba'ma,  and 
White  rivers  ;  Pascagou'la  and  Pearl  rivers,  all  which 
run  through  the  Fioridas  and  Louisiana  into  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  Arn'ite  flows  into  t!ie  river  Ib'berville',  which, 
with  the  lakes  Ponchartrain'  and  Mawrepa-s',  forms  a  wa- 
ter passage  between  the  gulf  of  Mexico  and  theMissis- 
sip'pi  to  Manchack,  which  is  about  150  miles  up  the 


LOUISIANA.  33 

river  from  its  mouth.     The  great  and  little  Yazoo',  and 
several  others,  which  flow  into  the  Mississippi. 

Mississippi  is  not  generally  settled,  except  by  the  In- 
dians, of  whom  there  are  many  tribes,  and  who,  by  the 
benevolent  exertions  of  missionaries,  have  made  some 
progress  towards  civilization. 

This  state  is  extensive,  including  the  disputed  lands, 
generally  called  the  land  oi  the  Georgia  Company,  It 
contains  much  goud  land,  and  is  well  watered  by  large 
rivers. 

Its  productions  are  cotton,  indian  corn,  indigo,  Sec. 

LOUISIANA. 

Lou'isia'na  is  divided  into  the  state  and  territory  of 
Lou'isia'na.  The  territory  is  of  great  extent ;  but  its 
boundaries  are  so  indefinite,  that  they  cannot  be  given. 

Towns.  NEW  OR'LEANS,  St.  Louis,  Arkansas,  SU 
Genev-eve'j  New  Bourbon,  New  Mad'rid^  &.c. 

Rivers.  The  Mississift'fiij  Red  river,  Ar'kan&as) 
White  river,  SL  Francis,  the  Mi\t>ou'ri  with  its  numer- 
ous branches,  as  the  Osages,  Plate  or  Shallow  river, 
fcc.  There  are  also  many  others,  Jittle  known. 

The  Mississifi'fii  is  the  principal  river  of  Lou'isia'na, 
and  one  of  the  two  largest  in  North  America.  It  rises 
in  the  unexplored  country  northwest  of  the  United 
States.  In  its  course  it  receives  the  Illinois'')  Missou'ri^ 
and  the  Ohio,  which  are  themselves  large  and  navigable 
rivers  ;  and  many  other  smaller  streams.  It  is  general- 
ly deep  and  rapid,  and  seldom  more  than  a  mile  wide, 

The  country  through  which  the  Mississippi  flows,  es- 
pecially on  the  west,  is  a  marsh  or  swamp  of  great  ex^ 
tetit,  and  lower  than  the  river  itself,  except  a  narrow 
strip,  sometimes  a  mile  or  two  wide,  which  forms  a  bank 
and  confines  the  water  inks  channel.  This  river  in  its 
inundations,  which  are  annual,  and  generally  from  the 
first  of  March  to  June,  vises  to  the  astonishing  height  of 
40  or  $0,  and  sometimes  even  60  feet  perpendicular,  and 


34  U1STITED  STATES; 

deluges  the  country  in  many  places  to  the  distance  of  30 
or  40  miles. 

New  Or'leans,  the  capital  of  Lou'isia'na,  is  situated  on 
the  Mississippi*  about  100  miles  from  its  mouth  It  is  a 
place  of  great  and  increasing  trade,  and  from  its  situa- 
tion, will  probably  become  one  of  the  most  important 
places  in  the  world. 

The  inhabitants  are  principally  French  and  Canadians. 
There  are  some  Americans  and  English,  but  the  climate 
frequently  proves  fatal  to  them. 

The  state  of  learning  is  very  low.  Scarcely  half  of 
the  inhabitants  can  either  read  or  write. 

There  is  in  Lcu'isia'tja  some  of  the  best  land  in  the* 
world.  The  productions  are  sugar,  cotton,  rice,  indigo. 
The  greatest  part  of  this  country  is  in  a  state  of  naiure, 
and  inhabited  only  by  Indians. 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Mountains.  The  White  and  Green  mountains,  the 
Highlands,  the  Blue  Ridge,  the  Laurel,  the  M'4egany9 
the  Cumberland,  and  the  Apaldchlan  mountain  s:  are  the 
principal. 

These  mountains  form  an ,  extensive  chain,  which 
passes  through  the  United  States  from  Maine  to  Geor- 
gia, more  than  1000  miles.  They  run  nearly  parallel 
to  the  sea  coast,  sometimes  in  separate  ridges,  and  at  the 
distance,  in  the  northern  and  middle  states,  of  50  or  60 
miles*  but  gradually  diverging  in  the  southern  to  more 
than  100  miles. 

They  are,  in  some  places,  immense  masses  of  rocks, 
piled  one  above  another  in  frightful  precipices,  till  they 
reach  the  height  of  more  than  10,000  feet  above  a  level 
with  the  ocean ;  in  other  places  they  rise  in  gradual 
swells  of  easy  ascent ;  affording  a  variety  of  soil  and  sur- 
face, supporting  vast  forests  of  timber,  and  giving  rise  to 
innumerable  streams,  which  water  and  fertilize  the 
country. 


UNITED  STATES. 


35 


Lakes.     Superior 
Huron 
Michigan 
E'rie 
Onta'rio 


Length 

400 
250 
300 
200 
150 


Champlain'       200 


Circumference. 

1500 
1000 
755 
700 
450 

from  1  to  25 
in  breadth. 

These  lakes  form  one  of  the  distinguishing  features 
of  the  United  States,  and  indeed  of  North  America. 
They  are  the  largest  collections  of  fresh  water,  that  are 
known  ;  and  being  connected  by  large  rivers  or  straits, 
they,  together  with  the  river  St.  kiawrence,  which  dis- 
charges their  waters  into  the  Atlantic,  afford  inland 
navigation,  from  1500  to  2000  miles.  They  are  seldom 
if  ever  frozen}  and  are  as  much  affected  by  storms  as  the 
ocean. 

Besides  these,  there  are  many  smaller  lakes,  as  lake 
George,  Rainy  lake,  lake  of  the  Woods,  kc. 


Rivers. 
Mississippi 
St.  Lawrence 
Penobscot 
Kennebeck' 
Androscog'gin 
Saco 

Piscat'aqua 

Mer'rimack 

Taunton 

Connecticut 

Hudson 

Delaware 

Susquehan'nah 

Potow'mac 

Rappahan'nock 

York 

James 

Savannah 


Miles         Navigable.  Length. 

2000  to  Falls  of  St.  An't/tony    6000 
500       Montreal 
40       Bangor 
^6       Augusta 


Saco  Falls 


2000 
300 
250 
70 
80 

12          ™  40 

16  Haverhill  SO 

23  Taunton  50 

50  Hartford  SOO 

170  Lan'singburg  250 

75  Trenton  300 

400 

300  Washington  500 

110  Fredericksburg  200 

35  250 

75  Richmond  500 

18  Savannah  375 


36  UNITED  STATES. 

Besides  these  rivers,  there  are  Appomat'tox,  Roan- 
oke',  Pedee',  Santee',  Cooper,  Ashley,  Edis'to,  Ogee'- 
chee,  Alatamaha',  Satil'la,  Su  Mary's,  Ap'alach'ico'la, 
Mobile',  and  many  smaller  streams,  which  How  into  the 
Atlantic,  or  Us  waters. 

The  Missou'ri,  Illinois.'  Ohio,  Wa'bash,  Mia'mi, 
Sck/to,  Muskin'gum,  Cumberland,  Tennessee'  Gene- 
see',  Oswe'go.  Moliawk,  fall  into  the  lakes  and  other 
rivers,  These  streams  afford  safe  and  easy  conveyance 
for  all  kinds  of  articles  through  almost  every  part  of  the 
United  States. 

Cataracts.  Feet  Perpendicular. 

St.  Anthony  on  the  Mississippi         -  80 

Cohofs'  on  the  Mo'hawk  liver      -  -     60 

Passage           .....  70 

Potovv'mac           -         -         -         «•  -     70 

Tennessee'     -  CO 

Nia'gara     -         -         -         -  -  ,50 

There  are  miny  other  beaut'ful  falls  and  cascades  in 
the  United  States,  in  some  of  which  the  water  falls  from 
a  greater  height,  than  those  above  mentioned,  but  the 
quantity  of  water  is  much'  less. 

The  great  falls  of  Nia'gara  are  the  most  grand  and 
stupendous  in  the  known  world.  The  height  is  not  the 
greatest,  but  the  quantity  of  water  is  su^h,  as  to  render 
them  an  object  of  great  curiosity  and  admiration.  The 
accumulated  waters  of  our  large  lakes,  and  their  innu- 
merable rivers,  rush  down  a  precipice  of  about  150  feet, 
with  almost  incredible  force  and  grandeur.  The  spray 
is  constantly  rising  in  a  thick  cloud,  which  in  clear 
weather  produces  the  rainbow,  and  falls  in  gentle  dews 
and  showers  to  a  considerable  distance.  The  noise  of 
the  falling  water  is  frequently  heard  to  the  distance  of  30 
or  40  miles. 

Bays.     Length.    Greatest  breadth.  Miles. 

Penob'scot         40        1 6 

Massachusetts  60  30  from  Cape  Ann  to  Cape  Cod  45 
Narragan'set  35  13  PC.  Judith  to  Pt.  Seacon'net  10 
Delaware  60  30  Cape  Mary  to  Cape  Her/lonen  20 
Ches'apeak  200  18  Cape  Charles  to  Cape  Henry  12 


UNITED  STATES.  37 

Length*  Greatest  breadth. 
Sounds,    Long  Island  sound     140  24 

Pam'lico  sound  200  20 

Albermarle  sound        60  12 

Gulf  Stream.  The  Gulf  Stream  is  a  current  in  the 
ocean  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  along  the  shore  of  the 
United  States,  60  or  70  miles  distant,  to  Newfoundland'. 
The  waters  of  this  stream  are  many  degrees  -  warmer 
than  the  ocean,  through  which  it  runs. 

Length.  Greatest  breadth. 
Inlands.     Nantuck'et  15  11 

Martha's  Vineyard     21  6 

Rhode  Is'land  15  3 

Long  Inland  140  15 

Staten  Is'land  18  6 

Cafies.  Cape  Ann  and  Cape  Cod,  Cape  Malabar , 
Montauk'  Point,  Sandy  Hook,  Cape  May  and  Cape  Hen'- 
lopen,  Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry,  Cape  Hat'teras* 
Cape  Lookout,  Cape  Fear. 

face  oj  the  country  and  Soil.  In  the  United  States 
are  ail  the  varieties  of  soil  and  surface.  The  northern 
states  in  general,  and  the  back  parts  of  the  middle  and 
southern  states,  are  hilly  and  mountainous. 

The  southern  states,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Al'le- 
gany  mountains,  a  distance  of  from  40  or  50  to  100 
miles,  is  a  vast  extent  of  barren  plain,  with  but  little  va- 
riety, except  on  the  rivers,  where  there  is  frequently  a 
narrow  strip  ot  excellent  land. 

The  United  States  are  generally  well  watered,  and, 
under  skilful  cultivation,  produce  all  the  necessaries 
of  life  in  abundance,  and  richly  reward  the  husbandman 
for  his  in'dustry  and  labour. 

Climate'.  The  Territory  of  the  United  States,  which 
extends  from  north  to  south,  and  from  east  to  west  be- 
tween 12  and  14  hundred  miles,  experiences  a  great  va« 
riety  of  climate. 

In  the  northern  states  the  winters  are  long  and  cold  5 


33  UNITED  STATES. 

though  generally  less  severe,  than  they  were  formerly. 
In  summer,  the  heat  is  moderate,  except  a  few  days  in 
some  seasons. 

In  the  southern  states,  the  summers  are  long  and  hot, 
though  frequently  moderated  by  copious  showers.  The 
•winters  are  mild  And  agreeable.  There  is  sometimes 
frost,  but  rarely  snow,  except  on  high  lands.  In  some 
parts,  snow  is  seldom  or  never  seen. 

In  all  the  states,  the  weather  is  subject  to  frequent 
and  sudden  changes,  though  the  inhabitants  are  in  gen- 
eral healthy,  active,  industrious,  and  enterprising. 

PRODUCTIONS. 

Minerals.  Iron  ore,  the  most  useful  of  all  minerals, 
is  found  in  great  quantities  in  New  England,  and  is  ex- 
tensively manufactured. 

Coal  of  excellent  quality  abounds  in  Rhode  Inland, 
on  James*  river,  at  Pittsburg,  and  in  various  parts  of  the 
United  States, 

Lead  and  copper  mines  are  found  in  Massachusetts, 
Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  other  places.  Gold  and  sil- 
ver have  been  discovered,  but  they  are  rare. 

There  are  quarries  of  excellent  marble  in  Vermont', 
Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  Pennsylvania.  Sul- 
phur abounds  in  New  York ;  ahim  is  found  in  several 
places,  and  salt  sfiringswe  frequent  in  the  western  states. 

Medicinal  Springs.  TheBallstown,  Sarato'ga,  and  New 
Leb'anon  springs  in  New  York,  and  the  Stafford  springs 
in  Connecticut  are  the  most  celebrated.  Others,  proba- 
bly of  equal  value,  are  found  in  various  places, 

Vegetables.  The  northern  states  produce  various 
kinds  of  grain,  grass,  fruits,  and  vegetables.  There  is  of 
course  a  great  supply  of  beef,  butter,  cheese,  mutton, 
wool,  leather. 

The  middle  states  produce  principally  Indian  corn, 
wheat,  and  tobacco ;  and  the  southern,  tobacco,  cotton, 
and  rice. 

Animals.  The  mammoth,  bison  or  wild  ox,  moose, 
deer,  bear,  catamount,  wolf,  fox,  and  a  great  variety  of 
smaller  animals. 


UNITED  STATES.  39 

The  mammoth,  which  is  known  to  have  existed  only 
from  its  bones,  was  the  largest  of  all  land  animals.  Its 
bones,  which  have  been  found  in  several  places,  partic- 
ularly about  the  salt  licks  in  the  western  states,  show, 
that  this  animal  lived  on  flesh,  and  must  have  been  about 
18  feet  in  length  and  12  feet  in  height ;  and  not  less  than 
5  or  6  times  larger  than  the  elephant. 

The  forests  of  the  United  States  are  full  of  game,  and 
the  lakes  and  rivers  afford  plenty  of  fish  and  fowl. 

The  American  animals,  though  many  of  them  are 
fierce  and  dangerous,  are  in  general  less  so  than  those 
of  Africa  and  Asia. 

HISTORY, 

In  1497,  John  Cabot,  a  Venetian,  in  the  service  of 
Henry  VII,  king  of  England,  and  his  son,  Sebastian 
Cabot,  explored  the  shores  of  the -United  States. 

In  i  607,  the  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  at 
Jamestown  in  Virginia. 

In  1620,  on  the  22d  of  December,  our  pious  ances- 
tors, 101  in  number,  landed  at  Plymouth  in  Massachu- 
setts, and  commenced  the  first  settlement  in  New  Eng- 
land. From  sickness,  occasioned  by  severity  of  weather, 
want  o-f  provision,  and  other  necessaries  of  life,  and  of  com- 
fortable shelter  from  the  storm,  their  sufferings  were  so 
severe thathalf  their  number  died  within  the  first  6  months. 

Before  the  year  1700,  settlements  in  most  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  were  established,  principally  by  adventurers 
from  Great  Britain ;  they  were  therefore  under  her  ju- 
risdiction, and  called  the  British  colonies. 

These  colonies,  under  the  protection  of  the  parent 
country,  increased  with  unexampled  rapidity,  and  soon 
became  a  source  of  considerable  revenue  and  importance 
to  the  English  nation. 

In  consequence,  however,  of  heavy  duties  and  taxes 
being  imposed  by  Great  Britain,  the  colonies  became  dis- 
satisfied ;  and  the  dissatisfaction  was  increased  by  new 
and  repeated  impositions,  till  it  produced  open  war. 

In  1775,  hostilities  commenced. 

In  1776,  on  the  4,th  of  July,  the  colonies  declared 


40  UNITED  STATES. 

themselves  an  independent  Nation,  under  the  title  of 
"  The  United  States  of  America." 

In  1783,  Great  Britain,  after  an  immense  loss  of  blood 
and  treasure,  acknowledged  the  independence  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  This  separation  of  the  colonies  from  the 
government  of  England  is  called  "  the  American  revo- 
lution " 

In  1788,  a  government,  embracing  the  general  inter- 
est of  all  the  states,  was  formed,  and  adopted  by  most  of 
the  states,  and  soon  after  by  all  of  them.  The  articles 
of  this  confederation  are  called  <c  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States." 

The  government,  which  is  republican^  consists  of  a 
President,  Vice  President,  Senate,  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, all  elected  by  the  people;  and  when  assem- 
bled, they  compose  what  is  called  "  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States." 

The  first  President'was  Gen.  George  Washington, 
who  was  commander  in  chief  of  the  American  forces- 
during  the  revolution.  x 

The  succession  of  Presidents  is  as  follows : — 

in  office. 

George  Washington  from  1789  to  1797  8  years. 

John  Adams  from  1797  to  1801  4 

Thomas  Jefferson       from  1801  to  1809  8 

James  Madison  from  1809  to  1817  8 

James  Monroe  from  18 17  to 

The  United  States,  from  the  adoption  of  the  Federal 
Constitution  to  1808,  increased  in  riches,  power  and  pop- 
ulation, more  rapidly,  than  was  ever  before  known  in  any 
nation.  Their  agriculture  and  commerce,  the  two  prin- 
cipal occupations,  were  extensive  and  successful.  They 
were  respected  by  foreign  nations,  and,  at  home,  enjoyed 
all  the  blessings  of  peace,  religion  and  good  government. 

In  1807,  commerce  became  obstructed;  after  which 
new  impediments  were  annually  multiplied,  till  the 
18th  of  June  1812,  when  the  United  States  declared 
war  against  Great  Britain.  This  continued  to  the  17th 
of  February,  1815,  when  peace  was  again  restored. 


UNITED  STATES, 


41- 


Religion.  There  is  no  established  religion  in  the 
United  States,  All  sects  are  tolerated ;  hut  the  most 
numerous  are  the  Congrega'tionatiatS)  sometimes  called 
Independents,  and  the  Presbyterians. 

In  New  England,  religion  is  supported  by  a  tax  on 
the  people,  except  in  Rhode  Inland  ;  in  the  other  states, 
it  is  left  to  the  liberality  and  voluntary  exertions  of  indi- 
viduals. 

By  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  all  are  eli- 
gible to  offices  of  trust  and  profit,  without  regard  to  re- 
ligion. 

Population.  The  United  States,  in  1810,  contained 
7,230,5 14  inhabitants. 

THE  following  Table  shows  the  respective  number  of  slaves 
and  free  citizens  in  each  state. 

Slaves.    Free  Citizens.    Total. 


f  District  of  Maine 

—  . 

Eastern 

I  New  Hampshire 

„. 

Cfofpc 

1     \7"             f\     +• 

o  Idled, 

j   Vermont         • 

England. 

|  Rhode  Island     -  • 

-      108 

LConnecticut    -     - 

-     310 

fNewYoi-k     -    -    - 

15,017 

Middle 

J  New  Jersey    -    - 

10,851 

States, 

\  Delaware  *  -    -     - 

4,177 

^.Pennsylvania     -     - 

795 

f  Michigan  Ter.     - 

-    -  24 

Western 

1  Illinois  Ter.       -    - 

-  168 

States 

J  Indiana        -    -    - 

-    237 

and  Terri- 

\ Ohio     -        -    -    - 

tories. 

1  Kentucky  • 

80,561 

Southern 
States. 


Louisiana* 


LTennessee    -    -    -  44,535 
f  Maryland  -    -    -   111,502 
'  District  of  Columbia  5,395 
Virginia    ,     -    -    392,518 
North  Carolina    -   168,824 
South  Carolina    -  196,365 
Georgia    -    -    -     105,218 
^Mississippi       -    -    17,088 
C  Orleans    -    -    -       24,660 
4 Louisiana  Territory   3,011 


228,705 

228,705 

214,460 

214,460 

217,895 

217,895 

472,040 

472,040 

76,823 

76,931 

261,632 

261,942 

944,032 

959,049 

234,711 

245,562 

68,497 

72,674 

809,296 

810,091 

4,738 

4,762 

12,114 

12,282 

24,283 

24,520 

230,760 

230,760 

325,950 

406,511 

217,192 

261,727 

269,044 

380,546 

18,628 

24,023 

582,104 

974,622 

386,676 

555,500 

218,750 

415,115 

147,215 

252,433 

23,264 

40,35? 

41,896 

76,556 

17,834 

20,845 

1,185,223    6,045,291    7,230,5H 


UNITED  STATES. 


Chief  cities  and  towns,  with  the  number  of  their 
inhabitants  annexed. 


New  York  city 

93,914 

Newburyport' 

7,634 

Philadelphia  city 

92,247 

Portland 

7,169 

Baltimore  city 

35,583 

Portsmouth 

6,934 

Boston 

33,250 

Marblehead' 

5,900 

Charleston,  S.  C. 

24,711 

New  Haven  city 

5,772 

New  Orleans 

24,552 

Lancaster 

5,405 

Salem 

12,613 

Savan'nah 

5,215 

Providence 

10,071 

Charleston 

5,215 

Richmond 

9,735 

Pittsburg 

4,768 

AFbany  city 

9,356 

Lexington 

4,326 

Norfolk 

9,183 

Plymouth 

4,228 

Washington  city- 

8,208 

Hudson 

4,048 

New'ark 

8,003 

Hartford  city 

3,965 

Newport 

7,907 

Learning.  In  the  United  States  in  general,  but  es- 
pecially in  New  England,  great  attention  is  paid  to  the 
education  of  children .  The  number  of  young  men,  edu- 
cated in  the  colleges,  affords  a  large  supply  for  the  pro- 
fessions of  medicine,  law,  and  divinity. 

Colleges.  The  principal  colleges,  in  the  United 
States,  are  the  University  in  Cambridge,  and  Yale  Col- 
lege in  New  Haven.  Each  institution  has  about  300 
students. 

Character.  The  people  of  the  United  States,  being 
the  descendants  of  the  various  European  nations,  have 
not  yet  become  so  assimilated,  as  to  possess  a  strongly 
marked  national  character.  They  are,  however,  gener- 
ally industrious,  intelligent,  and  enterprising.  In  the 
northern  states,  they  are,  for  the  most  part,  well  inform- 
ed and  regular  in  their  habits ;  in  the  southern  states, 
they  are  more  addicted  to  gaining  and  dissipation. 


WEST  FLORIDA.  43 

SPANISH  DOMINIONS  IN  NORTH 
AMERICA. 


The  Spanish  dominions  in  North  America  are  East 
Florida,  West  Florida,  Mexico  or  New  Spain,  and  Gua- 
tima'la. 


EAST  FLORIDA. 

Principal  towns.     St.  Aucusfix  and  New  Smyrna. 

Rivers.  St.  Johns,  Indian  river,  Apalach'y  or  St. 
Marks. 

Bays  &  Lakes.  Chatham  bay,  bay  of  Charlos,  bay 
of  Espir'itu  Santo,  St.  Josephs,  and  Apalach'y ;  lake  St. 
GeoBge,  Maya'co,  and  Long  lake. 

Capes.     Cape  Florida,  Cape  Sable,  Cape  Roman. 

WEST  FLORIDA. 

Principal  towns.     PENSACO'LA,  Mobile*. 

Lakes  or  Lagoons.  Ponchartrain'  and  M&urepas', 
which,  by  the  river  Ibberville',  communicate  with  the 
river  Mississippi,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Rivers.  Pearl,  Pascagou'la,  Mobile',  Escarn'bia,  and 
Ap'alach'ico'la. 

Bays.  Apalach'y?  St.  Josephs,  St.  Rose,  Pensaco'la, 
Perdi'do,  Mobile',  Hillsborough  bay,  Boca  Grand?,  Spir'- 
itu  Santo,  and  many  others. 

Face  of  the  country.  Climate,  &c.  The  Floridas  are 
in  general  low  and  level.  The  climate  is  warm,  espe- 
cially in  summer,  and  frequently  unhealthy.  The  pro- 
ductions  are  sugar,  oranges,  lemons,  citrons,  and  other 
tropical  fruits. 


MEXICO. 


Old  California. 
Sono'ra. 

Mexico. 


MEXICO  OR  NEW  SPAIN, 

Mexico  or  New  Spain  is  very  extensive,  and  is  divid- 
ed into  the  following  provinces  or  governments,  some- 
times called  Intendancies. 

Provinces.  Principal  towns. 

£  briel,  Santa  Bar'bara. 

Lor  et'to,  Santa  Ana,  San  Joseph. 

C  Culiacan,  Cinalo'a,  Rosa'rio,  Villa 
£  del  Fuerte,  los  Alamos. 

C  Taos,  Albuquerque,  Santa  Fc^  Pas- 
\  so  del  Norte. 

Durango  or  New  J  s*™JmnLFw£?  ^mb^e '^D'11  s? 
Biscay.  |  Pasquia'ro,  Saltillol 

San  Luis  Potosi,"*J 

divided  into  New  j  San  Luis  Potosi,  Nuevo,  SantaiVcler, 
Leon,  New  San-  ^>Charcas,  Cator'ce,  Monterey,  Lina'- 
tander,  Cohahu-  |  res,  Monclova,  San  Antonio  de  Bejar. 
ila,  and  Texas,  j 

Zacatecas,  Fresnillo,  Sombrere'te. 

C  Guadalaxa'ra,  San  jB/a5,Compostella3 
^  Aguas,  Colima. 

C  Valladolid  de  Mechoacan,  Pascua'ro, 
7  Tzintzontzan  or  Huitzitzilla. 

f  Guanaxuato  or  Santa  Fe  de  Gonna- 
•<  joa'to,  Salamanca,  Cela'ya,  Villa  de 
j^Leon.  San  Miguel  el  Grande. 

f  MEXICO,  Quereta'ro,  Tezcuco,  Aca- 
J  Jitil'co,  Tacuba.Tasco,  Zacatula5Ler- 
}  ma,  Toluca,  Cadarei'ta,  San  Juan  del 
[Rio. 


Zacatecas. 
Guadalaxa'ra. 

Valladolid. 
Guanaxua'to. 

Mexico. 


GUATIMALA. 


45 


Pue'bla. 
Vera  Cruz. 
Oaxa'ca. 


C  Pue'bla,  Cholu'la,  Tlascala,  Atlixco, 
£  Tehuacan. 

C  Vera  Cruz,  Xalapa,  Percte,  Cordo'ba, 
£  Orizaba,  Victoria. 

C  Oaxa'ca  or   Guaxdca,  Tehuan'tepec^ 
/  San  Antonio  de  los  Cues. 


Meri'da  or  Yu-     5  Meri'da   or    Yucatan',  Campeach'y, 
catan'.  {  Valladolid. 

Mechoacan,  New  Gallicia,  New  Leo  ,  New  Biscay, 
and  some  others,  were  formerly  considered  provinces, 
and  may  now  be  found  on  most  maps. 

GUATIMA'LA. 

Guatima'la  comprises  the  southern  parts  of  the  Span- 
ish possessions  in  North  America,  and  is  divided  into  the 
following  piovinces. 

Provinces.  Principal  towns. 

\  Chia'pa  de  los  Indos,  Chia'pa  or  Civ- 
\  idad  Real,  Acapa'la. 

Vera  Paz.  Vera  Paz. 

Guatima'la.  Guatima'la. 

f  Valladolid,  Truxil'lo,  Gra'cios  a  Di'os9 
Honduras.  -j  and  St.  Jago.     The  eastern  coast  of 

^Hondurasis  called  the  Mus quit o  shore. 
Nicaragua.  Leon,  Grana'da,  Nicara'gua. 

Costa  Rica.  Carthage. 

f  Conception.     This  province,  though 
Veragua.  «j  in  North  America,  belongs  to    ' 

£  Grana'da  in  South  America. 
Lakes.  Nicara'gua. 

Rivers.  f  Chia'pa,  Rio  St,  Juan,  &c, 


46  GUATIMALA. 

Population.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  Mexico 
is  about  6,000,000.  Many  of  the  towns  are  large,  rich, 
and  populous,  to  a  much  greater  extent,  than  has  usual- 
ly been  estimated.  Some  of  the  principal  towns,  and 
the  number  of  their  inhabitants,  are  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing table. 


Mexico            137,000 

Guadalaxa/ra 

19,500 

Guanaxua'to    70,600 

Valladolid 

13,000 

Pue'bla               67.800 

Vera  Cruz 

16,000 

Zacatecas          33,000 

Durango 

12,000 

Oaxaca              15,000 

San  Luis  Potosi 

12,000 

Mexico  is  supposed  to  be  the  most  ancient  and  pop- 
ulous city  in  America.  It  was  founded  in  1325,  about 
500  years  ago.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  vast  empire  of 
Mexico,  and  the  residence  of  the  great  monarch  Monte- 
zu'ma,  whose  authority  extended  over  numerous  provin- 
ces and  millions  of  people. 

In  152 1,  Cortez,  a  Spanish  adventurer,  with  a  few  des- 
perate followers,  allured  by  the  prospect  of  immense 
plunder  in  gold  and  silver,  entered  the  dominions  of 
Montezu'ma,  and  attacked  his  capital. 

By  false  professions  of  friendship,  by  fraud  and  ar- 
tifice, he  induced  Montezu'ma  to  visit  his  camp.  Ho 
seized  his  person,  made  him  prisoner,  and  then  endeav- 
oured to  conquer  his  subjects,  but  without  success.  Cor- 
tez  then  by  promises  of  safety,  persuaded  the  empe- 
rour  to  address,  from  a  conspicuous  place,  his  own  sub- 
jects, to  induce  them  to  submit.  But  notwithstanding 
their  respect  for  Montezuma  rose  almost  to  adoration, 
their  indignation  was  excited  to  such  a  degree,  that  they 
instantly  discharged  at  him  a  volley  of  stones  and  ar- 
rows, which  wounded  him  so  that  he  soon  died. 

His  son  in  law,  Guatimo'zin,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
and  vigorously  prosecuted  the  war.  But,  though  brave 
and  magnanimous,  he  soon  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Spaniards,  who  disgracefully  put  him  to  death  and  took 
possession  of  the  country. 


GUAT1MALA.  4? 

Mountains.  Popocatepetl,  Volcan  de  Orizaba,  Cofre 
de  Perote  Nevado  de  Toluco  Pic  de  Tancitaro,  Volcan 
de  Colima,  Sec.  These  are  some  of  the  highest  peaks 
of  the  great  chain,  which  extends  through  Mexico  from 
north  to  south,  generally  called  the  Cordilleras  of.  New 
Spain.  Some  of  these  mountains,  notwithstanding  their 
situation  in  the  torrid  zone,  are  so  high  as  to  penetrate 
the  region  of  perpetual  snow.  They  are  rendered  sub- 
lime and  terrific  by  their  frequent'  volcanic  eruptions 
and  the  tremendous  earthquakes,  that  sometimes  attend 
them 

In  1769,  during  one  of  these  earthquakes,  a  new 
mountain,  by  the  name  of  Volcan  de  Jurullo,  was,  in  the 
interior  of  the  continent,  by  subterranean  fires,  thrown 
up  to  the  height  of  nearly  1700  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  adjoining  plain.  This  is  one  of  the  most  extraordi- 
nary events  in  the  history  of  our  earth.  There  are  seve- 
ral instances  of  volcanic  islands  having  risen  from  the 
bed  of  the  ocean,  as  those  near  the  Azo'res,  in  the  Ar- 
chipel'ago  sea,  and  to  the  south  of  Iceland;  but  no  other 
instance  is  known  of  a  mountain's  being  raised  in  the 
centre  of  a  vast  plain.  V 

Lakes  Chapa/la,  Chalco,  Tezcuco,  San  Christoval, 
Zumpango,  Pascua'ro,  Mextillan,  Sec. 

These^  lakes  are  not  remarkably  large.  They  are 
sometimes  much  swollen  by  tropical  rains,  and  are  rep. 
resented  as  very  beautiful. 

Ri-vers.  The  Rio  Bra'vo  del  Norte>  Colorado,  Pal- 
mas,  Tabas'co,  Sumasin'ta>  Rio  de  las  Nucces,  Tula,  Pa- 
nuco,  (Rio  Tempico,)  Zacatula,  Culiacan,  Mayo,  Yopez, 
Gauclalaxara,  Sec. 

Gulfs  and  Bays.  Mexico,  Camfieachy^  Vera  Cruz, 
Honduras)  Amatique,  Dulce,  Solinas  or  Nicoya,  Papa- 
gnas,  Fonseca,  Tecoantepeck,  California,  £cc, 

Cafies.  Gra'cios  a  fii'os,  Camaron,  Honduras,  False 
cape,  Catoche,  Mala,  Blancho,  Catherine,  Corientes,  St. 
JLucas,  &c\ 

Face  of  the  country,  Climate,  &c.  A  great  part  of  the 
country  of  Mexico,  though  in  the  torrid  zone,  is  elevated 
so'  high,  as  to  enjoy  a  temperate  and  healthy  climate. 


48  BAHAMA. 

On  the  coasts,  both  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
oceans,  the  land,  for  some  distance,  is  low  and  level,  and 
the  climate  hot  arid  unhealthy  ;  but  a  traveller  may  in  a 
few  hours,  by  ascending  the  Cordilleras,  pass  from  this 
sultry  and  scorching  heat  of  summer  to  the  refreshing 
breezes  of  spring  or  autumn  ;  and  by  pursuing  his  jour- 
ney, may  in  a  short  time  reach  the  frosts  and  snows  of 
winter. 

Soil  and  Productions.  In  some  places  the  soil  is  ex- 
tremely fertile,  producing  two  or  three  harvests  in  a 
year.  The  productions  are  various  and  abundant. 
Wheat,  rye,  barley,  maize  (or  Indian  corn,)  are  success- 
fully cultivated.  Apples,  pears,  grapes,  melons,  figs,  Sec. 
are  common. 

Gold  and  Silver  mines  are  rich  and  numerous,  and 
wrought  to  an  immense  profit. 

The  Spanish  dominions  have  hitherto  been  but  imper- 
fectly known.  Some  late  travels  into  these  countries 
render  them  more  interesting,  and  show*  tha«ta  great  part 
of  the  country  is  rich  in  mineral  and  -vegetable  pro- 
ductions, and  that  its  population  is  numerous  and  in- 
creasing. 

WEST  INDIES. 

The  West  Indies  consist  of  a  great  number  of  islands 
in  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  between  North  and 
South  America,  or  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Carib- 
bc'an  sea. 

The  West  Indies  are  divided  into  the  Bahama  or  Lu- 
cdy'o  islands,  the  Great  Antil'les,  the  Caribbee' islands, 
and  the  Little  Antil'lcs. 


BAHAMA  ISLANDS. 

The  Bahamas  are,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco  or  Lucay'o, 
Berrys'  island,  Andros,  Nassau,  New  Providence,  Eleu- 


CARIBBEE  ISLANDS.  49 

thera,  Green's  island,  Guanaha'ni  or  St.  Salvador,  Wat- 
ling,  Exu'ma,  Yama  or  Long  island,  Crooked,  Mogarie 
or  Mayagua'na,  Inagua,  Caycos,  Turks  islands,  8cc. 

THE  GREAT  ANTILLES. 

r  Towns.     Havan'na,  Principe,  Baya'mo, 
Cuba  -<      Santia'g°i  St,  Carlos. 

J  Cafies.    Cape  St.  Antonio,  Cape  de  Cruz, 
(_     Cape  Maizi. 

f  Towns.  St.  Jago  or  Spanish  town,  King*- 
Jamaica.  ,  <      ton. 

(^  Cafies.  Point  Pedro,  Morant  Point. 

HisDanio'l      r^own*-  &*fie  Fran$ois>  Port  au  Prince, 

eoorHa  f   I  ^les'     Cape  St.  Nicholas,  Cape  Tiburon, 
'  L     Cape  Capricorn,  Cape  Raphael,  &c. 

f  Towns.     St.  John  or  St.  Juan. 

Porto  Ri'co.  <  Cafies.      Cape   Agua'da,   St.   Juan,   and 
(^     Roxa. 

These  four  are  the  largest  and  most  important  of  the 
West  India  Islands. 


CARIBBEE  ISLANDS. 

ThP  riririn  f  Anega'da,  St.  Thomas,   Torto'la,  Virgin 
Islands -.    1  Gor'da>   Su    Johns'   St.Croix   or   Saftta 
^  Cruz. 

fAnguil'la,  St,  Martin,  St.  Bartholomew's, 
T  A      J  Barbu'da,  St.  Eus'tatia,  St.  Christopher's5 

1  Saba,  Nevis,  Montserrat',  Anti'gua,  Desi- 
{^rade,  Guadaloupe',  Domini'ca. 

C  Martini'co,  St.  Lu'cie,  Barba'does, St.  Viii- 
Windward.  •<  cent,  Bequia,   Grenada,  Toba'go^   Trini* 
[dad'. 

5 


50  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Little  Antil- C  Aruba,   Curazou   or   Curacoa,     Bonaire, 
les.  £  Orchil'la,  Tortu'ga,  La  Margari'ta. 

The  West  Indies  are  subject  to  frequent  earthquakes, 
violent  thunder  and  lightning,  and  in  autumn  to  furious 
hurricanes.  The  climate,  in  general,  is  hot  and  un- 
healthy. The  soil  is  fertile,  and  being  watered  by  fre- 
quent showers,  produces  in  abundance  sugar,  cotton, 
coffee,  tobacco,  indigo,  gFnger,  pimento,  various  tropical 
fruits,  and  some  drugs.  There  are  some  mines  of  silver 
and  gold. 

When  these  islarids  were  first  discovered,  it  was 
supposed  they  belonged  to  the  Asiatic  islands,  which 
were  then  known  by  the  general  name  Indies  ;  but 
when  it  was  ascertained,  that  they  were  on  opposite  parts 
of  the  earth,  these,  being  in  longitude  west  of  Europe,  re- 
ceived the  appellation  West  Indies^  to  distinguish  them 
from  the  others,  east  of  Europe,  which  accordingly  were 
called  East  Indies. 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

South  America  principally  belongs  to  Spain,  Portu- 
gal, and  the  original  uncivilized  inhabitants. 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS. 

Mountains,  The  Andes,  or  Cordil'leras  of  South  A- 
Ttterica;  These  are  the  highest  mountains  known. 

Lakes,  Maracay'bo,  7^/cara,  Guanacache,  Sec.  The 
lakes  in  South  America  are  not  large. 

Rivers.  Grind  co*  the  Am'azons)  called  also  Mara'- 
rcn  or  Mara^'ncn,  the  Fio  de  la  Plata.  The  two  last  are 
the  largest  rivers  in  the  known  world.  They  run  a 
course  of  nearly  3000  miles,  and  are  about  150  miles 
wide  at  their  months. 

6V«w,  Bays,  Gulfs,  &c,  Caribbean  Sea.Gulfof  Da'~. 
rien.Ba'hia  or  All  Saints  Bay,  Assumption,  S(.  Matthias. 
St.  Josef,  St.  Gtcrge't  Uay^  GulfcfPcna^  Gulfcf  Che- 


NEW  GRANADA. 


51 


nos  or  Guay'tecas.  Gulf  of  Guayaquil'  ',  Bay  of  Buena- 
-ventu'ra,  and  P  ana!  ma.  Strait  of  Mag  el'  Ian,  and  of  Lo 
Maiie. 

Islands.  .  Trinidad'  ',  Fernan'do  de  Noron'/ia,  Trin'ida- 
da,  St.  Catharine,  Grande,  Georgia,  Sandwich,  Falk- 
land* Staten,  Terra  del  FuegQ  or  the  Land  of  Fire,  Trin- 
ity, Child  €)  Juan  Fcrnan'dczy  St.  Felix,  St.  Ambrose^ 
Easter  island,  and  the  Galafia'gos. 

Cafies.  Ca/ie  Vela,  Cape  Nassau,  Cape  Orange, 
Cape  North,  Cape  Maqui'ra,  Cafie  Sf.  Rogue,  Cape 
Frio,  Cape  St,  Martha.  Cape  Santa  Mari'a,  Cape  St. 
Anto'nio,  Cape  CorieiVtes,  Ca/ie  Home,  Cape  Tres 
Moa'tes,.  Cape  St.  Nicholas,  Ca/ie  Blanco,  Sec. 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

South  America  is  divided  into  New  Grana'da,  Ve- 
nezue'la,  Guia'na,  Peru'',  Amazo'nia,  Brazil*  B^enas 
Ay  res,  and  Patago'nia. 

NEW  GRANADA  OR  TERRA  FIRMA. 

New  Grana'da  contains  24  provinces.  Those  prov- 
inces in  Italics,  have  their  capitals  of  the  same  name. 


Provinces.  Principal  towns. 


ir 
II 


Verag'ua     Conception,  St.  Jago,  in 

N.  America. 

Pana'ma,        -         -    Panama. 
Da'rien         -         -      Porto  Bello> 

Choco 

Zinu 

Carthage'na 

Santa  Martha 

Meri'da 

San  Juan  de  los  Llanos 

Santa  Fe          Sante  Fe  de  Bogtfta. 

Antio'quia 

Novi'ta 


Provinces. 

Rapasa 

Poll  a!  if  an 
Barbaco'a 
Pastes. 

Ataca'mes 
Quifto 
Riobambo 
Guayaquil? 
Macas 
Cuen;ca 
Loja 

Juan  de  Bra- 
camo'ros, 


52  GUIANA. 

Mountains.  Andes  is  the  general  name  of  the  moun- 
tains in  South  America.  The  principal  summits  in 
New  Grana'da  are,  Pachin'ca,  Antisa'na,  Catopax'i,  Tun- 
gurag'ua,  Chimbora'zo.  These  are  the  highest  moun- 
tains known,  rising  from  16,000  to  more  "than  20,000 
feet  above  a  level  with  the  sea. 

Rivers.    Magdale'na  and  its  branches,Gua'yaquil',  Sec. 

VENEZUELA. 

Provinces.  Margarita,  Cuma'na,  Barcelona.)  Caracf- 
cas,  Truxil'lo,  Meri'da,  Vartnas. 

Towns.  Carac'cas,  Cuma'na,  Maracai'bo,  Barcelo'na^ 
Guana'ra,  Meri'da,  Barquisime'to,  Tocu'yo,  Coro,  San 
Carlos,  Maracay',  Tulme'ro,  Valen'cia,  Victo'ria,  Trux- 
il'lo,  Porto  Caveilo,  St.  Philip,  St.  Thomas,  Curia'co, 
La  Guira,  Vari'nas,  San  Fernan'do. 

These  towns  are  generally  large,  containing  from  8 
or  10,000  to  more  than  40,000  inhabitants  each. 

Mountains.     Picha'co  and  Tumeriqui'ri, 

Seas  &  La  fees.  Caribbe'an  Sea,  Maracai'bo,  and 
Valen'cia  lakes. 

JRruers.  Palmar  or  Sulia,  Tocu'yo,  Aroa  or- Yara* 
,  cay,  Tuy,  and  several  branches  of  the  Orino'co 

Bays  &  Gulfs.  Gulf  of  Venezuela,  Bay  of  Coro 
and  Tacarag'ua,  the  Gulf  Caria'co,  and  Paria  or  Triste. 

Margari'ta  is  the  principal  island. 

GUIANA. 

Guia'na  has  been  divided  as  follows* 

Spanish,  extending  from         Orino'cc  to  the  Essequebo. 
Now  C  Dutch,  Esscque'bo  to  the  Maroni. 

Kng.  (  French  or  Cayenne',  Maroni  to  the  AT  oivary. 
Portuguese,  Ar'owary  to  the  jim'azons. 


PERU.  5* 

ENGLISH  'GUIANA. 

Districts.  Principal  towns* 

Surinam'  -  -  Paramaribo 

Berbice'  -  -  New  Arn'sterdam 

Demara'ra      -  Stabrook 

Cayenne'  -  -  Cayenne' 

Cafies.  Cape  Bari'ma,  Cape  Nassau,  Cape  Orange, 
Conoba'na  point,  and  Cape  North. 

This  country  is  generally  level  and  fertile ;  produc- 
ing sugar,  tobacco,  indigo,  cotton,  coffee,  cocoa,  &c. 
There  are  only  two  seasons,  the  wet  and  the  dry.  The 
climate  is  unhealthy. 

In  Surinam'  is  found  that  wonderful  fish,  called  the 
tor/icdo*  whose  touch  excites  a  sensation  similar  to  that 
of  an  electrical  shock. 

PERU. 

Intendancies.  Truxil'lo,  Tar'ma,  LI'MA,  Guan'ca 
Velica,  Guaman'ga,  Guantajaya,  Cusco,  Arequi'pa. 

Towns.  JLi'MA,  Qui'to,  Cus'co,  Arequi'fia,  Truxil'lo, 
Guaman'ga,  Caxamar'ca,  Lambaye'que,  and  Tea. 

Mountains.  The  Andes  with  their  various  sumniijs, 
which  rise  to  such  a  height,  tbat  they  are  covered  with 
perpetual  snow. 

Lake.     Titica'ca. 

Rivers.  The  rivers  are  inconsiderable,  except  the 
Gulla'ga  and  Ucay'le,  which  are  remarkable  for  being 
sources  of  the  Am'azons^  taking  their  rise  in  this  country 
among  the  Andes. 

There  are  but  two  seasons  in  Peru,  summer  and 
winter,  which  are  the  reverse  of  ours  in  North  America. 
On  the  summit  of  the  mountains  ho  were  r  winter  is  per- 
petual. 

*>* 


54  BUAZIL. 

AMAZONIA. 

Amazo'nia,  situated  in  the  interior  of  South  America, 
has  not  been  sufficiently  explored  for  accurate  descrip- 
tion. It  abounds  with  rivers,  most  of  which  unite  their 
waters  in  the  great  river  Am'azQns^  the  largest  in  the 
world,  and  from  which  the  whole  country  receives  its 
name.  It  is  mostly  inhabited  by  Indians,  who  are  supe- 
rior HI  arts  and  improvement  to  those  of  North  Ameri- 
ca. 

RRAZIL. 

Brazil  is  divided  into  the  following  provinces. 
Northern.  Middle.  Interior. 

Para  Sergip'pe  Goyaz 

Maranha'o  Ba'hia  Minas  Geraes 

Sea'ra  Ilheos  St.  Paul 

Pauchy  Porto  Segu'ro  Guyana 

Rio  Grande  Espiritu  Santo.  Cuya'pos 

Parai'ba  Cuya'ba 

Ternara'ca  ,,  Southern  Matogros'sa 

Pernamhu'co  Rio  JaneYro  Paresi'o 

St  Vin'cent  Topiam'bas. 

Del  Rey, 


Towns.  Rio  JANEI'RO  or  S<r.  SABAs'fiAN,  St.  Sal- 
vador or  Bahai,  Pernambu'co^  Para,  Porto  Segu'ro,  San 
Pe'dro. 

The  three  first  towns  contain  from  40  to  140  thou- 
sand inhabitants  each. 

Rivers.  The  Am'azons  and  the  Tocantines  with  their 
numerous  branches  ;  St.  Francis'co,  and  several  branch 
cs  of  the  La  Pla'ta,  are  the  principal. 

The  Am'azons  or  Mara'non  is  the  largest  river  in  the 
world.  It  runs  a  course  of  more  than  3000  miles,  is  af- 
fected by  the  tide  600,  and  it  is  said  to  be  150  miles  wide 
at  its  mouth  It  receives  a  vast  number  of  streams,  the 
principal  of  which  are?  the  Rio  Negro,  Para/na?  and 


BUENOS  AYUES.  3J 

Madei'ra.  Alligators  and  serpents  of  enormous  size  in- 
fest the  neighbouring  marshes  and  the  shores  upon  this 
river. 

Brazil'  is  a  vast  country,  extending  nearly  2000 
miles  in  each  direction.  The  climate  is  generally  tem- 
perate and  healthy;  the  soil  fertile,  producing  maize, 
wheat,  rice,  sugar-cane,  coffee,  indigo,  tobacco,  pepper, 
cotton,  Sec.  and  the  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  diamonds, 
are  rich  and  productive. 

The  royal  family  of  Portugal,  in  1806,  fled  from  the 
dangers,  with  which  it  was  threatened  by  the  ravages  of 
Bonaparte  in  Europe,  and  took  up  their  residence  in 
Brazil. 

BUENOS  AYRES. 

Governments.  Prtncijiak  towns. 

f  Lampa,  Caiabay'a,  Aranga'ro,  and  Asi'lo, 
La  Paz.        •<  Laricax'as,  Omasuyos,  Chucuito,  La  Pazf 

(^  Pacajes.  Paucar-Colla. 
Santa  Cruz  C^.          0         ~, 
de  la  Sierra.  I  Choco'  Santa  Cruz  dc  la  Sier  ra' 

TCiacica,  Pa'ria,  Chayanta,  Oruro;  Attaca- 
QI  I  ma,  Carangas,  La  Plata,  and  Poto'si*  For- 

j  co,  Amparaes,  Lipos,  Tarija  or  Chicas, 

^Tomina,  Pilaya  and  Pispaya,  CoehabanVba. 

Tucuman.       Salta,  Jujuy. 
Paraguay.       Guarania,  Paraguay. 

Bu'enos         C  BU'ENOS  AT'RES^  Mon'te   Vi'deo,  Tugu, 
Ay'res.          J  Pampas. 

These  governments  have  been  so  modified  as  to  form 
three  others  in  addition,  viz,  Paucar-Colla,  Salla,  and 
Cochabamba. 

Towns  BU'ENOS  ^T'RES,  Mon'te  Vi'deo^  Poto'si.  La 
Platd)  La  Paz9  As^umfition^  Yaguaron*  PUF>O,  Chucuito, 
Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sier1  r a,  Orope'sa,  Attaca'ma.  Jujuy, 
Salta, Miguel,  Santiago^Ccrrienftes^Cordo'"ua.  Santa  Fe^ 
*St.  Sacramen'to,  Maldona'do. 

Mountains.     The  Andes  rise  in  the  western  part  of 


56  CHILL 

this  government,  and  many  branches  of  them  pass  off  in- 
to the  interioui\ 

Lakes.  Titica'ca  is  the  principal  ;  it  discharges  its 
waters  into  another  lake  by  the  name  of  Pa'ria,  which 
appears  to  have  no  communication  with  the  ocean. 

Ri-vers*  The  Rio  de  la  Plata,  or  the  river  Silver, 
is  the  largest ;  its  branches  are  large  and  numerous; 
some  of  them  take  their  rise  in  the  Andes,  near  the  Pa- 
cific ocean.  The  principal  are  the  Tercero,  Selado, 
Verme'jo,Pilcomay'o,  Paraguay,  Para'na,and  the  Urug'- 
uay. 

The  Rio  de  la  Plata  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  bur- 
den to  Assumption,  about  1200  miles,  though  the  chan- 
nel is  so  obstructed  by  shoals,  as  in  many  places  to  ren- 
der the  navigation  difficult  and  dangerous. 

There  are  in  this  country  immense  fields  of  grass 
called  pampas,  which  extend  several  hundred  miles,  and 
afford  range  and  pasturage  to  innumerable  herds  of  wild 
cattle  and  horses  ;  vast  numbers  of  which  are  killed  for 
their  hides  only.  The  hunters  pursue  them  on  fleet 
horses,  and  while  on  full  speed,  drive  in  among  them, 
and  with  cutlasses,  sharpened  for  the  purpose,  cut  the 
hamstrings  of  as  many  as  possible,  and  thus  barbarously 
secure  their  game. 

The  climate  of  this  country  is  represented  as  healthy 
and  delightfulj  the  soil  fertile,  and  the  productions  abun- 
dant. 

CHILL 

Pro-vine es.  Copia'po,  Coquim'bo,  Quillo'ta,  Aconcag'- 
ua,  Melipil'la,  St.Jago,  Rancag'ua,  Calchag'ua,  Maule, 
Itata,  Chilian,  Puchacay,  Huilquilemu,  Cujo,  and  Valdf* 
-via. 

Towns.  SAN^IA'GQ  or  Sf.  JAGO*  Conception,  Valpa- 
raiso, Valdi-u'ia,  Talca,  Copia'po.  Coquim'bo,  Mendo'za.) 
St.  Juan,  Chaca'o,  and  Castro. 

Mountains.  The  Andes  pass  through  Chili  in  seve- 
ral ridges  and  under  various  names  Some  of  them 
rise  to  the  immense  height  of  20,000  feet  above  the  stfr- 
face  of  the  sea. 


PATAGONIA.  $r 

Many  of  the  mountains  arc  volcanic  and  constantly 
burning,  which  gives  them  a  grand  and  truly  sublime 
appearance.  Earthquakes  are  so  frequent,  that  they  give 
no  alarm,  although  they  have  sometimes  been  attended 
with  ruinous  consequences. 

Lakes.  Guanaca'che,  Huechin,  Layquin,  and  sever- 
al others,  three  of  which  are  salt,  but  none  are  large. 

Rivers.  The  largest  are  Cauten,  Maule,  Bio'bio, 
Valdiv'ia,  Sec. 

Climate  and  Soil.  The  climate  is  in  general  temper- 
ate and  healthy.  In  the  northern  parts  it  seldom  rains. 
The  heavy  dews  afford  sufficient  moisture  for  vegetation- 
In  the  other  parts,  the  year  is  divide  into  the  wet  and 
clry  seasons,  each  continuing  several  months,  The  soil 
is  rich,  and  watered  by  innumerable  streams,  which  pre- 
cipitate themselves  from  the  Andes,  and  of  which  some 
in  their  progress  become  rivers  of  considerable  magni- 
tude. 


PATAGONIA. 

Patago'nia  extends  to  the  southern  extremity  of  South 
America,  a  cold  and  severe  latitude.  Like  Amazo'nia,  it 
is  inhabited  by  native  tribes  of  Indians  who  are  ignorant 
and  superstitious  They  pay  some  little  attention  to  the 
cultivation  of  corn,  and  the  raising  of  sheep.  They  gen- 
erally appear  on  horseback,  live  a  wandering  life,  eat  the 
flesh  ci  animals  taken  in  hunting,  and  clothe  themselves 
Tvith  their  skins.  The  men  have  been  represented  as  of 
uncommon  strength  and  stature,  and  the  women  as  sub- 
jected by  them  to  an  abject  s*ute  of  labour  and  druge- 
ry.  It  is,  however,  but  little  frequented  by  other  nations, 
and  of  course  not  well  known. 

Mountains.  The  Andes  or  Ccrdil'Jeras  of  Sputh  A- 
merica,  which  have  before  been  mentioned,  are  the  high- 
est, the  longest,  and  the  most  remarkable  in  the  world. 
They  extend  about  4600  miles,  from  the  northern  to  the 
southern  extremity  of  South  America 

Their  chief  summits  are  near  the   equator,  and  the 


58  EUROPE. 

highest,  which  is  Chimbora'zo,  rises  20,280  feet,  or  more 
than  3  miles  above  a  level  with  the  sea,  which  is  5000 
feet  higher  than  Mount  Blanc,  the  highest  mountain  in 
Europe. 

Chimbora'zo  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow  from 
2400  feet  below  the  top.  The  plain  of  Quito,  which 
foims  the  base  of  these  prodigious  mountains,  is  elevated 
so  far  from  the  sea,  as  to  constitute  about  one  third  of 
their  height,  so  that  from  their  base  they  do  not  surpass 
Mount  Blanc. 

The  other  principal  peaks  or  elevations  are  Cotopa'xi, 
a  volcano,  about  18,600  feet  high  ;  Pachin'ca,  Sanga,and 
the  Altar. 

Rivers.  Saladil'Io,  river  of  willows,  Colorado,  and 
Rio  Negro. 

South  America  is  best  known  for  its  gold  and  silver 
mines.  They  are  exceedingly  rich,  particularly  those 
of  Chili  and  Peru,  and  have  been  wonderfully  productive 
to  Spain. 

EUROPE. 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS. 

Mountains.  The  Dof'rafcM,  Ura'lian,  Pyrenees'*  Car* 
fiath'ian^  Alfrs,  Ap'pennines.  Mount  JEtna,  Fesu'vius, 
and  Hecla  are  volcanoes. 

Oceans.  The  Atlantic,  the  Artie  or  Northern 
Frozen  Ocean,  the  German  Ocean,  usually  called  the 
Norfh  Sea. 

Lakes.     Ladoga,  One'ga,  Con' stance,  Gcne'va,  &c. 

Rivers.  The  IVoiga,  Don,  Dnie'per,  N/es'Ucr,  JDan- 
ube,  Via' tula,  Oder,  Elbe,  Weser,  Rhine)  Rhone,  Su-6ne, 
Garonne',  Loire,  Seme,  Somme,  Ta'gus,  DQU'TQ,  K'bro, 
Guadiana,  Guqdalqui-ver,  Tiber,  Po,  Dwina,  South  Dwi- 
na  or  Duna,  Thames,  Sev'ern,  Humber,  Mersey,  the 
Forth,  Tayi  Clyde,  Shannon,  &c. 

Seas.  The  Med'iterra'ncan,  the  Archifiel'ugo,  the  Sea 
of  Mar'mora,  the  Black  Sea,  the  Sea  cfA'zofih,  the  White 
Sea,  the  Baltic,  the  North  Sea.  and  the  Irish  Sea. 


LAPLAND.  59 

Gulfs.     Gulf  of  Venice,  Bothnia,  and  Finland. 
Bays.     Bay  of  Biscay. 

Straits.  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  Measifna9  Bonafa'cio, 
Dardanelles',  Constantinople  or  Bosphorus,  Coffu  or  Je- 
nicale?  the  Scag'erack  or  Cat'tegat,\\\z  Sound,  the  Strait 
of  Dover,  the  English  channel^  Si.  George's  channel,&c. 
Islands.  Nova  Zem'bla',  Spitsbergen^  Iceland,  the 
Fer'ro,  Shetland,  Orkney,  and  Western  Isles,  England, 
Ireland,  the  Isle  of  Man,  jin'glesez,  Scilly  isles,  Isle  of 
White,  Jersey,  Guernsey,  Al'derney,  and  Sark ;  in  the 
Baltic  are  Funen,  Zealand,  Falster,  Langland,  Feme- 
ren,  Laland,  Moen,  Bornholm,  Rugen,  Oeland,  Goth- 
land and  Aland  ;  Dago,  and  Oesel,  belonging  to  Russia  ; 
Ushant,  Belle  isle',  isles  of  Rhe  and  Oleron  in  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  belonging  to  France. 

la  the  Mediterranean  are  Yv'ica,  Major'ca.  Minor' ca, 
Cor'sica,  SardirJia,  Elba,  Sicily,  Storm'boli,  Lifi'ari,  and 
Malta  ;  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice  are  Corfu,  Cefi/ialo'nia, 
Zante,  &c.  which  form  what  has  been  called  the  Repub- 
lic of  the  Seven  Islands  ;  Candia,  Rhodes,  Cyfirus^  in  the 
Levant',  Negropont*  or  Egripo,  Samos,  Chios,  Lesbos, 
Lemnos,  Icaria,  Paros,  Patmos,  Sec.  in  the  Archipel'ago.^ 
Peninsulas.  Jutland  or  Denmark  Proper,  Spain,  It- 
aly, More'a  Crim'ea 

Isthmuses.     Cor'inth,  and  Precop  ovPer'ecofi. 

Capes.       North    Cape,    Naze  or    Lindeness*    Spurn 

Head,  Lizard  Point*  Lands  End,  Cape  Clear,  Cape  la 

Hogue,  Cape  Or'tegal,Cape  Finisterre,  Cape  St.Vin'cent^ 

Cape  Pas'sarQ)  Sparti-uen'tO)  Di  Leuca,  Cape  Mat'afian* 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

Europe  comprehends  Lapland,  Norway^  Sweden, 
Russia,  Denmark,  Prussia,  Bata'via  or  Holland, Ger?na- 
ny,  Poland,  Austria,  Hun'gary,  France, $pain,  Portu'gal, 
Switzerland,  Italy,  Turnkey,  and  the  united  kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

LAPLAND. 

Lapland  is  divided  into  Danish  or  North  Lapland, 


60  NORWAY. 

Swedish  or  South  Lapland,  and  Russian  or  East  Lapland. 
The  extent  of  these  divisions  is  uncertain. 

The  Laplanders  are  under  no  regular  government ; 
they  live  in  huts  so  low,  as  scarcely  to  admit  of  their 
standing  upright,  Their  fire  is  built  in  the  centre, 
around  which  they  set  upon  their  heels.  In  this  man- 
ner, when  they  eat,  both  men  and  women  assemble 
around  their  food,  which  is  placed  on  the  ground,  or  up- 
on the  carpet.  They  live  in  a  state  of  great  ignorance, 
having  neither  writing  nor  letters,  but  only  a  number  of 
hieroglyphics. 

Climate.  The  winters  are  intensely  cold.  In  at- 
tempting to  drink,  the  lips  are  frequently  frozen  to  the 
cup.— The  snow  sometimes  falls  to  the  depth  of  4  or  5 
feet,  which  renders  the  country  almost  impassable  till 
after  a  thaw  and  a  succeeding  frost ;  the  Laplander  is 
then  presented  with  a  smooth  level  of  ice,  over  which 
he  travels  with  his  rein  deer  in  a  sledge  2  or  3  hundred 
miles  a  day. 

In  some  parts  of  Lapland  the  sun,  in  winter,  is  absent 
several  weeks,  but  the  moon  and  stars  are  almost  con- 
stantly visible,  and,  together  with  the  northern  light,  ren- 
der the  night  less  dreary  than  might  be  expected.  In 
summer  the  sun  does  not  set  for  the  same  length  of 
time,  which  for  several  weeks  renders  the  heat  exces- 
sive. 

Mountains.  Lapland  is  a  vast  mass  of  mountains 
irregularly  crowded  together,  but  in  some  places  sepa- 
rated by  rivers  and  lakes, 

Metals.  Silver,  gold,  copper,  and  lead  mines  have 
been  found  in  Lapland,  and  wrought  to  some  profit. 

Animals.  Rein  deer  are  numerous  in  Lapland,  arid 
of  great  importance  to  the  inhabitants.  They  supply 
the  places  of  cattle  and  horses.  Their  flesh  affords  food, 
their  skins  clothing,  their  milk  cheese,  and  their  tendons 
thread  and  cordage. 

NORWAY. 

Norway,  (or  the  Northern  WayJ)  which  now  is  sub* 
ject  to  Sweden,  is  divided  into  four  governments. 


DENMARK.  «1 

Government.  Principal  town*. 

Ward'huys  Ward'huys. 

Dron'theim  Dron'theim. 

Ber'gen  JBer'gen. 

Ag'gerhuss  Chris  tia'na9  FredferickshaW. 

Mountains,  the  Dof'rafeld  or  Daara-field  separate 
Norway  from  Sweden.  They  form  a  long  chain,  and 
are  known  by  different  names ;  as  Fil'lefield,  Runfield, 
Dourfield,  kc. 

Islands.     The  Loff'oden  isles. 

Capes.     North  cape>  the  Naze  or  Lindeness. 

On  the  northwest  coast  of  Norway  is  the  famous  vor- 
tex, called  the  Mael'stroom  It  is  heard  at  a  great  dis- 
tance, and  forms  a  whirlpool  of  vast  depth  and  extent, 
and  is  so  violent,  that  when  a  ship  comes  near,  it  is 
drawn  in  and  shattered  to  pieces< 

The  Climate  of  Norway  is  various.  The  days  in  win- 
ter are  short  and  cold  ;  in  summer  they  are  long  and  hot, 
for  several  weeks. 

The  country  is  rough,  and  so  barren,  that  the  inhabi- 
tants live  principally  by  hunting  and  fishing. 

The  chief  wealth  of  Norway  consists  in  its  immense 
forests,  which  furnish  foreigners  with  various  kinds  of 
timber  ;  such  as  masts,  boards,  Sec. 

DENMARK. 

Denmark  Proper  is  a  small  kingdom,  consisting  on- 
ly of  the  peninsula  of  Jutland,  and  several  islands  in  the 
Balticksea;  but  to  Denmark  belong  the  northern  part 
of  Lapland ,  Greenland^  Iceland^  and  the  Faro  isles. 

Provinces.         Principal  (owns. 

[~N.  Jutland,    Wiborg,  Alborg,  Aarhuus. 
Denmark    \  S.  Jutland,!  «,  . 

Profier.     <  Sles'wick,   C» es'ff'    ^"'P8' 

(.Hol'stein.  J  Gluckstad*,  Ton'mnget* 

6 


62  SWEDEN. 

Piincipal  JZea'land  COPENHAGEN,  Elsineur'. 

Islands,    ^Funen  Odensee. 

The  other  islands  are  Fal'ster,  Langland,  Laland, 
Fcm'eren,  Al'sen,  Mona,  Bornholm  ;  Iceland  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  Atlantic,  (the  chief  town  Skalholt,) 
Spitzber'gen,  and  the  Faro  isles. 

Copenhagen,  the  capital  of  Denmark*  on  the  island 
of  Zea'land,  is  a  noted  sea-port.  It  signifies  the  mer» 
chant's  haven.  It  is  one  of  the  best  fortified,  and  the 
most  regularly  built  cities  in  the  North  of  Europe, 

Elsineur'  is  situated  on  the  Sound,  or  passage  into  the 
Baltic  where  vessels,  visiting  this  sea,  are  obliged  to 
pay  a  toll  or  small  tribute,  to  Denmark, 

Kiel,  in  Hoi  stein,  has  a  respectable  university.  Al- 
tona,  on  the  Elbe,  is  next  to  Copenha'gen  in  commerce 
and  population. 

Iceland,  a  large  and  celebrated  island,  is  subject  to 
Denmark.  For  two  months  the  sun  never  sets  in  sum- 
mer, nor  rises  in  winter.  This  island  abounds  in  sul- 
phur, subterranean  fires,  and  volcanos.  Mount  Hecla 
is  a  volcano  one  mile  high,  and  is  always  covered  with 
snow.  Several  years  ago  a  volcanic  island  near  Ice- 
land rose  from  the  bottom  of  the  sea  ;  but  it  soon  after 
disappeared. 

Greenland,  celebrated  for  its  whale  fishery,  and^the 
Faro  islands,  belong  to  Denmark* 

The  climate  of  Denmark  is  temperate  for  the  latitude. 
The  transitions  from  summer  to  winter,  ana  the  reverse, 
are  so  sudden,  that  spring  and  autumn  are  scarcely 
known, 

The  ancient  Danes  were  courageous  almost  to  feroc- 
ity ;  the  present  inhabitants  are  more  mild  and  polished. 

Denmark  is  a  hereditary  kingdom,  and  governed  in 
an  absolute  manner. 

SWEDEN. 

Sweden  is  divided  into  the  following  provinces* 


RUSSIA  63 

Provinces.  Principal  towns. 

Sweden  proper  S^OCK'HOLM,  Ufisal. 

Gothland  C'd\mwJLunder\)Gotftenburg. 

Finland  Abo. 

Swedish  Lapland  Tor'nea. 

Islands.  Gothland,  Gland,  Aland,  Rugen,  Born- 
holm. 

Gulfs.     Finland,  and  Bottinia* 

Straits.  The  Sound,  between  Sweden  and  the  Island 
of  Zea'land. 

Slock'holm,  the  capital  of  Sweden,  is  built  on  several 
rocky  islands,  which  are  united  by  wooden  bridges. 

Upsal  is  a  considerable  town,  and  noted  for  its  univer- 
sity. 

Abo,  the  capital  of  Finland,  is  a  seaport,  from  which 
are  exported  grain,  flax,  and  iron. 

Climate.  In  Sweden  there  is  neither  spring  nor  au« 
tumn.  Summer  suddenly  succeeds  winter,  and  the  val- 
lies  are  green  in  a  few  days  after  being  covered  with 
snow. 

The  Swedes  are  in  general  healthy,  cheerful,  com- 
plaisant, and  courageous.  They  patiently  endure  hun- 
ger, cold,  and  poverty.  The  women  are  frequently  en- 
gaged in  the  most  laborious  and  painful  occupations  a- 
broad. 

RUSSIA. 

Russia  includes  most  of  the  North  of  Europe,  and 
all  the  North  of  Asia.  It  is  divided  into  about  50  prov- 
inces or  governments,  the  principle  of  which  are  St. 
Petersburg,  Revel,  Riga,  Courland,  Lithuania,  Novo'- 
gorod,  Smolensk',  Mos'qua,  Voro'nez,  Bel'gorod,  Olo- 
netz,  Vologda,  Kiow,  Archan'gel,  Vyborg,  Cau'casus, 
Perme,  Tobolsk'.,  and  the  country  of  the  Cossacks,  or 
Don  Kazacks. 

Towns.  PETERSBURG,  Narva,  Moscow,  Archan'gel, 
Vyborg,  Riga,  Polotsk,  Wil'nd,  Revel,  Cronstadt,  Tu- 
la, Odes'sa,  Azof,  Precofi,  Cherson,  Oc'zakow,  &c.  in 
Europe ;  and  As'trachan,  Ouralsk,  Arenburg,  Tobolsk', 


64  POLAND. 

Qb'dorskoi)  CoUyvane'  Ecat'erinburn,  Tomsk,  Irkutsk^ 
Yakutsk,  Okotsk,  Sec.  in  Asia. 

Mountains.  The  Oural  or  Ura'lian,  the  Ol'onetz,  Sec 

Lakes.     Lado'ga,  One'ga,  Peypus,  Ilmen,  Sec. 

Rivers.  The  Wolga^  Don,  Niefier^  Nils' ter^  Duna, 
Cara,  Petchora,  Mezen,  Dwina,  One'ga,  Neva,  Sec. 

Gulfs.     Finland^  Livo'nia  or  Riga, 

Islands.     CronstacU  ,Oe'sel,  Dago. 

The  river  Wolga,  or  Volga,  the  largest  in  Europe, 
and  Uralian  mountains,  make  the  boundary  between  Eu- 
rope and  Asia. 

The  extent  of  Russia  affords  a  great  variety  in  both 
soil  and  climate.  In  the  northern  part  the  winter  is 
severe,  in  the  southern  moderate,  and  the  seasons  are 
pleasant  and  temperate. 

Russia  is  generally  a  level  country,  abounding  with 
marshes,  forests,  lakes,  and  rivers. 

Government.  The  government  of  Russia  is  an  ab- 
solute monarchy.  The  emperour  has  the  lives  and  for- 
tunes of  his  subjects  at  his  o.wn  disposal.  The  succes- 
sion is  hereditary,  although  the  reigning  sovereign  has 
the  power  of  appointing  his  successour. 

Commerce.  Russia  is  noted  for  its  timber,  hemp,  and 
flax  trade  ;  for  its  iron  and  copper  mines  ;  its  pich,  tar, 
wax,  and  honey  ;  and  its  furs  and  peltry.  Inland  navi- 
gation is  extensive,  both  by  caravans  and  canals.  To 
China  the  merchants  send  furs ;  and  in  return  bring  home 
tea,  silk,  cotton,  gold,  8cc. 

POLAND. 

Poland  is  divided  into  1 2  provinces. 

Provinces.  Great  Poland,  Little  Poland,  Prussia 
Royal,  Mosa'via,  Pola'chia,  Red  Prussia,  Podo'lia,  Vol- 
hyn'ia,  Lithuania,  Samogi'tia,  and  Courland. 

Towns.  WAR' SAW,  Cra'cow,  Dant'zic^  Thoin^  Wil- 
na,  Leopold  or  Lemburg. 

Mountains.     Krafiack  or  Carfia' t hian  mountains. 

Rivers.  The  Vistula  or  Wesel,  the  Bug,  the  Me- 
me],  Prypec,  the  Nie'per,  the  Nzes'ter,  and  the  Bog. 


BRITISH  DOMINIONS.  65 

Poland,  though  at  present  struck  out  of  the  list  of 
natiqps,  being  divided  between  Russia,  Prussia,  and 
Aus'tria,  yet,  on  account  both  of  historical  and  political 
knowledge,  requires  a  place  in  geography. 

War'saw,  situated  on  the  Vis'tula,  is  surrounded  by  a 
mote  and  a  double  walk  The  city  and  its  suburbs  oc- 
cupy a  great  extent.  It  has' a  melancholy  appearance, 
exhibiting  a  contrast  of  wealth  and  poverty,  luxury  and 
distress,  which  pervade'every  part  of  this  unhappy  coun- 
try. 

The  Carfidthian  mountains  are  high  and  always  cov- 
ered with  snow,  which  has  been  known  to  fall  in  the  mid- 
dle of  summer. 

The  salt  mines  in  Poland  are  a  great  curiosity. 
They  are  6  or  8  hundred  feet  deep,  more  than  1 000  broad 
and  extend  to*6  or  8  thousand  feet  in  length.  The  top 
of  the  cave  is  supported  by  columns  of  salt,  which  have 
been  left  for  supports  to  the  roof.  When  these  mines 
are  illuminated,  they  exhibit  a  brilliant  appearance  ;  the 
smooth  and  transparent  surface  of  the  salt,  reflecting  all 
the  colours  of  the  rainbow. 

PRUSSIA. 

Prussia  is  a  small  kingdom.  It  is  divided  into  Du- 
cal Prussia  (now  called  the  kingdom  oi  Prussia,)  Polish 
Prussia  or  Prussia  Royal,  Sile'sia,  Sec. 

Towns.  BER'LIN,  Kon'ingsberg,  Dant'zic,  Thorn, 
War'saw,  El'bing,  Bres'law,  Potz'dam. 

Rivers.  The  Vis'tula^  the  Pregel,  the  Memel,  the 
Oder. 

Gulfs.     The  principal  is  that  of  Dant'zic. 

BRITISH  DOMINIONS. 

The  British  Dominions  include  Great  Britain,  Ire- 
land and  the  adjacent  islands. 

The  island  of  Great  Britain  is  about  800  miles  broad 
600  long,  and  contains  about  12,000,000  inhabitants.  *  It 
is  divided  into  England,  Scotland,  and  Wales. 
6* 


66 


BRITISH  DOMINIONS, 


Northumberland. 

Cumberland. 

Westmoreland, 

Durham. 

Yorkshire. 

Lancashire. 


England  cpntains  40  counties  or  shires. 
Counties.  Principal  towns. 

Newcastle)  Morpeth,  Alnwick. 

Carlisle'^  Penrith,  Whitehaven. 

Appleby,  Kendal. 

Durham,  Stockton,  Sun'derland. 
York,  Leeds,  Hull,  Scarborough, 
Wakefield,  Seffield. 
Lan'caster,  Liverpool,  Manchester. 

Berwick-upon-Tweed  is  on  the  borders  of  England 
and  Scotland.  It  properly  belongs  to  neither,  but  pos- 
sessing peculiar  privileges,  is  both  a  town  and  county  of 
itself. 

York  is  the  capital  of  the  north,  and,  in  point  of  rank* 
is  the  second  city  in  England* 

Leeds  and  Wakefieldytt  celebrated  for  woollen  cloth, 
Sheffield  for  cutlery  and  hardware,  and  Manchester  for 
cotton  goods. 

Liverpool,  upon  the  river  Mersey,  is  a  large  and  flour- 
ishing seaport,  and,  though  a  century  ago  but  a  small 
village,  it  is  now  the  second  port  iti  the  kingdom. 


Counties. 
Cheshire. 
Derbyshire. 
Staffordshire. 
Warwickshire. 
Worcestershire. 
Shropshire. 
Herefordshire. 
Monmouthshire. 
Glowces'tershire? 
Oxfordshire. 


Principal  towns.    ' 
Chester,  Nanlwich,  Mac'clesfield. 
Derby,  Chesterfield,  Ashborn. 
Stafford,  Litchfield,  Leek. 
Warwick,  Birmingham,  Coventry. 
Worcester,  Kid'derrnin'ster. 
Shrewsbury,  Ludlow,  Bridgenorth. 
Hereford,  Ledbury,  Leom'inster. 
Monmouth,  Aberga^ew'ny. 
Glowcf  s'ter,  Bristol,  Tewkesbury. 
Oxford,  Hanley,  Banbury. 


Buckinghamshire*  Ayles'bury,  Buckingham. 


BRITISH  DOMINIONS.  67 

Derbyshire  is  celebrated  for  many  natural  curiosities 
among  which  are  the  mountains  of  the  Peak,  which  are, 
much  visited  on  account  of  their  extraordinary  caverns 
and  perforations. 

Staffordshire  and  Worcestershire  are  noted  for  their 
porcelain  and  earthen  ware. 

Birmingham  is  a  large  and  populous  town,  noted  for 
its  cutlery  and  hardware. 

Strafford  upon  Avon  is  the  birthplace  of  Shakspeare. 

Kid'dermin'ster  has  a  large  manufactory  of  carpets. 

JDroitwich  is  noted  for  its  salt-pits,  from  which  are  an- 
nually obtained  700,000  bushels. 

Cheshire  and  Gloucestershire  are  famous  for  cheese. 

Bristol,  hi  wealth,  trade,  and  population,  is  the  third 
city  in  England. 

Oxford  has  one  of  the  best  endowed  universities  in 
the  world.  Eton  is  likewise  celebrated  for  its  college. 

Counties.  Principal  towns. 

Bedfordshire.  Bedford,  Ampthill,  Woburn. 

Huntingdonshire.  Huntingdon,  St.  Ives,  St  Neot's. 

Northamptonshire.  Northampton,  Peterborough. 

Rutlandshire.  Oakham,  Uppingham. 

Leicestershire.  Lefces'ter,  Loughborough. 

Nottinghamshire.  Nottingham,  New'ark,  Mansfield. 

Lincolnshire.  Lincoln,  Stamford,  Boston. 

Norfolk.  Norwich,  Yarmouth,  Lynn. 

Suffolk.  .  Ipswich,  Bury,  Hadley. 

Cambridgeshire.  Cambridge,  New'market,  Royston. 

Hertfordshire.  Hertford,  St.  Alban's,  Hitchin. 

Essex.  Chelmsford,  Colchester,  Harwich* 

Cambridge  is  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  university. 


68  BRITISH  DOMINIONS. 

Harwich  is  a  port,whence  passengers  usually  embark 
for  Hollandc 

Counties.  Principal  towns. 

Middlesex.  LONDON,  We  st'minster,U  abridge. 

Kent.  Canterbury,  Maidstone,  Dover. 

Sussex.  Chichester,  Lewis,  Brigh'M<?/7>2«ton. 

Surry.  Guildford,  Southwark,  Kingston. 

TJ          ^  5  Winchester,    Portsmouth,    South- 

£  ampton. 
Berkshire.  Reading,  Windsor,  Abington. 

Wiltshire.  SalJs'bury,  Devizes,  M&rl'borough. 

Somersetshire.  Bath,  Wells,  Taunton,  Bridgewater. 

Devonshire.  Exeter,  Plymouth,  Barnstable. 

Dorsetshire.  Dorchester,  Weymouth,  Blandford. 

Cornwall.  Launceston,  Falmouth,  Truro. 

London,  the  metropolis  of  the  British  empire,  is  situ- 
ated on  both  sides  of  the  T/rames,  about  60  miles  from 
the  sea.  It  is  18  or  20  miles  in  circumference,  contains 
about  1,000,000  of  inhabitants,  and  on  account  of  its  rich- 
es, commerce,  and  manufactures,  may  be  considered  the 
first  city  in  the  world. 

Plymouth^  Chatham,  Portsmouth^  Woolwich,  are 
large  dockyards. 

Devizes  is  noted  for  its  wool  trade ;  Wilton  for  its 
carpets. 

Somersetshire  supplies  lead,  copper,  See.  Bath  is 
celebrated  for  its  medicinal  waters 

Mountains,  Hills,  Vc.  Skiddaw.  the  Peak,  the  En- 
die,  the  Wolds,  the  Chiltern,  Malvern,  Cotswold.  Wrek- 
cn,  Mindip,  Cheviot  hills,  &c.  The  last  are  between 
England  and  Scotland. 

Lakes.     Winan'dermere',  Derwent,  Ulswater,  &c. 

Rivers.  The  Thames,  Severn,  Humbfr,  Trent, 
Quse,  Mersey,  Dee,  the  four  Ayons,  Tyne,  Tweed,  &c. 


BRITISH  DOMINIONS.  69 

Bays.  Mount's  bay,  Tor-bay,  St.  Ives,  Milford  haven, 
St.  Brides  bay,  Cardigan,  Caernarvon,  Robinhood  bay, 
&c. 

Islands  The  Isle  of  Wight,  Mglesea,  Isle  of  Man, 
Stilly  isles,  Lundy  isle,  Coquet,  Holy,  Guernsey,  Jer- 
tey,  Mderney,  and  Sark.  The  four  last  are  near  the 
coast  of  France. 

Capes.  Lizard  Point,  Land's  End,  Start  Point,  St. 
Alban's  Head,  Spurn  Head,  Flamborough  Head,  St. 
Bees  Head,  Rossal  Point,  Orme's  Head,  Stumble  Head, 
St.  Davitfs  Head,  St.  Gowen's  Head,  Hartland  Point, 
Trevose  Head,  Towan  Point,  Cape  Cornwall,  8cc. 

Climate.  England,  being  surrounded  by  water,  is 
less  subject  to  extreme  heat  and  cold,  than  most  places 
in  the  same  latitude  on  the  continent.  The  sea  breezes 
moderate  the  severity  both  of  summer  aud  winter.  The 
weather  is  inconstant,  and  the  frequency  of  fogs  and 
clouds  contributes  much  to  ine  pci'pCtual  verdure  of  the 
country.  9 

Soil.  The  soil,  though  not  remarkable  for  its  natu- 
ral fertility,  is,  under  a  most  skilful  cultivatipn,  abun- 
dantly productive  ;  and  the  scenery  of  the  country  is  rep- 
resented as  inimitably  beautiful. 

Metals,  &c.  The  tin  mines  of  Cornwall  are  the  most 
remarkable,  and  are  of  immense  value  to  the  nation. 
The  number  of  mines  is  said  to  amout  to  100,000. 
Silver,  gold,  copper,  lead.  Sec.  have  been  found.  There 
are  salt-pits  and  quarries  of  marble  and  frees  tone  in  many- 
places,  and  iron  ore  and  pit  coal  in  great  abundance. 

Character.  The  English  are  in  general  of  a  moderate 
stature,  regular  features,  and  of  a  fair  and  florid  com- 
plexion. Their  valour,  both  by  sea  and  land,  is  univer- 
sally acknowledged,  and  no  nation  surpasses  them  in  true 
and  solid  learning. 

Government.  The  British  government  is  a  limited 
monarchy.  It  consists  of  a  king,  who  is  a  hereditary 
and  independent  sovereign,  a  hereditary  house  of  lords* 
and  of  representatives,  who  are  elected  by  the  people. 
These  three  powers,  composing  the  parliament  or  gen-*- 


70  WALES. 

eral  assembly  of  Great  Britain,  are  useful  checks  upon 
each  other. 

Commerce.  Commerce  and  manufactures  have  ren- 
dered the  English  one  of  the  most  powerful  nations  in 
the  world.  The  woollen,  cotton,  hard-ware,  and  porce- 
lain manufactures  are  the  most  important,  and  are  sour- 
ces of  immense  wealth  to  the  kingdom.  The  ocean  is 
covered  with  her  ships,  which  carry  her  productions  and 
arms  to  every  part  of  the  globe. 

WALES. 

Wales  is  divided  into  12  counties. 
Counties.  Principal  Towns. 

Flint.  Flint,  St.  Asaph,  Holywell. 

Denbighshire.  Denbigh,  Wrexham,  Ruthen, 

Isle  of  An'glesea.  Beauma'ris  onti^Holyhcad. 

Caernarvonshire.  Caernarvon,  Bangor,  Conway. 

Merionethshire.  Dolgelly,  Bala,  Harlech. 

Mont  go m'ery  shire.  Montgomery,  Welch  Pool. 

Cardiganshire.  Cardigan,  Aberistwith. 

Radnorshire,  Radnor,  Preston,  Knighton*. 

Brecknockshire.  Brecknock,  Builth,  Hay. 

Glamorganshire.  Cardiff,  Landaff,  Cowbridge. 

Caermarthenshire.  Caermarthen,  Kidwelly. 

Pembrokshire.  Pembroke,  St.  David's,  Mtlford. 

Mountains.  Wales  is  a  mountainous  country.  The 
principal  mountains  are  Snowden  and  Plinlim'mon. 

JRivers.  The  Wye,  and  the  sources  of  the  Severn, 
and  the  Dee. 

Wrexham  is  the  largest  town  in  North  Wales,  and  is 
famous  for  its  flannels. 

Holy  head  is  a  seaport,  whence  passengers  usually 
embark  for  Dublin. 


SCOTLAND. 


Milford  Haven  is  an  excellent  harbour,  perhaps  the 
best  in  Great  Britain,  and  as  safe  and  spacious  as  any  in 
Europe.  A  thousand  ships  may  lie  here  in  perfect 
safety. 

The  Welch  are  the  worthy  descendants  of  the  ancient 
Britons.  They  are  .passionate,  but  honest,  brave,  and 
hospitable. 

SCOTLAND. 

Scotland  is  divided  into  33  counties. 


Counties. 

Ork'ney. 

Caithness. 

Sutherland. 

Ross. 

Cromarty. 

Nairne. 

Inverness'. 

Elgin  or  Murray. 

Banff. 

Aberdeen'. 

Kinkardine. 

Forfar. 

Perth. 

Fife. 

Kinross. 

Clackmannan. 

Stirling. 

Dumbarton* 

Argyle. 

Bute. 

Ayr, 

Renfrew. 

Lanerk. 

Linlilhgow. 

Edinburgh. 

Haddington, 


Principal  towns. 

Kirkwall. 

Wick,  Thurso. 

Strathy,  Dornock. 

Tain,  Dingwall. 

Cromarty. 

Nairne 

Iverness'. 

Elgin,  Forres* 

Banff. 

Aberdeen. 

Bervie,  Kinkardine4 

Montrose,  Forfar. 

Perth,  Dunkeld. 

St.   Andrews,  Cupar, 

Kinross. 

Clackmannan. 

Stirling,  Falkirk. 

Dumbarton. 

Inverary. 

Roth  say. 

Ayr   Irvine. 

Renfrew,  Greenock, 

Glasgow,  Lanerk. 

Linlithgow. 

Edinburgh. 

Haddington,  Dunbai, 


i 


7%  SCOTLAND. 

Berwick.  Berwick,  Dunse. 

Roxborough,  Jedburgh. 

Selkirk.  Selkirk. 

Peebles.  Peebles. 

Dumfries.  Dumfries. 

Kirkcudbright.  Kirkcudbright. 

Wigtown.  Wigtown,  Whitehorn. 

Mountains.  The  Grampian  hills,  Peutland  hills, 
Lammer  Muir,  and  the  Cheviot  hills. 

Lakes.  Loch  Lomond,  Loch  Tay,  Loch  Fine,  Loch 
Awe,  Loch  Ness,  &c. 

Rivers.  The  Forth,  the  Tay,  the  Tweed,  the  Dee, 
the  Don,  the  Spey,  the  Clyde*  the  Nith,  &c. 

Islands*  The  Hebrides  or  Western  Ivies,  of  which 
Harris  q$  Lewis  is  the  largest ;  the  Ork'neys,  the  Shet- 
land*  Arran,  and  Bute. 

Capes  and  Headlands.  St.'  Abbe's  Head,  Kinnaird's 
and  Dun'cansby's  Head. 

Scotland,  anciently  called  Caledo'nia,  is  separated 
from  England  by  the  river  Tweed,  Cheviot  hills,  and 
the  Solway  Frith. 

It  is  divided  by  the  river  Tay  into  North  Scotland, 
or  the  Highlands,  and  South  Scotland,  or  the  Lowlands. 

Edinburgh)  the  capital  of  Scotland,  is  situated  near 
the  river  Forth.  It  stands  on  an  eminence,  and  makes  a 
grand  appearance.  The  castle  is  built  on  a  solid  rock 
of  great  height,  which  overlooks  ths  city,  and  com- 
mands an  extensive  and  beautiful  prospect. 

Glasgow,  situated  on  the  Clyde,  is  for  population, 
riches,  and  commerce,  the  second  city  in  Scotland. 

Aberdeen'  is  situated  on  the  river  Dee,  and,  for  its 
trade,  extent,  and  beauty,  considered  the  third  city  in 
Scotland.  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Aberdeen,  are  all 
celebrated  for  their  universities. 

The  Scotch  are  temperate  industrious,  hardy,  and 
valiant ;  thev  are  great  lovers  if  learning,  and  many  of 
them  have  been  eminent  in  the  sciences. 

England  and  Scotland  were  formerly  two  kingdoms  ; 
but  they  have  been  united  more  than  100  years. 


IRELAND. 


IRELAND. 

Ireland  is  divided  into  4  provinces  ;  Leinster,  Ulster.? 
Munstcr,  and  Connaught.     These  are  subdivided 
32  counties, 

Leinster  contains  12. 
'  Counties.  Principal  town's, 

Dublin.  DUBLIN. 

Louth.  Drogheda. 

Wicklow.  Wicklow. 

Wexford.  Wexford 

Longford.  Lo'ngfbrd, 

East  Meath.  Trim. 

West  Meath.  Mullingar. 
King's  County.                 l      Philip's  To\v*i. 

Queen's  County.  Mary  Boro*. 

Kilkenny.  Kilkenny. 

Kildare.  Naas,  Athy. 

Carlo  w.  Carlow. 

Ulster  contains  9. 

Down.  Downpatrick. 

Armagh.  \    Ar'magh. 

Monaghan.  Monaghan* 

Cavan.  Cavan. 

Antrim.  Carrickfer'gus?  Belfast. 

Londonderry.  Derry. 

Tyrone.  Omagh. 

Fermanagh.  Enniskillen. 

Don'egal.  Liffcrd. 

Munster  contains  6. 
Clare.      •  Ennis. 

Cork.  Cork. 

Kerry.  Tralee. 

Limerick.  Limerick* 

Tippera'ry.  Clonmell 

W  aterfcrd.  Wat  erf  or  d. 

Connaifght  contains  5. 
Leitrim.  Leitiim. 


74  NETHERLANDS. 

Roscommon.  Roscommon. 

Mayo.  Newport. 

Sligo.  Sligo. 

Galway.  Galway. 

Mountains.  In  Ireland  there  are  several  lofty  moun- 
tains. Mourne  and  Iveah  are  among  the  highest. 

Lakes.  Ireland  abounds  in  lakes  or  loughs,  as  they 
are  called  in  that  country.  The  principal  are  lough 
Neagh,  Erne,  Foyle,  Corrib,  Ree,  and  Derg. 

Lough  Neagh  is  remarkable  for  its  efficacy  in  scrof- 
ulous diseases,  and  for  i£s  petrifying  qualities,  or  for  its 
changing  wood  and  other  substances  into  stone. 

Rivers.  The  Shannon,  the  Blackwater*  the  Barrow, 
Noir,  Suir,  Liffey,  Boyne,  Bandon,  Derg,  8tc. 

Bays  and  Harbours.  Donegal  bay,  Belfast  lough, 
Sligo,  Galway  ?  Dingle,  and  Bantry  bays;  Cork,  Water* 
ford,  and  Wexford  harbours. 

Islands.  Raghlin,  Ennistrahul,  Tory,  North  and 
South  Arran,  Cla'ra,  Blasquets,  Skelig,  Valentia,  &c 

Dublin,  the  capital  of  Ireland,  is  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Liffey.  It  is  considered  the  second  city  in 
the  British  dominions,  and  contains  140,000  inhabitants. 

The  appearance  of  the  metropolis,  the  bay  of  Dub- 
lin, and  the  surrounding  country,  is  grand  and  beautiful. 

Trinity  College,  "in  Dublin,  is  the  only  university  in 
Ireland. 

The  other  most  considerable  towns  arc  Cork,  Lim- 
erick, Galway,  Londonderry,  Belfast,  Waterford,  Car- 
rickfer'gus,  and  Ar'magh. 

Character.  The  Irish  are  generally  well  made,  strong, 
active,  haughty,  careless  of  their  lives,  and  greedy  of  glo- 
ry, quick  of  apprehension,  courteous  to  straogers,  and 
often  violent  in  their  passions.  Ireland  has  produced 
many  great  men. 

NETHERLANDS. 

BATAVIA  AND  HOLLAND. 

Bata'via  or  Holland  had  7  Provinces/ 


BATAVIA  OR  HOLLAND.  75 

Provinces.  Principal  towns. 

C  AMSTERDAM,        Rotter- 
i  clam,  Ley'den,  the  Hague. 


Zealand.  Mid'dleburg, 

U'trecAt.  U'trecAt. 

\  Guel'derland  Nimeguen. 

£  and  Zutphen.  ZutpherK 

Overys'sel.  De  venter. 

Gron'ingen.  Gron'ingen. 

Frie  gland.  Lewar'den. 

o 

Rivers.     The  Rhine,  the  Maese,  the  Scheldt. 

Islands.  The  Texel^  which  lies  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Zuyder  Zee,  has  a  good  harbour,  and  a  town  of  the  same 
name.  There  are  some  other  islands,  but  they  are 
smaller. 

These  provinces  lie  opposite  to  England,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  90  miles,  upon  the  east  end  of  the  English  chan- 
neL  They  are  a  narrow  tract  of  low,  swampy  ^nd,  ly- 
ing below  the  mouths  of  several  rivers.  The  streets 
have  canals  running  through  them,  bordered  with  rows 
of  trees.  During  the  conquest  of  Holland  by  the  French, 
this  country,  including  the  whole  Dutch  territory  in  the 
Netherlands,  was  divided  into  fifteen  departments,  viz. 
Am'sterdam,  U'trec/zt,  Friesland,  Delft,  the  Ems,  Res 
and  Aa,  North  and  Zuyder  Zee,  Sparen,  Yssel,  Rhine, 
Merwe,  Waal,  Scheldt,  Mark?  Metise. 

Holland  is  the  finest  and  richest  of  all  these  provinces. 

Amsterdam,  the  capital,  is  a  line,  rich  city,  contain- 
ing about  240,000  inhabitants.  The  houses  are  all  built 
upon  piles  or  beams  of  wood,  driven  imo  the  soft  earth. 

Rotterdam  ranks  next  for  commerce  and  wealth.  It 
stands  on  the  Maese,  and  is  the  birth  place  of  th8  famous 
Erasmus.  Its  inhabitants  are  60,000. 

The  Hague,  though  called  a  village,  was  long  the 
seat  of  government,  and  the  residence  of  all  the  foreign 
ambassadors  and  strangers  of  distinction.  It  is  celebrat- 


76  BATAVIA  OR  HOLLAND. 

ed  for  the  magnificence  and  beauty  of  its  buildings,  and 
the  politeness  of  its  inhabitants,  who  are  computed  at 
40,000,  Leyden  and  U'trecAt  are  fine  cities,  as  well 
as  famous  for  their  universities. 

Climfy.  This  country  consists  of  land  between  the 
mouths  of  great  rivers,  and  of  what  the  inhabitants  have 
gained  from  the  sea,  by  means  of  dykes,  which  were 
raised,  and  which  are  still  supported  at  an  incredible 
expense. 

The  air  is  foggy  ;  and  the  moisture  of  the  atmosphere 
cause*  metals  to  rust,  and  wood  to  decay,  more  than  in 
other  countries. 

The  soil  is  unfavourable  to  veget-atica^but  by  indus- 
try it  is  rendered  fit  for  both  pasture  anfnillage.  Here 
are  no  mountains  or  rising  grounds,  no  plantations  or 
cataracts.  The  whole  face  of  the  country,  when  viewed 
from  a  tower,  has  the  appearance  of  a  continued  marsh 
or  bog,  drained  by  innumerable  ditches.  The  canals 
are  numerous,  and  serve  the  same  purpose  as  roads  in 
other  countries. 

Poflx'ation.  This  country  is  perhaps  the  best  peo- 
pled of  any  spot  in  the  world.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants is  about  3>000,000.  Great  cleanliness,  neatness, 
in'dustry,  and  econ'omy  are  observed  among  them.  The 
air  and  temperature  of  the  climate,  and  the  government, 
incline  them  to  nhleg'matic,  slow  dispositions,  both  in 
body  and  mind. 

Character.  The  Dutch  are  distinguished  for  their 
industry,  econ'omy,  and  love  of  liberty  ;  but  the  over- 
whelming power  of  France  deprived  them  of  their  free- 
dom, and  reduced  thenxto  a  state  of  servitude  and  op- 
pression. They  are  now,  however,  released  from  this 
iron  bondage, 

Learning.  Among  the  learned  men,  Erasmus,  Gro- 
tius,  and  Bo'erAaave  are  most  eminent.  The  invention 
of  printing  is  claimed  by  the  Dutch.  Their  universities 
are  those  of  Leyden,  U'trecM,  Gron'ingen,  HarMerwick, 
and  Franc ker. 

Curiosities.  Their  prodigious  dykes,  to  preserve  the 
country  from  inundations,  are  stupendous.  The  stadt> 


FLANDERS.  77 

house  of  Am'sterdam  is  a  fine* building;  it  stands  on 
nearly  14}000  long  piles  driven  into  the  ground,  In 
this  country  are  several  museums,  containing  many  sin* 
gular  curiosities,  natural  and  artificial. 

Commerce.  The JDutch,  before  the  late  revolution, 
were  the  most  commercial  people  in  the  world.  Their 
commerce  extended  to  all  parts ;  and  their  East  India 
fleet  brought  them  every  summer  large  quantities  of 
gold,  besides  pearls,  diamonds,  ivory,  spices,  &c. 

FLANDERS, 

OR 
FRENCH,    AND    LATE    AUSTRIAN    NETHERLANDS, 

Consisted  of  10  Provinces  to  the  south  of  Bata'via; 
viz;.  Flanders,  Brabant,  Ant'werp,  Mechlin,  Limburgh, 
Lux'emburgh,  Namur',  Hainault,  Cambray,  and  Artois, 

Cities  &  Towns,  ^nt'werfi^  once  the  emporium  of 
the  Europe'an  continent,  is  now  reduced  to  a  tap'esti  y  and 
thread-lace  shop  One  of  the  first  exploits  of  the  Dutch, 
after  they  shook  off  the  Spanish  yoke,  was  to  ruin  the 
commerce  of  Ant'werp,  by  sinking  vessels,  loaded  with 
stone,  in  the  mouth  of  the  Sdiek/t,  thus  shutting  up  for- 
ever the  entrance  of  that  river  to  ships  ot  burden  This 
was  the  more  cruel,  as  the  people  of  Ant'werp  had  been 
their  friends  and  fellow- sufferers  in  the  ctuise  of  liberty. 

Brussels  is  also  a  fine  town  :  here  are  made  the  beat. 
camlets,  and  the  finest  kinds  of  lace.  Brussels,  Lou* 
vain,  and  St.  O'mers,  have  been  famous  for  their  col- 
leges. Bru'ges,  OstemV,  and  Newport  lie  near  the  sea. 
Lisle  is  a  large  and  rich  town.  Ghent,  a  considerable 
town,  is  divided  by  canals  into  26  islands,  and  over  these 
are  300  bridges. 

Rivers.     The  Maese,  Schek/t,  Sambre,  Sec. 

Canals.     Brussels,  Ghent,  Ostend'.  &c 

Air*  6'oiV,   &c.     The  air  on  some  parts  of  the  coast 

is  bad,  in  the  interior  it   is  moie  healthful.     The  soil  is 

rich,  and    pioduces  excellent    corn,   fruits,   and    fiax. 

They  have  abundance  of  pasture.     Travelling  in  this 

7* 


78  GERMANY. 

• 

luxuriant  country  is  safe  and  delightful.  Flanders  is  a 
flat  country,  with  scarcely  a  single  hill.  The  roads  are 
generally  a  broad  causeway  and  run  several  miles  in  a 
straight  line,  till  they  terminate  in  a  view  of  some  mag- 
nificent building, 

Religion.  Before  the  conquest  of  the  country  by  the 
French,  the  established  religion  was  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic ;  but  Protestants*  and  other  sects,  were  not  mo- 
lested. * 

Arthts  13  Learning,  The  Flemish  painters  and 
sculptors  have  great  merit.  The  works  of  Rubens  ?nd 
Vandyke'  are  greatly  admired.  Strada  was  an  elegant 
historian  and  poet. 

Their  manufactures  are  beautiful  linens  and  laces,  in 
\Vhich  they  are  unrivalled,  particularly  in  their  cambrics 
from  Cambray. 

GERMANY. 

Germany  contains  9  great  Divisions  or  Circles. 
Divisions**  P  r  in  ci/ial  towns. 

1*7    <.  u  n-  *>  Munster,  Embden,  Paderborn*  Os'aa- 

Westphalia.        }  burg,  Minden,  Dus'seldorf. 

_  <  Hamburgh.    Brunswick.    Han'  over. 

Lower  Saxony.    }  Meck,le*burg. 

~  C  Dresden.  Frankfort.  Leih'sic*  J3er~ 

Upper  Saxony..  ^.M)  Stral'sund> 

Lower  Rhine.  W°rmS>    Mentz'  '^ 


Upper  Rhine.         Frankfort^  Spire. 
Franco'nia.  Nu'rernburg,  Wumburg. 

Sua'bia.  Au^-s'burg,  Wir'temburg. 

v*      ...•  {Mu'nich,     SS.lts'burg,     Ingoklstadl, 

Bavaria.  ^  Ratisbon. 

»         i         VIE  N'NJ,  Gratz. 


AUSTRIAN  DOMINIONS.  f9 


,c  mountains  are  the  jilps^  and  those  on  the  borders 
of  Bohe'mia. 

The  lakes  are  those  of  Con*  'stance,  ChiemseeJ  and  the 
Zhnitzer-see. 

The  rivers  of  Ger'many  are  the  Dariube,  the  Rhine, 
the  Elbe,  the-  Osfer,  Weser,  and  the  Maine. 

Ham'  burgh  is  situated  on  the  Elbe,  and  is  one  of  the 
first  commercial  cities  in  Europe. 

Ber'lin,  the  capital  of  the  Prussian  dominions,  is  sit- 
uated in  Germany. 

Vicn'na  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  whole  German 
empire.  But  in  1806  the  constitution  of  Germany  was 
dissolved  by  the  power  of  France,  and  it  is  now  the  cap- 
ital only  of  the  Aus'trian  dominions. 

The  above  circles  are  again  subdivided  into  numer- 
ous principalities,  duchies,  electorates  bishopricks,  &c. 
and  besides  these,  there  are  a  number  of  free  cities, 
which  are  independent  states. 

The  Dan'ube  rises  in  'Sua'bia,  near  the  borders  of 
Switzerland,  and  passing  by  Ulm,  Rat'isbon^  Vicn'na, 
and  through  Hun'gary  and  Turkey,  falls  into  the  Black 
Sea  by  several  channels. 

The  Rhine  rises  in  the  Alps,  and  passes  through  lake 
Constance.  After  passing  many  cities,  and  dividing 
France  from  Germany,  it  almost  loses  itself  in  the  sands 
below  Ley'clen,  in  Bata'via. 

Inhabitants.  The  Germans  are  frank,  grave,  hospit- 
able, and  generally  honest  in  their  dealings;  excellent 
both  in  arts  and  war.  Industry,  application,  and  per- 
severance are  their  characteristics  ;  although  by  some 
they  are  thought  to  want  animation.  They  have  distin- 
guished themselves  in  various  branches  of  learning. 


AUSTRIAN  DOMINIONS. 

The  Aus'trian  Dominions^  or  the  Emfiire  of  Austria,, 
comprehend  the  following  countries. 


FRANCE. 


Austria. 


Bohe*mia. 


Hun'gary. 


Subdivisions* 

"Archduchy  > 

of  Aus'tria.  £ 

Stir'ia. 

Carin'thia. 

Carnio'la. 
JTirol. 

("Bohemia  Proper. 
•<  Sile'sia. 
(^  Mora'via. 

fUpper  Hungary. 
J  Lower  ~" 
ITi 


Principal  towns. 


VIEN'NA,  Lintz. 

Gratz,  Judenburg. 
Clagenfurt,  Pleyburg. 
Laybach,  Triest'. 
Inspruck,Brixen,Trent. 

Prague,  Pilsen. 
Breslaiv*  Lignitz, 
Olmutz,  Iglau. 

Tokay,  Debreczin. 
JBuda,  Presburg. 
Hermenstadt. 
Esseck,  Gradiska. 


Croa'tia  and  Dalma'tia,  which  lie  on  the  gulf  of  Ven'- 
ice,  in  the  llth  century  descended  to  the  king  of  Hun- 
gary, and  hence  are  a  part  of  the  Austrian  dominions. 

Mountains.     The  Krajiack  or  Carpathian. 

Rivers.     The  Dan'ube,  the  Drave^  Save,  &c, 

Character.  The  Hungarians  are  generally  indolent, 
though  a  brave  magnanimous  people,  They  are  hand- 
some and  well  shaped,  and  their  appearance  is  improved 
by  their  dress,  which  is  peculiar  and  becoming. 

FRANCE. 


France  stands  in  a  commanding  situation  in  the  cen- 
tre of  Europe  It  is  distinguished  fcr  the  activity  of  its 
inhabitants,  the  number  and  bravery  of  its  soldiers,  and 
for  its  power  and  ambition. 

It  was  anciently  divided  into  provinces,  It  is  now 
formed  into  about  J  50  departments, 


FRANCE. 


81 


Provinces. 


Departments,         Principal  towhs. 


fPaiis. 

PARIS. 

Sezne  and  Oise. 

Ver-sfiilles'. 

Isle  of  France.<J  Seine  and  Marne. 

Melun. 

Oise. 

Beauvais. 

LAisne. 

Laon. 

Pic  a  rely; 

Somme. 

Am'iens. 

Artois. 

Cal.  Straits. 

Arras?  Cal'ais. 

Flanders. 

North, 

Douay. 

Norm^rc-lv, 

f  Lower  S5ta& 
j  Calvados. 
^  Orne. 
1  Euro. 
LChannel. 

Itou'en. 
Caen, 
Alen$on. 
Evreux. 
Coutance^sv 

flsle  and  V'illaine. 

Rennes. 

I  Lower  f^oire. 

Nantes. 

Brittany, 

<^  Flnisterre. 
|  North  Coast, 
I^Morbihan. 

Quimper. 
St.  Brieu-x. 
Vennes, 

rVienne. 

Poi-U'ers'.* 

Poitou. 

j  Vendee. 
\  Two  Sevres. 

Fontenai-coinptQ< 
Niort. 

. 

LLowcr  Charente. 

Saintes. 

TGironde. 

Bour-deaux. 

Guienne. 

j  Upper  Vienne. 
J  Lot  and  Garonne. 
]  Aveiron. 
|  Dordogne. 
LLot, 

Limoges. 
Agen. 
Rodez. 
Perigneux. 
Cahors. 

Gascony, 

fGers. 
J  Upper  Pyr'enees. 
|  Lower  Pyr'enees. 
LLandes. 

Auch. 
Tarbes. 
Pau. 
Marsan» 

FRANCE, 


''East  Pyr'eneea. 
Upper  Garonne. 
Card, 

Perpi^narr. 
Ton-Louse'. 
Nismes. 

Languedo,     <|  £»£ 

|  Tame, 
j  Ancle. 
I  Lozere. 

Mont/i  e  Her. 
Foix. 
Castres. 
Carcassone, 
Mendc. 

Provence, 

'  Mouths  of  Rhone-. 
Var. 
^  Lower  Alps. 

Aix. 

Toulon. 
Digne, 

f  Moselle. 

Lorraine.         J  V°s§ef' 
j  Meuilhe. 

LMeuse. 

Metz. 
Epinal. 
Nanci, 

Bar  le  due* 

Alsace. 

(  Lower  Rhine. 
^  Upper  Rhine. 

Strasbourg. 
Colmar. 

Champagne,    - 

{Aube. 
Maine. 
Upper  Marne. 
Ardennes. 

Troyes. 
Chalons. 
Chaumont. 
Mezieres. 

fDoubs. 

Fr.  Conipte.    4  Jura. 
(^  Upper  Saone. 

Besan^on. 
Lons  le  SeuUor* 
Vesoult 

Burgundy. 

fCorte  d'Or. 
<  Saone  and  Loir. 
(^  Yonne. 

Dijon. 
Macon.  . 
Auxerre. 

f  Isere. 

Grenoble. 

|  Drome. 

Valence. 

Dau'phine. 

J  Upper  Alps, 
j  Ardeche. 

Gap. 
Privas. 

|  Rhone. 
LLoire. 

Lyons. 
Monthrisson. 

Auvergne, 

5  Puy  de  Dome. 
I  Cantal. 

Clermont. 
St.  Flour. 

Velay. 

Upper  Loire. 

Le  Puy. 

FRANCE, 


Limosin. 
Marche. 
Angoumoi^. 
Bourbon. 

Berry. 

Touraine. 
Marne. 

Orleans. 
Nivernois. 


Coreze. 

Tulles. 

Creuse. 

Gueret. 

Charente. 

Angoulemef. 

Allier. 

Moulins, 

r  Cher. 
Ain. 
k  Indre. 

Bourges. 
Bourg. 
Chateauroux, 

Indre  and  Loire. 

Tours. 

C  Sarte. 
£  Mayenne. 

(Maine  and  Loire. 
Loiret. 
Eure  and  Loir. 
IJLoir  and  Cher. 

Nievre. 


0      .      .  ,     ,       CGalo. 
Corsica  islands.    ^Liamond. 

Savcy.  Mount  Blanc. 

Part  of  SwitzerO  Mom  Terrible 
land.  5 


Le  Mans, 
Laval. 

Angers. 
Orleans. 
Chartres. 
Blois. 

Nevers. 

Bastia* 
Adjaccio. 

Cbamberry, 
Porentrui, 


Nice.  Maritime  Alps.  Nice,  &c. 

Mountains.     The  Alfis^  Mo».int  Jura,  the  Cevennesj 
the  Vauge,  Mount  Dor,  and  the  Pyrenees. 

Rivers.     The  Rhone,  Saone,  Garonne',  Loire,  Seine^ 
and  Somme.     The  canals  of  Languedoc,  Carols,  Sec. 

Bays,  &c.     The  Bay  of  Biscay,  Brest  harbour,  bays 
of  Quiberon  and  Toulon,  and*  the  Gulf  cf  Lyons. 

Islands.      Uahant',  Belle  Isle,  islands  of  Rhe  and  Ole- 
ron  ;  and  the  isles  of  Hyeres, 

Cafies.     Logwe,  Feret. 

The  departments  of  Paris,  S&ne,  Sec.  formerly  called 
the  Isle  of  France,  are  among  the  richest  departments. 

Paris,  the  capital  of  France,  is  a  most  magnificent 
city,  and  contains  about  600,000  inhabitants*     It  stands 


84  FRANCE. 

on  the  Seme,  and  is  adorned  with  magnificent  buildings, 
and  Works  of  art. 

Ver-sazlles  is  remarkable  for  its  splendid  and  expen- 
sive palaces  and  gardens. 

Cal'ais  is  the  nearest  port  to  England,  and  stands 
opposite  to  Dover. 

Bourdeaux'  is  one  of  the  first  cities  in  France  for 
magnitude,  riches,  and  beauty.  The  wines,  called  Clar- 
et and  Bourdeaux',  come  from  this  place. 

Bay-onne'  is  a  rich,  populous,  and  commercial  city, 
near  the  border  of  Spain.  This  city  has  become  cele- 
brated for  being  the  place  where  Bonaparte,  the  empe- 
ror of  France,  after  inviting  Ferdinand  VII,  king  of 
Spain,  to  a  friendly  visit,  seized  his  person  and  made 
him  prisoner. 

Montpe'iier  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
cities  in  France.  It  stands  five  miles  from  the  sea,  the 
air  and  climate  are  so  excellent,  that  sick  people  of  oth* 
CT  countries  often  go  there  for  health, 

Toulon'  and  Mar-settles'  are  important  seaports. 

Lyons  stands  at  the  confluence  of  the  Rhone  and  the 
Saone  ;  and  is  the  second  city  in  France  for  beauty,  com- 
merce, and  opulence.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk,  gold, 
and  silver  stuffs.  In  the  year  1793  it  suffered  extreme- 
ly from  the  effects  of  the  revolution. 

Climate^  Soil^  &  Productions.  France  is  generally 
thought  the  finest  country  in  Europe  ;  the  air  is  temper- 
ate, much  warmer  than  in  England,  and  very  healthy. 

The  soil  produces  grain  and  excellent  wines.  Silk 
and  woollen  goods  are  extensively  manufactured. 

This  country  abounds  in  excellent  roots  ;  in  all  kinds 
•f  seasonings  and  salads  5  in  fruits  of  all  kinds,  as  giapes, 
figs,  prunes,  chesnuts,  capers,  &c.  Olive  oil  is  made 
in  large  quantities. 

Inhabitants.  France  contains  above  30  millions. 
The  French  in  their  persons  are  well  proportioned,  ac- 
tive, and  brave,  They  have  a  pleasing  deportment ;  and, 
not  only  polite  themselves,  they  have  contributed  to  give 
a  polish  to  the  manners  of  other  nations^ 


FRANCE.  85 

Language.  It  has  long  been  an  object  with  the 
French,  to  render  their  language  universal  ;  and  they 
have  so  fur  succeeded,  that  it  is  now  more  general  than 
any  other,  and  is  become  almost  necessary  in  a  polite  or 
a  commercial  education. 

Great  attention  has  been  paid  to  literature  in  France. 
Before  the  revolution,  there  were  28  public  colleges 
or  universities,  among  which  the  Sorbonnc',  in  Paris, 
was  the  most  celebrated. 

Government.  The  government  of  France  was  an  ad" 
solute  monarchy  till  1792,  when  anarchy  prevailed 
through  all  her  dominions.  In  August  1792,  a  dreadful 
massacre  took  place  at  Paris.  Louis  XVI,  the  reign- 
ing king,  was  dethroned  and  imprisoned,  together  with 
the  queen  and  royal  family.  On  the  21st  September,  an 
assembly  of  men,  called  the  National  Convention,  passed 
a  decree  for  the  abolition  of  royalty,  declaring  the  con- 
stitution of  France  republican.  Violent  factions  succeed- 
ed, and  the  Convention,  contrary  to  every  principle  of 
humanity  and  justice,  condemned  the  king  to  be  behead- 
ed. The  sentence  was  executed  the  21st  January,  1793. 
After  the  lapse  of  a  few  years,  and  when  changes  had 
taken  place  in  the  National  Convention,  or  Directory, 
which  weakened  its  authority,  Bonaparte  at  first  fnade 
himself  dictator,  and  afterwards  emperor.  This  is  what 
is  called  the  French  Revolution,  This  famous  con- 
queror and  despot,  by  his  arms  and  his  intrigues,  sub- 
jugated all  the  nations  of  Europe,  except  Great  Britain. 
In  1812,  he  marched  with  a  powerful  army  of  500,000 
men  to  Moscow,  the  capital  of  Russia  ;  but  he  was  soon 
compelled  to  retreat  to  France  with  immense  loss,  after 
suffering  almost  incredible  distress  from  cold  and  hun- 
ger. The  allied  Sovereigns  of  England,  Russia,  Aus- 
tria, Prussia,  and  Sweden,  early  in  1814,  conquered 
France,  exiled  Bonaparte  to  the  island  of  Elba,  and  res- 
tored the  Bourbons  to  the  throne.  In  March  1815,  Bo- 
naparte escaped  from  Elba,  and  again  usurped  the  throne 
of  France;  but  was  finally  conquered  by  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  tit  the  famous  Battle  cf  Waterloo,  and  he  is 
now  a  prisoner  to  the  English  and  coirfinejd,  imcler  strict 
guar,d,  in  trhe  island  of  St.  Hel'cna, 
8 


86  SPAliN. 

SPAIN. 

Spain  is  divided  into  14  provinces,  viz, 

Pro-vinces.  Principal  towns. 

On  the  Aorth. 

Gali'cia.  Compostel'Ia,  Corunfna> and  Fer'rol. 

Astu'ria.  Ovi'edo. 

Bis'cay.  Bilbo'a. 

Near  the  Pyrenees. 

Navarre'.  Pamfielo'na. 

Ar'ragon.  Saragos'sa. 

Catalo'nia..  Barcelona. 

On  the  East. 

Valen'tia.  Valeritia>  Micant. 

Mur'cia.  Mur'cia,  Carthage'nfr. 

On  the  West. 

Leon.  Leon,  Salaman'ca. 

Estremadu'ra.  Badajos,  Meri'da. 

In  the  Middle. 

Old  Castile'.  Burgos,  Valladolid. 

ISfew  Castile'.  MAD' RID,  Tole'do,  Es'curaL 

On  the  South. 

Grand'da.  Grana'da,  MaFaga. 

Andalu'sia.  St-viUe',  Ca'diz,  Gibraltar. 

Mountains.  The  Pyrfeneesy  the  Cantabrian  moun- 
tains, and  Mount  Cal'pe. 

Rivers.  The  principal  are  the  E'bro<>  the  Tagus,  the 
Dou'ro,  the  Guadia'na,  the  Guadalquiv'er,  the  Xucarf 
and  the  Minho. 

Bays.  Bay  of  Biscay^  Ferrol,  Groyne,  Vlgo,  Ca'- 
diz,  Gibraltar,  Carthage'na,  and  Alicant. 

Islands,     Mpjor'ca,  Mi^ior'ca,  and  Iv'ica. 


SPAIN.  87 

Gafies.  Cape  Or'tegal,  Cape  Finisterre,  Cape  de 
Gates,  and  Cape  de  Palos. 

MAD' RiD)  the  capital,  is  not  remarkable  for  its  beauty 
or  pleasant  situation.  Many  of  its  buildings  bear  the 
marks  of  former  magnificence  and  grandeur,  but  they 
are  mostly  in  a  state  of  decay. 

Se-ville'  is  one  of  the  most  commercial  towns  in  Spain. 
It  is  famous  for  its  oranges.-—  Ca'diz,  the  emporium  of 
fche  Spanish  foreign  trade,  is  situated  on  an  island,— 
Gibraltar  is  a  very  strong  fort,  built  on  a  rock,  and  has 
more  than  a  century  belonged  to  the  English.  It  is  con- 
sidered impregnable. 

Mountains.  The  Pyrenees  extend  from  the  Bay  of 
Biscay  to  the  Mediterranean.  There  are  but  five  pass- 
es over  them. 

Mount  Cal'pe,  now  the  Hill  of  Gibraltar,  was  in  for- 
mer times  called  one  of  the  pillars  of  Her'cules.  The 
other,  Mount  Aby'la,  was  opposite  to  it  in  Africa. 

Islands.  Major' ca  is  the  largest  of  those  islands  an- 
ciently called  Balea'rcs.  It  is  fruitful,  and  surrounded 
with  watch  towers.  Its  capital  is  of  the  same  name. 

Minorca  is  chiefly  valuable  for  its  excellent  harbour. 
Port  Ma'hon.  Here  are  vines,  olives,  cotton,  and  ca- 
pers. Citadella  is  the  capital. 

I-v'ica  is  also  fruitful  in  corn,  wine,  and  other  fruits, 
and  is  noted  for  the  great  quantity  of  salt  made  in  it.  Its 
capital  is  of  the  same  name. 

Air  &  Soil.  The  air  in  Spain  is  pure.  The  sum- 
mers are  extremely  hot,  but  the  winters  are  cold.  The 
soil  is  very  fertile,  and  produces  all  sorts  of  delicious 
fruits,  corn,  excellent  wines,  especially  sack  and  sherry, 
fine  wool  and  silk  in  abundance,  drugs  and  metals. 

Animals.  The  Spanish  horses,  especially  those  of 
Andalu'sia,  are  very  fcandsome.  Mules  are  common. 
The  sheep,  especially  the  Merino,  are  the  finest  in  the 
world. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  country  are  reckoned  at  10  or 
1 1  millions.  The  persons  of  the  Spaniards  are  rather 
tall,  especially  the  Castil'ians.  They  are  grave  and  po- 
lite ;  of  an  olive  complexion,  have  fine  sparkling  eyes, 


83  PORTUGAL. 

and  glossy  black  hair.  They  are  patient  ia  what  tk&y 
undertake,  and  temperate  in  eating  and  drinking.  It  is 
said,  that  a  Spanish  gentleman  is  seldom  guilty  of  a  mean 
action. 

The  religion  of  Spain  is  Roman  Catholic  ;  no  othfcr 
'is  tolerated.  The  inquisition,  which  is  a  disgrace  to  hu- 
man nature,  is  an  ecclesiastical  court,  which  inflicts  the 
most  excruciating  tortures,  and  even  death  itself,  for  the 
support  of  the  Catholic  religion,  and  for  the  suppression 
of  heresy.  It  was  lately  abolished,  but  is  again  reestab- 
lished. " 

The  government  is  monarchical*  Spain  has  been 
the  most  despotic  and  powerful  kingdom  in  Europe,  but 
fcer  superstition,  and  immense  wealth  in  gold  and  silver 
imported  from  her  rich  and  extensive  possessions  in 
South  America,  had,  till  the  late  Spanish  war,  greatly  re- 
duced her  national  influence  and  importance. 

PORTUGAL. 

Portugal  contains  6  provinces,  viz. 
Provinces.  Principal  towns* 

Estremadu'ra.  Lis'sox^  Lei'ra. 

Beira.  Coimbra,  Guarda. 

Entre  Minhoe  Douro.  O^crVo,  Braga. 

Tra  los  Monies.  Miranda,  Villa  Real.. 

Alentejo.  Evo'ra,  Bei'ra. 

Algarve.  Faro,  Lagos. 

Rivers.     Douro^  Tagus,  Guadia'na, 

Capes,  Mondego,  Roxo,  Espithel,  St.  Vincent^  La- 
gos. 

Bays.     Cadoan  or  St.  Ubes,  and  Lagos  bay. 

Portugal  is  300  miles  long,  and  100  broad. 

Lisbon^  the  capital  of  Portugal,  is  an  extensive  and 
populous  city,  built  like  old  Rome  on  seven  little  hills. 
It  contains  200,000  inhabitants.  This  city  in  1755  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  but  is  since  rebuilt.  The 
wine,  called  Lisbon,  comes  from  this  place. 

Ofiorto  or  Porto  is  a  handsome  city  and  seaport,  no- 
ted for  its  strong  wines,  called  Port. 


SWITZERLAND.  89 

Soil,  Air,  &c.  The  soil  in  Portugal  is  not,  in  gener- 
al, equal  to  that  in  Spain.  The  fruits  are  the  same,  but 
not  so  highly  flavoured.  The  Portuguese  wines,  when 
old  and  genuine,  are  esteemed  friendly  to  the  constitu- 
tion. 

The  air,  especially  about  Lisbon,  is  soft  and  beneficial 
to  consumptive  patients. 

Inhabitants.  Portugal  contains  nearly  4  millions  of 
inhabitants.  If  the  inhabitants  have  degenerated  from 
that  enterprising  spirit,  which  made  their  forefathers  so 
illustrious,  it  is  owing  to  the  weakness  oi  tfteir  govern- 
ment. 

The  foreign  settlements  are  of  immense  value.  In 
Asia,  they  have  Go'a  on  the  Coroman'del  coast,  and 
Maco'a  near  China.  In  Africa,  they  have  the  Madeira 
and  Cape  Verd  islands,  Sec.  In  South  America,  Brazil', 
and  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  the  Azo'res. 

SWITZERLAND. 

Switzerland  is  divided  into  1 3  Cantons. 
Cantons.  Principal  towns. 

Zu'rich.  Zu'rich. 

Berne.  Berne. 

Basil.  Basil. 

Schaffhau'sen.  Schaffhau'sen. 

Lucern'.  Lucern'. 

Fri'burg.  Fri'burg. 

Soluthern.  Soluthern. 

Schweitz.  Schweitz. 

Uri.  Altorf. 

Underwal'den.  Stantz* 

Zug.  Zug. 

Claris.  Claris. 

Appen'zel.  Appen'zel. 

Mountains.     The  Alfis,  Mont  Blanc,  and  St.  Gotliard. 
Lakes.     Con'stance,  Zu'rich,  Lucern',  New/'chatel', 
and  Gene'va  j  and  part  of  ^acar  no,  and  Luga'no. 
8* 


90  SWITZERLAND. 

Rivers.  The  Rhine^  the  Rhone,  the  Aar,  the  Reuss, 
the  Limmat,  and  the  Thur. 

Switzerland  is  a  small,  romantic  country,  lying  upon 
the  dlfis,  between  Italy,  Germany,  and  France,  and  is 
,  the  highest  spot  of  ground  in  Europe. 

Zurich  stands  on  a  lake  ot  the  same  name  ;  it  is  an 
ancient,  large,  well  built  city,  distinguibhed  for  its  man- 
ufactures of  crape. 

BERNE,  the  capital  of  Switzerland,  stands  on  the  river 
Aar  ;  it  is  a  neat  and  beautiful  city. 

Basil  is  perhaps  the  largest,  though  not  now  the  most 
populous  town  in  Switzerland.  It  stands  on  the  Rhine. 
The  art  of  paper-making  is  said  to  have  been  invented 
here. 

Climate  &  Soil.  Switzerland  being  a  mountainous 
country,  the  frosts  in  winter  are  severe  ;  the  tops  of  the 
mountains  are  sometimes  covered  with  snow  all  the 
year.  This  renders  the  climate  unequal.  The  higher 
parts  are  cold  and  piercing,  while  the  vallies  are  warm 
and  fruitful. 

"  No  country  exceeds  Switzerland  in  diversity  of  ap- 
pearance. The  vast  chain  of  the  dlfis,  with  enormous 
precipices,  extensive  regions  of  perpetual  snow,  and  gla- 
ciers, that  resemble  seas  ot  ice,  are  contrasted  by  the 
vineyards  and  cultivated  fields—the  richly  wooded  brow, 
and  the  verdant  and  tranquil  vale,  with  its  happy  cotta- 
ges and  crystal  streams." 

Inhabitants.  The  Swiss  are  a  brave,  hardy,  and  in- 
dustrious people  ;  true  and  faithful  to  their  word.  The 
men  are  sober,  courageous,  and  excellent  soldiers.  The 
Swiss  cottages  convey  the  liveliest  image  of  clean'liness, 
contentment,  and  simplicity. 

The  government  was  a  free  republic,  till  it  fell  a  prey 
to  the  rapacity  of  France.  The  different  cantons,  though 
united  in  one  common  band,  were  governed  by  their 
own  laws. 


ITALY. 
ITALY. 

Italy  is  at  present  divided  into  4  parts,  viz. 


91 


Subdivisions.  Principal  towns, 

'Pzedmonf.  Turin'. 

Milan'.  Milan'* 

Vene'tian  States.      Ven'ice. 

Man'tua.  Man'tua. 

Par'ma.  Par'ma. 

Gen'oa.  Genfoa. 

^Mode'na.  Mode'na. 

2.  Etru'ria,(formerly)  "Tus'cany.  Florence. 

3.  States  of  the  Church.  ROME. 

4.  Kingdom  of  Naples.  Naples. 


I.  Kingdom  of  Italy, 
including 


The 


Apennines,  Mount   Veauf- 


Mountains. 
vius. 

Lakes.     Maggiore',  Como,  Garda,  Luga'no,  &c. 
Rivers.     The  Po,the  Tiber,  the  Arno,  the  ttu'bicon, 
the  Adige  the  Brenta,  and  Pia'vi. 

Gulfs.    The  Adriatic  Sea,  or  Gulf  of  Ven'ice,  Gen'- 
oa, Gae'ta,  Naples,  Saler'non,  Taren'to^  Eufe'mia,  SquiF- 
lace,  and  Mantredo'nia.     The  gulfs  of  Ca^riari,  Palma, 
and  Orista'no  belong  to  Sardinia. 
Straits.     Mea'sina,  Uonifa'cio. 

Islands.  Si'cily,  Sardin'ia,  Cor'sica,  Malta,  and  Lifi'- 
ari,  Stromboli,  EPba. 

Cafies.  Pas'saro,  Sfiarti-verito^'Qi  Leu'ca. 
Italy,  the  garden  of  Europe,  the  parent  of  the  arts 
and  of  civilization,  is  a  large  peninsula,  resembling  a  boot, 
and  is  washed  on  three  sides  by  the  Mediterranean  sea. 
It  was  once  the  mistress  of  the  world,  ai  d  is  still  a  fine, 
populous,  and  interesting  country,  but  inhabited  by  a 
race  of  people,  who  are  degenerated  by  superstition  and 
political  slavery. 

Kingdom  of  Italy.  By  the  conquest  made  in  this 
country  by  the  French,  the  northern  states  were,  for  a 
while,  formed  into  a  kingdom. 

Milan'  is  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country.  The  city  of 
Milan'  is  considered  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  It- 
aly, and  is  the  largest  except  Rome. 


92  ITALY. 

The  Venetian  states  are  fruitful,  abounding  with 
vineyards  and  plantations  of  mulberries.  Veriice  is  built 
on  72  little  islands,  which  are  connected  by  nearly  500 
bridges. 

Flor'ence  is  a  very  beautiful  city,  surrounded  with 
vineyards  and  delightful  villas.  It  is  full  of  paintings, 
sculpture,  and  architecture.  It  stands  on  the  Arno. 

Leghorn  has  a  famous  harbour  on  the  Mediterranean, 
and  great  commerce. 

The  States  of  the  Church  (or  territories  of  the  Pope) 
contain  several  provinces.  Rome  is  the  capital,  and  the 
residence  of  the  Pope.  This  grand  city  abounds  with 
noble  ruins,  triumphal  arches,  superb  buildings,  beauti- 
ful paintings,  statues,  Sec. 

Nafiles  has  been  called  a  paradise,  from  its  beauty 
and  fertility.  The  city  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, and  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  containing 
about  380  thousand  inhabitants. 

'Mountains,  The  Ap'ennines  extend  from  the  north- 
ern towards  the  southern  part  of  Italy,  and  give  rise  to 
the  numerous  brooks  and  rivers,  which  water  this  de- 
lightful and  fertile  country. 

Mount  Vesuvius,  near  Naples,  is  a  celebrated  volca- 
no ;  but  compared  with  Mount  Etna  in  Si'cily,  it  is  but 
a  hill.  The  circuit  of  Vesu'vius  is  only  30  miles  ;  that 
•f  Etna  is  180.  The  lava  of  Vesu'vius  is  sometimes 
thrown  7  miles  ;  that  of  Etna  is  frequently  thrown  30. 

Islands.  Sicily  is  the  largest.  The  principal  towns 
are  Palermo,  Messi'na,  and  Syracuse'. 

Sardin'ia  is  a  kingdom — chief  town  Cagl'iari. 

Cor'sicct)  the  capital  of  which  is  Bas'tia,  is  rendered 
famous  by  the  birth  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  who  was 
born  in  the  city  of  Ajac'cio ; — and  Elba  is  no  less  re- 
markable, as  the  place  to  which  he  was,  in  1814,  exiled 
by  the  allied  Sovereigns  of  Europe. 

Malta,  formerly  Me  Hit  a,  is  now  in  the  hands  of  the 
British.  This  island  is  memorable  for  St  Paul's  being 
shipwrecked  on  it  during  his  voyage,  when  he  was  sent 
prisoner  from  Cesare'a  to  Rome. 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE,  93 

The  Republic  of  the  Seven  Islands  is  composed  of 
seven  islands,  which  lie  west  of  Turkey,  in  the  lo'nian 
Sea.  Zant,  Cefihalo'nia,  and  Corfu  are  the  principal, 

Mr  &  Soil.  There  is  a  great  variety  in  the  air. 
Near  the  Alps,  it  is  keen  and  piercrng  ;  and  the  Ap'en- 
nines  have  also  a  great  effect  on  its  climate.  The  air 
in  Campag-na  di  Roma,  once  the  purest  in  Italy,  is  now 
almost  pestilential.  In  general  the  air  of  Italy  is  dry 
and  pure. 

The  rich  soil  of  Italy  produces  the  necessaries^  con- 
veniences, and  luxuries  of  life  in  great  abundance.  The 
Italian  cheese,  particular  Parmesan7,  and  silks,  form 
a  great  part  of  the  commerce  of  the  inhabitants. 

They  excel  in  the  fine  arts  ;  such  as  poetry,  music, 
painting,  sculpture,  &c.  but  not  in  the  sciences.  In  their 
manners  they  affect  a  medium  between  the  volatility  of 
the  French,  and  the  solemnity  of  the  Spaniards. 

Curiosities.  This  country  so  abounds  with  remains 
of  ancient  monuments,  that  their  very  names  would  fill  a 
volume — such  as  amphitheatres,  triumphal  arches,  ruins 
of  temples,  villas,  bridges,  catacombs,  &c.  Modern 
curiosities  are  equally  numerous.  Rome  itself  has  300 
churches  filled  witb  all  that  is  rare  ia  painting,  sculp- 
ture, and  architecture.  St.  Peter's  church  is  perhaps 
the  most  astonishing,  bold,  and  regular  fabric,  that  was 
ever  erected. 

Italy,  before  the  late  revolution,  was  divided  into  dif- 
ferent states,  and  under  different  forms  of  government ; 
but  the  Pope  was  generally  considered  as  the  sovereign 
of  the  country  ;  his  temporal  power,  however,  even  be- 
fore that  event,  began  to  decline,  and  is  now  nearly  extinct, 

TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

Turkey  in  Europe  contains  the  following  provinces. 

Provinces.  Principal  towns. 

Molda'via.  Choc'zim,  Jassy. 

Bessara'bia.  Berider. 

Wala'chia.  Tergovis'co, 


94  TCRKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

Ser'via.  Bel'grade. 

Bos'nia.  Sera'io. 

Bulgaria.  Sophi'a. 

Roma'nia.  $  COXS*AX*IXO'PLK 

£  Adriano'file. 

Macedo'nia.  Saloni'chi. 

Alba'nia.  Duraz'zo. 

Epi'rus.  Cheme'ra. 

The  part,  called  Greece,  contains, 

Thes'saly.  Laris'sa. 

Acha'ia  or  Boeo'tia.  Atines  or  Athens* 

M      ,  C  Lacede'mon,  now 

1  Misit'ra. 

Mountains.  A'thos,  Olym'pus,  Pin'dus,  Parnas'sus, 
and  Hae'mus  are  celebrated  in  ancient  history. 

Rivers.  The  JDa?i'ube,  or  the  ancient  Is'ter,  the  Ma- 
ritz,  and  the  Varda'ri. 

Seas  &  Gulfs.  The  jEux'ine  or  Black  sea,  sea  of 
Mar* mora.)  Archive? ago )  or  Ege'an  sea,  Gulfs  of  Saloni- 
chi,  Cor'inth,  and  Lepan'to. 

Straits.  The  Bos'phorus,  and  the  Dardanelles'  or 
Hellespont. 

Islands.  Can'dia,  Ne'gropont  or  jEgripo,  Ceri'go, 
JEgi'na,  Lem'nos/rha'so?,  Cyprus,  Rhodes,  Sci&9  Samoa, 
Paros,  the  Cyc'itides,  Lesbos,  8cc. 

Turkey  in  JEurofie  includ-es  ancient  Greece,  and  other 
countries,  formerly  the  finest  in  the  world.  This  coun- 
try, Turkey  in  Asia,  and  the  north  of  Africa,  form  the 
Turkish  empire. 

Roma'nia  is  the  largest  of  the  Turkish  provinces.  It 
was  formerly  called  Thrace.  It  is  fruitful,  and  has  mines 
of  silver,  lead,  and  alum.  Constantino' pie ,  the  ancient 
Ryzan'tium*  is  the  capital  of  all  the  grand  Seignior's  do- 
minions. It  is  frequently  called  the  Porte.  The  view 
of  this  city  from  the  harbour  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
world.  But  on  entering  the  city,  expectation  is  disap- 
pointed. The  streets  are  narrow,  the  houses  low,  and 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE.  *5 

the  palaces  concealed  by  high  walls.  Adriano'file,  the 
second  city,  was  formerly  the  capkal. 

Greece  was  the  ancient  name  of  the  southern  provin- 
ces. 

Thessaly  contains  mount  Olym'pus,  and  the  moun- 
tains of  Pe'lion  and  Os'sa,  mentioned  by  the  poets.  Be- 
tween the  two  last  were  the  celebrated  vales  of  Tem'pe. 
Laris'sa,  now  Jenisahar,  is  famous  for  being  the  resi- 
dence of  Achilles. 

Acha'ia  or  Bxo'tia  includes,  besides  Athens,  the  an- 
cient The'bes,  now  Stives,  and  Lepan'to  ;  also  the  famous 
city  of  Dei'phos,  now  reduced  to  a  mean  village,  called 
Cas'tri*  Ath'ens,  Alines,  or  Se  fines,  in  its  present  state, 
is  a  city  or  fortress,  standing  on  the  brink  of  a  precipice. 
Some  portions  of  the  ancient  wall  are  still  to  be  seen. 

More'a 3  formerly  Pelofionne'sus,  contains  Corinth, and 
Lacedaemon,  the  ancient  Sparta. 

The  Dardanelles',  or  Hellespont,  over  which  Xerxes 
kdd  his  bridge,  when  he  invaded  Greece,  is  near  the  sit^ 
uation  of  old  Troy. 

Islands.  In  Can'dia  is  the  famous  Mount  Ida,  and 
the  river  Le'the.  Ne'gropoht  is  the  ancient  Eubce'a, 
Ceri'go,  Cythere'a,  south  of  More'a,  was  the  favourite 
residence  of  Venus.  In  JEgi'na  money  is  said  to  Jiave 
been  first  coined.  Lemnos  is  still  famous  for  its  miner- 
al earth,  Thasos  is  famous  for  its  gold  mines,  delicate 
wines,  and  fruits.  Cyfirus,  in  which  is  the  city  of  Pa- 
phos,  is  famous  for  its  temple  of  Venus.  In  Rhodes 
stood  the  celebrated  colossus  of  bras's.  Scio,  or  Chios, 
was  one  of  the  seven  places  that  contended  for  the  birth* 
place  of  Homer.  Samos  was  the  birthplace  of  Pythag'o- 
ras ;  to  the  southwest  of  which  was  situated  Patmos, 
where  St.  John  was  in  banishment,  when  he  wrote  the 
Revelations.  Paros  was  famous  for  its  marble.  The 
Cyc'lades  (islands)  lie  in  a  circle  round  Delos,  Lesbos 
or  Mytele'ne,  is  noted  for  the  number  of  philosophers  it 
produced. 

Air,  Soil,  ^*c.  The  soil,  though  unimproved,  is  lux- 
uriant, producing  corn,  wine,  coffee,  rhubarb,  rnyrrh,  and 
qthtff  oikmfeTOQs  plants  and  drugs.  But  though  the  air 


35  TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

and  climate  are  delightful  and  salubrious,  yet  Turkey, 
both  in  Europe  and  Asia,  is  often  visited  by  the  plague. 

The  religion  of  Turkey  is  that  of  Ma'homet,  whom 
they  believe  to  be  a  greater  prophet  than  Jesus  Christ. 
The  book  containing  their  laws  and  religion  is  called  the 
Koran. 

Curiosities.  Almost  every  spot  of  ground,  every  riv- 
er, and  every  fountain  in  Greece,  present  the  traveller 
with  the  ruins  of  some  celebrated  antiquity.  On  the 
isthmus  of  Cor'inth  the  ruins  of  Neptune's  temple,  and 
the  theatre  where  the  Isthmian  games  were  celebrated,, 
are  still  visible.  In  Athens  are  the  remains  of  the  tem- 
ple of  Miner'va,  and  of  the  emperor  Adrian's  palace  ; 
of  the  temple  of  The'seus;  the  lantern  of  Demosthenes 
(a  small  round  edifice  of  white  marble  ;)  the  temple  of 
the  winds;  the  remains  of  the  theatre  of  Bac/chus;  of 
the  magnificent  aqueduct  of  A'drian,  and  of  the  temple 
of  Ju'piter  Olym'pus,  and  Augus'tus.  At  Bastri,  on  the 
south  side  of  mount  Parnas'sus,  the  remains  of  the  tern- 
pie  of  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  and  the  marble  steps  that 
descead  to  what  is  supposed  to  be  the  renowned  Castil'ian 
springs,  are  still  to  be  seen. 

Mount  Athos  has  a  number  of  churches,  mon'aste- 
ries,  her'initages,  Sec.  on  its  towering  ascent ;  and  is  in- 
habited by  thousands  of  monks  and  hermits,  who  culti- 
vate the  olive,  and  vineyards,  lead  an  austere  life,  and 
live  to  a  great  age. 

Commerce.  Nature  presents  to  the  inhabitants  all 
the  conveniences  and  advantages  of  commerce,  but  the 
government  is  such  as  destroys  every  exertion,  and  de- 
presses every  hope.  Hence  commerce  is  but  little  at- 
tended to.  The  manufactures  are  managed  by  the 
Christian  subjects,  who  annually  export  the  finest  car- 
pets, cotton,  leather,  raw  silk,  8cc. 

The  government  of  Turkey  is  despotic.  The  grand 
Seignior  or  emperor  is  master  of  the  lives  and  prop- 
erty of  his  subject?.  Some  of  the  emperors  have  exhib- 
ited all  fhat  is  shocking  and  unnatural  in  arbitrary  power. 
This  country  was  formerly  one  of  the  finest  in  Europe, 
but  owinp;  to  the  despotism  and  wretched  policy  of  the 
Turks,  it  is  now  one  of  the  most  miserable. 


ASIA.  97 

w  Although  Europe  is  less  considerable  in  extent, 
lhan  either  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  it  claims  on  a  va- 
riety of  accounts  a  more  particular  attention  Its  ancient 
inhabitants  are  generally  supposed  to  have  been  the  de- 
scendants of  Japheth,  the  eldest  son  of  Noah  Greece 
and  Rome  were  early  distinguished  for  their  progress 
in  arts  and  in  civilization. 

"  Europe  in  modern  times  has  been  the  seat  of  lite- 
rature and  science  Here  every  kind  of  cultivation  and 
improvement  has  made  the  most  rapid  progress,  and  it 
has  been  distinguished,  not  only  by  the  temperature  of 
its  climate,  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  and  the  abundance  of 
its  productions  for  the  supply  of  necessity,  and  the  grat- 
ification of  luxury,  but  more  especially  for  the  wisdom, 
strength,  and  courage  of  its  inhabitants,  and  for  the  ex- 
cellency of  its  governments,  laws,  and  religion." 

Europe  has  lately  been  involved  in  a  most  destructive 
warfare.  Most  of  the  nations  fell  a  prey  to  the  ambition 
and  rapacity  of  the  French,  who  seemed  to  forget,  that 
others  had  rights  as  well  as  themselves.  They  march- 
ed with  unexampled  rapidity  towards  universal  domin- 
ion, till  recently  checked  by  the  Allied  Sovereigns  of 
England,  Russia,  Prussia,  Austria,  and  Sweden. 

The  present  population  of  Europe  is  estimated  at 
about  150  millions. 


ASIA. 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS. 

Mountains.  Cau'casus,  between  the  Black  and  Cas'» 
plan  seas  ;  Ar'arat,  a  part  of  mount  Cau'casus ;  Tau'rus 
or  Kuron,  a  chain  of  mountains  that  runs  from  Nato'lia 
to  India;  and  the  East  and  West  Gauts  in  Hindos'tan. 

Rivers.     The   Tigris  and   Eufihra'tes,  the  Oxus  tfu 
Jihon,  the  Indus,  Ganges,  and  Burramfioo'ter  or  San/ioo', 
the  Meinam,  Kiang  Ku,  Hoang  Ho,  the  Amour  or  Saga- 
lien,  the  Lena,  Enis'sey^  and  the  Ob. 
9 


98  GREAT  TARTARY. 

Seas,  Gulfs,  Straits,  &c.  The  Red  Sea  or  Arabian 
Gulf;  the  straits  of  Babe  Iman'del ;  the  Gulfs  of  Persia 
and  Ormus  ;  the  Casfiian  Sea,  i-nd  Lake  Aral.  The  A- 
rabian  Sea  ;  the  Bay  of  Bengal ;  the  straits  of  Matac'ca, 
and  Sunda  ;  Sea  of  Celebes  ;  the  Gulfs  of  Siam  and 
Tonquin  ;  the  Chinese  Sea  ;  Bay  of  Nankin  ;  Gulf  of 
Core'a  ;  Sea  of  Kamtschat'ka. 

Peninsulas,  Hindos'tan  or  Indos'tan,  Malac'ca,  Cam- 
bodia, Core'a.  and  Kamtschat'ka. 

Islands.  In  the  Archipel'ago  and  Mediterranean  are 
Mytile'ne,  Scio,  Samos,  Cos.  Rhodes,  Candia,  and  Cy- 
prus ;  in  the  Indian  ocean,  the  Lac'cadive  and  Mal'dive 
isles,  Ceylon' ;  An'daman  and  Nic'obar  isles,  in  the  bay 
of  Bengal'  ;  Suma'tra,  Ja'va,  and  Bor'neo  ;  the  Moluc^ 
cas  or  Spice  islands,  Celebes  and  Gilo'lo ;  the  Manil'- 
las  or  Philippine  isles  ;  Hai'nan,  Formorsa,  Le'oo  Ke'oo, 
Japan',  and  Ku'rile  isles ;  and  between  Asia  and  Amer- 
ica are  the  Aleutian  or  Foxes  isles. 

Cafies.  Cape  Tamour,  Zelan'dia,  North  Cape,  and 
Cape  Com'orin. 

Isthmus.  The  Isthmus  of  Su'ez,  which  connects 
Asia  and  Africa. 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

Asia  comprehends  Great  Tartary,  Turkey  in  Asia, 
Arabia,  Persia.  Hindos'tan  or  India  within  the  Ganges, 
British  India,  India  beyond  the  Ganges,  the  Birman  em- 
pire, China,  and  the  Japan  islands. 

GREAT  TARTARY. 

Great  Tartary  includes  the  following  countries,  8ccv 

Countries.  Principal  towns. 

Russian  Tartary.  Tobolsk'  and  M'tracan* 

Chinese  Tartary.  Chiniang'. 

Independent  Tartary,  Samar'cand,  Balk. 
T/ribet. 


GREAT  TARTARY-  99 

Mountains.      Cau'casus,  Taurus,  Ar'arat,  Stolp. 

Rivers.  Ob  or  Oby,  Tabol,  Ir'tysh,  Burrampoo'ter 
or  Sanpoo',  Enis'sey  or  Jenska.  Lena,  Argun. 

Cafies.  Taymour  or  Taymura,  North  Cape,  East 
Cape,  Lopat'ka. 

Great  Tartury  includes  all  the  northern  part  of  Asia. 
It  was  anciently  called  Scythf;a,  and  was  more  powerful 
than  Greece  or  Rome. 

Rusdan  Tartary ^  formerly  Sibe'riaj  extends  along  the 
north  of  Asia  and  is  divided  into  two  governments  ; 
Tobolsk',  and  Irkutsk'. 

dstracan  is  a  large  and  populous  city,  on  the  Wolga^ 
about  50  miles  from  the  Cas'fiian  sea. 

Independent  Tartary  includes  all  the  country  between 
Chinese  Tartary  and  the  Caspian.  It  is  celebrated 
for  being  the  seat  ol  the  most  ancient  Persian  king- 
dom, and  afterwards  the  empire  of  Jen'ghiz  and 
Timur.  It  gave  birth  to  many  ancient  men  or"  letters, 
among  whom  were  Zoroas'ter  and  Abulga'zl  The 
present  inhabitants  are  rcmaikable  for  their  hospitality. 

Samar'cand,  the  capital,  is  a  large  and  populous  city, 
to  which  the  Mahometans  from  all  the  neighbouring 
countries,  resort  to  study  the  arts  and  sciences. 

Thibet  is  considered  a  part  of  Tartary. 

Character.  Great  part  of  the  north  of  Asia,  former- 
ly called  Sibe'ria,  and  now  a  part  of  the  Russian  empire, 
is  savage  and  unpolished.  In  the  northern  parts  the 
people  live  in  huts,  hplf  sunk  under  the  ground,  which 
is  covered  with  snow  nine  months  in  a  year.  The  Tar- 
tars are  a  fierce  people,  and  in  general  live  a  wandering, 
unsettled  life.  They  are  inured  to  horsemanship  from 
their  youth,  and  are  remarkable  for  their  dexterity  with 
the  bow  and  arrow 

Religion.  "  The  religion  of  Thibet  is  of  great  anti- 
quity, and  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  in  the  world. 
it  is  the  rriost  extensive  and  splendid  form  of  paganism. 
The  high  priest,  or  sovereign  pontiff,  is  caller!  the  Grand 
Lama.  He  resides  in  a  vast  palace  or  temple,  called 
Pago'da,  situated  on  mount  Putoli,  near  the  bank  of  the 


100  GREAT  TARTARY. 

Burrampooter,  a  few  miles  from  Lassa.  The  foot  of  this 
mountain  is  inhabited  by  many  thousand  Lamas  ou 
priests,  who,  according  to  their  respective  rank,  are 
placed  nearer  or  at  a  greater  distance  from  the  sove- 
reign pontiff.  He  is  worshipped  not  only  by  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Thibet,  but  by  various  tribes  of  heathen  Tar- 
tars who  roam  through  the  vast  country  that  spreads 
from  the  Wolga  to  the  sea  of  Japan.  His  worshippers 
believe  him  to  be  immortal,  endowed  with  all  knowledge 
and  virtue,  and  call  him  God,  the  everlasting  Father  of 
heaven*  The  Grand  Lama  is  never  to  be  seen,  but  in 
a  secret  place  of  his  palace,  amidst  a  number  of  lamps, 
sitting  cross-legged  upon  a  cushion,  and  adorned  with 
gold  and  precious  stones ;  where  at  a  distance  the  peo- 
ple prostrate  themselves  before  him,  it  being  unlawful 
for  any  so  much  as  to  kiss  his  feet.  He  returns  not  the 
least  sign  of  respect,  not  even  speaks  to  the  greatest 
princes,  but  only  puts  his  hand  upon  the  heads  of  some 
of  his  most  favourite  worshippers,  in  token  of  his  appro- 
bation." 

"  It  is  the  opinion  of  these  ignorant  heathen,  that 
when  the  Graiad  Lama  seem*  to  die,  either  of  old  age  or 
infirmity,  his  soul  only  quits  its  crazy  habitation  for  an- 
other younger  and  better;  and  that  it  is  again  discover- 
ed in  the  body  of  some  child,  by  certain  tokens  or  signs, 
known  only  to  priests,  in  whose  order  he  always  ap- 
pears. 

"  The  inauguration  of  the  infant  Lama  is  attended 
with  great  splendour  and  parade.  Multitudes  assemble 
Irom  every  quarter  to  see  and  join  the  solemn  procession. 
Priests  and  princes,  amidst  an  amazing  display  of  col* 
ours,  the  acclamations  of  the  crowd,  and  the  music  of 
cymbals  and  trumpets,  accompany  the  Grand  Lama, 
who  is  seated  on  a  bier  covered  with  a  rich  canopy,  and 
borne  upon  the  shoulders  of  men  to  the  throne,  where 
he  receives  the  insig'nia  or  badges  of  his  office,  the  rich- 
est  presents,  and  divine  honours.** 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA,  101 

TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 

Turkey  in  Asia  contains  the  following  provinces. 
Provinces.  Princifial  towns. 

-.      ,..       CNato'lia  Proper.  Bur'sa,  Smyr'na,  E/ih'esus. 
vatoiia,    i  Carama'nia<          Sataflia,  Teras'so,  Konia. 
or 


, 
°r'       LAladu'lia.  Ajaz'zo,  Marat. 

Turcoma'nia}  Erzerum, 

or  Arme  ma.  } 


ia,  Mingre'iia,  7  Tefli     Q    •  Amar'chia. 

Part  of  Circasf  aid)  &c.  5 

Curdis'tan  or  Assyr'ia.  Curdis'tan,  Bet'lis. 

Diar'beck  or  Mesoputa'mia.  Diar'beck,  Mousel. 
Irac-  Arabia  or  Chalde'a.       Basso'  ra,  Bag'  dad. 


0     ,.      T   j  ,     T->  i/      •          f  dteh'ho*  Scandaroon')  Trihr- 
Syr'ia,  Jude'a,  Palestine     ]    ,.   r!        /         T> 

^     tr  i     T  <  olLDama*fcu8.Tyre*Sidon% 

or  the  Holy  Land.       ]    .  '  .     ,     T         ,y 
\^Antioch,  Jerusalem. 

Mountains*  Taurus,  Anti-Tanrus,  Cau'casus,  Ar'a- 
rat,  Lebanon,  and  Hermon. 

Rivers.  77«-m,  Eufihra'tes,  Oron'tes,  Mean'der, 
Kara,  and  Jordan. 

Natalia,  Lesser  Asia,  or  Asia  Minor,  lies  between 
the  Black  and  Mediterranean  seas,  and  comprehends  the 
ancient  provinces  of  Lyd'ia,  Pamphyl'ia.  Pisid'ia.  Lyco'- 
niA,Cilic'ia,  Pontus,  Cappar]o'cia,and  the  Seven  Church- 
es of  Asia,  mentioned  in  the  Revelations  of  St.  John  ; 
viz.  Eph;esus,  Smyrna,  Per'gamos,  Thyati'ra,  Sardis, 
Philadelphia,  and  Laodice'a  ;  all  of  them  celebrated  in 
Grecian,  Roman,  and  sacred  His'ory  ;  but  they  are  now 
in  ruins.  Bur'sa  and  Smyr'na,  now  Is'mir,  are  still  very 
considerable  cities.  Eph'esus  has  some  remains  of  its 
ancient  splendour  ;  but  the  inhabitants  are  only  a  few, 
who  have  reared  their  huts  among  the  rums. 

Georgia  lies  east  of  the  Black  sea,  and  comprehends 
9* 


102  TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

the  ancient  Ibe'ria  and  Col'chis.  Circas'sia  has  beexs 
usually  considered  a  part  of  this  country,  till  lately  reduc- 
ed under  the  dominion  of  Russia. 

The  Georgians  are  said  to  be  the  handsomest  peo- 
ple in  the  world.  The  country,  though  subject  to  the 
Turks,  is  chiefly  peopled  by  Christians,  a  brave,  warlike 
race  of  men,  often  at  war  with  the  Mahometans.  Tef~ 
Us  is  called  by  the  inhabitants  Thilis  Cabar>  (warm  town,) 
from  the  warm  baths  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  houses 
laave  flat  roofs,  which,  according  to  the  custom  of  the 
East,  serve  for  walks.  The  streets  seldom  exceed  7 
feet  in  breadth,  and  some  are  so  narrow,  as  scarcely  to 
allow  room  for  a  man  on  horseback. 

Curdis'tan  lies  south  of  Geor'gia,  and  comprehends 
part  of  ancient  Assyr'ia. 

Diarbcck)  southeast  of  Curdis'tan,  is  a  part  of  the  an- 
cient Mesopota'mia,  lying  between  the  rivers  Ti'gris  and 
Hujihrates.  The  town  Diar'bekir  is  large,  and  is  situ  • 
ated  on  the  bank  of  the  Ti'gris. 

AntiQch,  now  Anthakia,  was  anciently  a  celebrated^ 
but  now  a  ruined  city.  Here  the  disciples  of  otir  Sav- 
iour first  received  the  name  of  Christians.  Its  ruins  are 
yet  magnificent. 

Jerusalem  is  now  an  inconsiderable  place,  and  famous 
only  for  what  it  was  formerly.  It  was  here,  that  Jesus 
Christ  preached  the  Christian  religion,  and  was  crucifi- 
ed by  the  Jews  upon  Mount  Calvaiy.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  Judea,  but  was  razed  to  the  ground  by  Titus,  the 
Roman  general,  in  the  year  70. 

Mountains.  Taurus  or  Kuron,  a  great  chain  of 
mountains,  that  begins  near  the  western  part  of  Natolia, 
and  extends  to*  India.  In  different  places  they  have  dif- 
ferent names.  Cau'casus  extends  in  a  chain  from  the 
Black  to  the  Ca&'fiian  sea,  and  is  inhabited  by  several 
distinct  nations,  who  speak  different  languages.  Ararat 
is  the  name  given  to  that  part  of  Mount  Cau'casus,  upon 
which  Noah's  ark  is  supposed  to  have  rested  after  the 
flood. 

Jordan  is  a  river  of  Palestine,  which  rises  in  the 
mountain  of  Anti  Lib'anus,  and  running  south,  passe* 


ARABIA.  103 

tlirough  the  Sea  of  Gal'ilee,  or  Lake  of  Tibe'rias,  and 
falls  into  the  Dead  Sea. 

Both  the  mountains  and  rivers  of  Turkey  in  Asia  are 
famous  in  sacred  and  profane  writings. 

Curiosities.  These  countries  contain  all  that  is  rich 
and  magnificent  in  architecture ;  and  neither  the  bar- 
barities of  the  Turks,  nor  the  depredations  of  Europeans 
seem  to  diminish  their  number.  Many  of  the  finest 
temples  are  converted  into  Turkish  mosques,  or  Greek 
churches.  The  magnificent  ruins  of  Edl'beck^  37  miles 
north  of  Damascus,  are  still  to  be  seen.  According  to 
the  best  judges,  they  display  the  boldest  plan  of  archi- 
tecture, that  was  ever  attempted.  But  the  Turks,  in- 
sensible to  the  beauties  of  art  and  antiquity,  do  not  hesi- 
tate to  destroy  the  columns  and  other  remains  of  those 
splendid  ruins,  for  the  sake  of  the  iron. 

Palmy'ra  is  situated  in  Syria,  at  the  northern  extrem- 
ity of  the  sandy  wastes  of  Arabia,  about  33°  N.  latitude, 
and  39°  E.  longitude.  It  is  approached  through  a  nar- 
row plain,  covered,  as  it  were,  with  the  remains  of  an- 
tiquity. Suddenly  the  scene  opens  to  the  traveller,  and 
the  eye  is  presented  with  the  most  striking  objects,  that 
are  to  be  found  in  the  world.  The  temple  of  the  sun 
lies  in  ruins,  but  the  access  to  it  is  through  a  vast  num- 
ber of  beautiful  Corin'thian  columns  of  white  marble. 
Palmy'ra  was  called  by  the  ancients  Tadmor  in  the  Des- 
ert. The  Asiatics  think  that  Palmy'ra,  as  well  Bal- 
beck,  owes  its  origin  to  Solomon. 

ARABIA. 

Arabia  is  divided  into  3  parts. 

Divisions.  Principal  towns, 

Arabia  Petrae'a.  Su'ez. 

Arabia  Desert?.  Mec'ca,  Medl'na. 

Arabia  Felix.  Mo'cha,  Muscat. 

Mountains.     Horeb  and  Si'nai. 

Arabia  Petrita,  or  the  Rocky,  has  its  name  from  the 
many  mountainous  rocks,  scattered  about  in  it.  It  lies 


104  ARABIA. 

in  the  north,  adjoining  the  isthmus  and  town  of  Suez  in 
Egypt,  anciently  called  Berenice  or  Arsin'o-e,  on  the 
isthmus  of  the  same  name,  This  town  is  without  water, 
and  situated  in  a  sandy  country,  where  plants  and  irees 
are  entirely  unknown.  It  is  destitute  of  all  the  necessa- 
ries of  life,  except  fish. 

Arabia  Deser'ta  or  the  Desert^  is  so  called  from  its 
soil*  which  is  generally  a  barren  sand.  It  lies  in  the 
middle  of  Arabia. 

Mecca  is  seated  on  a  barren  spot  in  a  valley.  It  is 
chiefly  supported  by  the  annual  resort  of  many  thousand 
pilgrims  It  was  the  birth  place  of  Ma'homet. 

Medina  is  a  small,  poor  place,  celebrated  as  the  bu- 
rial place  of  Ma'homet.  Here  is  a  stately  mosque,  sup- 
ported by  400  pillars,  and  furnished  with  300  silver 
lamps,  which  are  continually  burning.  His  coffin  is  cov- 
ered with  cloth  of  gold,  under  a  canopy  of  silver  tissue. 

Ara'bia  Felix  or  the  Haft/iy,  is  a  rich  and  populous 
country,  abounding  in  fragrant  spices,  myrrh,  frankin- 
cense, and  cassia.  Hence  comes  the  saying,  "  all  the 
sweets  of  Arabia." 

Mocha,  a  place  of  great  trade,  is  a  port  on  the  Red 
sea.  It  is  well  built,  and  contains  several  handsome 
mosques.  Aden  is  a  port  near  the  straits  of  Babelman- 
del. 

The  mountains  of  Horeb  and  Sinai,  mentioned  in  the 
Holy  Scriptures,  lie  near  the  north  end  of  the  Red  sea. 
In  Horeb,  Moses  saw  the  burning  bush.  On  mount  Si'- 
nai.  the  Lord  delivered  to  him  the  Ten  Commandments. 
On  these  mountains  are  many  chapels  and  cells,  inhab- 
ited by  Greek  and  Latin  monks,  who  pretend  to  show 
the  very  spot,  where  every  miracle  or  transaction,  re- 
corded in  Scripture,  happened. 

Climate  &  Soil*  The  air  in  Arabia  is  excessively 
hot  and  dry,  and  the  country  subject  to  hot  and  poison- 
ous  winds.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is  nothing  but  a 
loose  sand,  which,  when  agitated  by  the  \\ind,  rolls  like 
the  troubled  ocean,  and  buries  whole  caravans  in  its  fury. 
In  the  southern  part  the  soil  is  extremely  fertile. 


ARABIA,  105 

Animals.  The  most  useful  animals  are  camels  and 
dromedaries.  They  are  wonderfully  fitted  by  Providence 
for  traversing  the  dry  and  parched  deserts  of  this  coun- 
try. They  travel  6  or  8  days  without  water,  and  usually 
carry  800  pounds  upon  their  backs,  which  is  not  taken 
off  during  their  journey.  When  weary,  they  kneel 
down  to  rest,  and  at  length  rise  again  with  their  load. 
The  Arabian  horses  are  much  admired  for  their  beauty 
and  swiftness ;  they  have  contributed  to  improve  the 
breed  of  those  in  England. 

Inhabitants-  The  Arabians  are  of  a  middle  stature, 
thin,  and  of  a  swarthy  complexion,  with  black  hair,  and 
black  eyes.  They  are  excellent  horsemen,  expert  at  the 
bow  and  the  lance,  and  good  marksmen.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  the  inland  country  live  in  tents,  and  remove  from 
place  to  place,  with  their  flocks  and  herds. 

They  are  such  ihieves,  that  travellers  and  pilgrims 
are  struck  wuh  terror  on  approaching  the  desert. 
These  robbers,  headed  by  a  captain,  traverse  the  country 
in  troops  on  horseback,  and  assault  and  plunder  the  car- 
avans. On  the  sea  coast  they  are  mere  pirates,  and 
make  prize  of  every  vessel  they  can  master,  of  whatev- 
er nation. 

The  dress  of  the  roving  Arabs  is  a  kind  of  blue  shirt, 
tied  about  them  with  a  white  sash  or  girdle  ;  but  some 
of  them  have  a  vest  of  furs  over  it.  The  women  are  so 
wrapped  up,  that  nothing  can  be  discerned  but  their  eyes. 

Religion*  Their  religion  is  Mahom'edanism,  intro- 
duced by  the  celebrated  impostor  Ma'homet,  in  the  sixth 
cenrury. 

Learning.  In  former  ages,  the  Arabians  were  famous 
for  their  learning  and  skill  in  the  liberal  arts.  At  present 
there  is  scarcely  a  nation  where  the  people  are  so  uni- 
versally ignorant 

The  Arabs  are  the  descendants  of  Ishmael,  of  whose 
posterity  it  was  foretold,  that  they  -rould  be  invincible; 
"  have  their  hands  against  every  man,  and  eve^y  man's 
hand  against  them-"  1'hey  are  at  present,  and  have 
been  from  the  remotest  ages,  a  proof  of  this  prediction. 


loa  PERSIA. 

The  wandering  tribes  in  the  southern  and  inland  parts 
are  subjected  to  no  foreign  power. 

Their  conquests  make  as  wonderful  a  part  of  their 
history,  as  their  independence.  Both  their  conquests 
and  their  religion  began  with  one  man,  the  famous  Ma'- 
homet ;  who  from  a  deceitful  hypocrite,  became  the  most 
powerful  monarch  of  his  time.  He  djed  A»  r>,  629. 

PERSIA, 

Persia  is  divided  into  many  provinces,  among  which 
are  the  following. 

Modern.  Ancient. 

Geor'gh.  Alba'nia. 

Erivan.  Arme'nia. 

Aderbijao  Atropate'na,  Me'dia. 

Ghilan,  Gela,  Hyrca'nia. 

Irae-Agemi.  Ecbat'ana,  or  Parthia, 

Chosistan.  Susia'na. 

Kerman.  Carma'niJi. 

Subleustan.  Bactria'na. 

Chief  towns •  IS'PAHAN,  Gombroon' ,  Or'mus,  Shiras, 
Susa,  Candahar,  Tauns,  Derbent,  Hamadan  or  Ecbat'- 
ana. 

Rivers.  Kur,  anciently  Cyrus ;  and  Aras,  anciently 
Araxes. 

Gulfs.     The  Persian  gulf,  and  the  gulf  of  Ormus. 

Is'fiahan^  the  capital  of  Persia,  is  thought  by  some  to 
be  the  finest  city  in  the  East ;  it  is  seated  on  a  plain,  sur- 
rounded at  some  distance  by  mountains.  It  is  said  to  con- 
sist of  a  great  number  of  magnificent  palaces,  mosques, 
caravansaries,  baths,  and  fine  streets. 

Air  b*  Soil.  The  air  near  Caucasus  and  the  Cas- 
pian Sea  is  cold  j  the  mountains  being  generally  cover- 


INDIA.  107 

ed  with  snow.  In  the  middle  parts  it  is  serene  and 
pure  ;  in  the  southern  parts,  hot.  There  are  sometimes 
noxious  blasts,  which  are  fatal. 

The  fruits,  vegetables,  and  flowers  are  delirious. 
Here  are  the  finest  drugs,  among  which  are  the  asafoeti- 
da,  which  Hows  from  a  plant  and  becomes  a  gum. 

Rich  pearls  are  found  in  the  gulf  of  Basa^ra.  The 
principal  manufactures  are  silk,  woollen,  mohair,  car- 
pets, and  leather. 

Curiosities.  Among  these  are  the  remains  of  the 
famous  temple  of  Persep'olis,  the  tombs  of  the  kings  of 
Persia,  cut  out  of  a  rock,  and  a  curious  modern  pillar  at 
Ispahan,  built  of  the  skulls  of  beasts.  Go  the  western 
coast  of  the  Caspian  sea,  near  Baku,  are  springs  of  nap- 
tha,  or  pure  tock-oil.  It  is  clear  as  water,  and  sudden- 
ly takes  fire  on  the  approach  of  flame.  The  earth  in  the 
neighbourhood,  when  dry  2  or  3  inches  deep,  will  like- 
wise easily  take  fire. 

Persia  is  remarkable  for  its  mountains,  and  desert 
plains;  and  still  more  for  its  want  of  rivers. 

The  Persian  empire  succeeded  the  ancient  Assyrian 
or  Babylonian,  and  was  the  second  which  has  been  call- 
ed universal..  It  was  founded  by  Cyrus,  who,  about  536 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  restored  the  Israelites  to 
liberty  and  their  country,  after  having  been  70  years  in 
captivity  at  Babylon.  This  empire  was  of  short  dura- 
tion. It  ended  with  Darifus,  who  was  conquered  by 
•Alexander  the  Great \  331  years  before  Christ. 

The  Persians  were  formerly  distinguished  for  their 
wisdom  and  learning  ;  but  for  a  century  past  they  have 
been  as  much  degraded  by  moral  debasement,  and  civil 
discord. 


INDIA. 

India  comprises  2  great  divisions.    India  within,  and 
India  without  the  Ganges. 


108  INDIA. 

INDIA  WITHIN  THE  GANGES. 

This  includes  all  the  countries  in  the  Western  Pen- 
^nsula,  from  the  mountains  of  Tartary,  and  Thibet,  on 
the  north.  It  has  usually  3  div  sions 

1.  Hindostan  Profier^  or  the  Northern  Provinces,  as 
Agimere,   Agra,  Cashmere,    Delhi.    Guzerat,  Lahore, 
Malwa,  Mbultan,Oude,  Rochilcund,  Sindy,  the  Soubahs 
of  Bahar  and  Bengal',  Sec. 

2.  The  Deccan,  or  the  Provinces  of  Candeish,  Dow- 
latabad,  Visiapour',  Golcon'da,  and  the  western  part  of 
Berar. 

3.  The  Provinces  of  the  Peninsula,  south  of  the  River 
Kistna,  as  the  Carnatick,  on  the  Coromanclel  coast,  in* 
eluding  Jaghire,  Tanjore,  and  Madura.     On  the  Mala- 
bar coast,  Travancore,  Cochin,  &c      The  Mysore  coun- 
try occupies  the  interior. 

Towns.  DELHI ^  the  capital,  *Agra^  Cashmere^  La* 
hore^  Oude,  Benares,  Hydrabad,  Arungabad,  Nagpour, 
Arcot,  Serin' gaf tat  am'. 

Mountains      The  East  and  West  Gauts. 

Rivers.  The  Ganges,  Indus,  Hoogly,  Kistna,  and 
Burramfioo'ter. 

Bays,  &c*  Bay  of  Bengal',  Gulfs  of  Cutch,  and  Cam- 
bay. 

Cafie.     Comrorin  at  the  southern  extremity. 

The  whole  of  India  within  the  Ganges  is  frequently 
called  Hindos'tan  ;  and  under  the  term  East  Indies  the 
moderns  have  included  most  of  the  islands  in  the  Indian 
and  Eastern  Oceans. 

Cities.  Delhi  was  once  a  large,  rich,  and  populous 
city,  and  the  capital  of  the  Mogul  empire  ;  but  since  its 
decline  and  downfal  by  repeated  invasions,  the  popula- 
tion is  much  diminished. 

Agro,  was  once  a  most  extensive  and  opulent  city, 
where  the  Great  Mogul'  sometimes  resided,  but  df  late 
it  has  rapidly  declined. 


INDIA.  109 

Mountains.  The  Gauts  extend  from  Surat  river  to 
Cafie  Com'orin,  running  within  60  and  sometimes  within 
20  miles  of  the  coast.  They  are  termed  the  Indian  Ap- 
ennines. 

Rivers.  The  Ganges  is  a  large  and  celebrated  riv- 
er, which  rises  in  Thibet,  and  after  running  southeast 
many  hundred  miles,  and  receiving  a  number  of  large 
rivers,  falls  by  several  mouths,  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 
The  Hindoos  hold  its  waters  in  high  veneration. 

The  Indus  or  Sinde  is  a  fine,  deep,  and  navigable 
river ;  the  entrance  from  the  sea,  however,  is  much 
choked  with  sund. 

The  Hoogly  is  an  arm  of  the  Ganges,  and  the  only 
branch  of  it  commonly  navigated  by  ships. 

The  Burramfioo'ter  rises  near  the  source  of  the  Gan- 
ges, and  after  flowing  separately  10GO  miles,  unites 
with  it,  40  miles  above  the  Bay  of  Bengal'. 

Climate.  Hindos'tan  towards  the  north  is  temperate 
but  hot  towards  the  south,  it  rains  here  almost  constantly 
for  three  months  in  the  year. 

Its  productions  are  lice,  millet,  cotton,  figs,  pome- 
granates, oranges,  lemons,  citrons,  cocoa  trees,  &c. 
There  are  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  diamonds.  The 
diamond  mines  in  the  province  of  Golcon'da  are  reckon- 
ed the*  most  considerable  in  the  world.  Between  Cape 
Com'orin  and  the  Isle  of  Ceylvti'  is  a  pearl  fishery. 

'Animals.  Here  are  elephants,  rhinoceroses,  buffa- 
loes, lions,  tigers,  leopards,  panthers,  monkeys,  camels, 
and  dromedaries. 

The  inhabitants,  exclusive  of  Europeans,  are  com- 
puted at  10  millions  of  Mahometans,  and  100  millions 
of  Hindoos.  The  Mahometans  or  Mussulmen,  improp- 
erly called  Moors,  bear  but  an  indifferent  character. 
The  Hindoos  or  Gentoos  are  of  a  black  complexion, 
their  hair  long,  their  persons  straight,  their  limbs  reat, 
their  fingers  long  and  tapering,  and  their  countenances 
open  and  pleasant 

They  are  divided  into  different  tribes  or  casts.  The 
4  principal  tribes  are  the  br^mins^  soldiers,  labourers,  and. 
10 


110  INDIA. 

mechanics.  The  bramins  have  the  care  of  their  religion 
and  their  laws.  The  priests  are  held  sacred  by  the  Hin* 
doos.  The  soldiers  are  generally  called  rajah  poots ; 
that  is,  dtscendants  of  the  rajahs.  The  labourers  include 
farmers,  and  all  who  cultivate  the  land  The  mechan- 
ics include  merchants,  and  all  who  follow  any  trade  : 
but  these  are  subdivided  again  into  separate  branches. 
Besides  these,  there  are  the  Hullachores,  who  are  the 
outcasts  of  the  other  tribes,  and  perform  the  most  disa- 
greeable offices  of  life.  All  the  different  tribes  are  for- 
bidden to  intermarry  or  dwell,  to  eat  or  drink  with  each 
other. 

The  diet  of  the  Hindoos  is  simple,  consisting  chiefly 
of  rice,  milk,  vegetables,  spices,  and  ghee,  a  kind  of  im- 
perfect  butter.  The  warrior  cast  may  eat  flesh  of 
goats,  sheep,  and  poultry.  Other  superior  casts  may 
e*t  poultry  and  fish  ;  but  the  inferior  casts  are  pro- 
hibited from  eating  flesh  or  fish  of  any  kind. 

Their  manners  are  gentle  ;  their  happiness  consists 
in  the  solace  of  domestic  life.  Their  religion  permits 
them  to  have  several  wives,  hut  they  seldom  have  more 
than  one  ;  and  their  wives,  it  is  said,  are  distinguished 
by  a  decorum  and  fideHtv,  that  do  honour  to  human  na- 
ture. The  shocking  custom  of  women  burning  them- 
selves on  the  funeral  pile  with  their  husbands,  is  still 
practised  in  this  country. 

The  religion  of  Hindos'tan  is  a  system,  upheld  by  ev- 
ery thing  that  can  excite  reverence,  and  secure  the  at- 
tachment of  the  superstitious  multitude.  The  tem- 
ples, consecrated  to  their  deities,  arc  magnificent,  their 
religious  ceremonies  splendid,  and  the  dominion  of  the 
bramins  is  supported  by  immense  revenues.  The  in- 
fluence of  religion  extends  to  a  thous.Tnd  particulars, 
which  in  other  countries  are  governed  by  civil  laws, 
taste,  custom,  or  fashion.  Their  dress,  their  food,  their 
professions,  are  all  under  the  jurisdiction  of  religion. 
They  pretend  that  Brurnma,  who  was  their  legislator 
both  in  politics  and  religion,  was  inferior  only  to  God. 
His  doctrine  consisted  in  the  belief  of  a  supreme  Be- 
ing, of  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  of  a  future  state  of 


INDIA.  Ill 

% 

rewards  and  punishments,  and  of  a  transmigration  of  the 
soul  into  different  bodies ;  but  the  Hindoos  worship 
animals,  images,  and  hideous  figures,  delineated  or  carv- 
ed. 

Government.  They  are  governed  by  no  written  laws, 
nor  is  there  a  lawyer  in  the  whole  empire.  Their 
courts  of  justice  are  directed  by  precedents.  The  Ma- 
horn' eta n  institu.es  prevail  only  in  the  great  towns,  and 
their  neighbourhood. 

Trade.  In  all  ages  the  trade  with  India  has  been  the 
same.  Gold  and  silver  have  been  uniformly  carried 
thither  to  purchase  the  same  commodities,  with  which 
it  now  supplies  all  nations,  Whatlndia  now  is,  it  always 
was,  and  is  still  likely  to  continue.  To  the  early  divis- 
ion of  the  people  into  casts,  we  must  ascribe  the  per- 
manency of  its  institutions,  and  the  immutability  in  the 
manners  of  its  inhabitants, 

Chronology.  It  is  pretended  that  Brumma,  their  leg- 
islator, existed  many  years  before  our  account  of  the  cre- 
ation. The  Mahom'etans  began  in  the  reigns  of  the 
caliphs  of  Bagdad  to  invade  Hindostan.  They  pene- 
trated as  far  as  Delhi,  and  settled  colonies  in  various  pla- 
ces, whose  descendants  are  called  Titans.  Their  em- 
pire was  overthrown  by  Tamerlane,  who  founded  the 
Mogul  government,  which  still  continues. 


Instead  of  the  preceding  Divisions  of  Provinces,  the 
Western  Peninsula,  or  India  within  the  Ganges,  is 
now  rather  considered  as  subject  to 

SIX  PRINCIPAL  POWERS  OR  STATES. 

1.  The   Seiks,  a   numerous  and  powerful  nation  in 
Hindostan  Proper,  spreading  from  the  Indus  to  the  Gan- 
ges.    Lahore  is  their  capital 

2.  The  Behrar  or  Eastern  Mahrat'tas.     Their  capi- 
tal is  Nagpour. 


U2  BRITISH  INDIA. 

3.  The  Poonah  or  Western  Mali  rat' ta-s ;  capital  POG- 
nah.     These  two  states  extend  nearly  from  sea  to  sea 
across  the  widest  part  of  the  peninsula. 

4.  The   Soubah   oi   the   Deccan,   north  of  the  river 
Kistna.     Its  capital  is  Hydrabad. 

5.  The  Mysore,  the  country  of  Hydcr  Ally  and  Tjp- 
poo  Sultan.     Its  capital  is  Serin1 'gaji at am' . 

6.  The  British  Possessions  in   India,  which  are  the 
following. 

BRITISH  INDIA. 

The  British  Possessions  in  India  are  Bengal,  the 
greater  part  of  Bahar,  part  of  Allahabad,  part  of  Orissa, 
the  Northern  Cicars,  Jaghire  of  the  Carnatic,  coun- 
tries north  and  south  of  Calicut,  on  the  coast  of  Malabar' ; 
with  Bombay'  and  the  island  of  Salsette,  Sec.  Besides 
these,  the  allies  of  the  British  are  the  Nabob  of  Oude  \ 
Nabob  of  Carnatic,  including  Tanjore,  Madura  ;  Rajah 
of  Travancore'.  and  the  territory  of  Cochin. 

Calcutta  is  the  emporium  of  Bengal,  and  seat  of  the 
governor  general  of  India,  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Hoogly,  which  is  navigable  for  large  ships  up  to  the 
town,  100  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  contains  500  thou- 
sand inhabitants.  The  houses,  vaiiously  built,  some  of 
brick,  others  of  mud,  and  a  great  number  of  bamboo 
canes  and  mats,  make  a  motley  appearance.  The  mix- 
ture of  European  and  Asiatic  manners  here  is  wonder- 
ful. Coaches,  palanquins,  carnages  drawn  by  bullocks, 
the  passing  ceremonies  of  the  Hindoos,  and  the  different 
appearances  of  the  Faquirs,  form  a  diversified  and  cu- 
rious scene. 

Madras',  or  Fart  St.  George,  on  the  Coroman'del 
coast,  is  a  British  fort  and  town,  next  in  importance  to 
Calcutta. 

Bombay'  and  the  island  of  Salsette  are  fertile  in  rice? 
fruits,  and  sugar  canes, 


BIRMAN  EMPIRE.  113 

Sura?,  Tellicher'ry,  Cananore,  Go'a,  Cal'icut,  Co' chin, 
Sec.  on  the  Malabar'  coast,  are  places  of  note  and  impor- 
tance. 

These  and  other  smaller  territories  form  the  Brteitth 
Possessions  in  India.  They  contain  20  millions  of  in- 
habitants, and  yield  an  annual  revenue  of  8  millions  ster- 
ling. 

THE  BIRMAN  EMPIRE. 

The  Ittrman  Empire  contains  the  following  countries » 
Pegu,  A~va,  Cambo'dia^  Laos  ;  the  principal  town  in  each 
is  of  the  same  name. 

The  Birmans  are  separated  from  the  Hindoos  by  only 
a  narrow  range  of  mountains  ;  but  the  dispositions  of  the 
two  people  are  extremely  different.  The  Birmans  are 
a  lively,  inquisitive  race,  irascible  and  impatient. 

Pegu,  south  of  Ava,  is  supposed  to  be  the  Golden 
Chersone'sus  of  the  ancients. 

The  Birmans,  like  the  Chinese,  have  no  coin  $  but 
silver  in  bullion  and  lead  are  current  among  them. 

The  forests  in  this  empire  are  numerous  and  large.. 

The  teek  tree  is  superior  to  the  Europe'an  oak. 

MALAC'CA,  SIAM,  AND  COCHIN  CHINA. 

Malaya^  or  Malac'ca^  contains  several  kingdoms  and 
provinces,  The  inhabitants  are  called  Malays.  This 
country  is  noted  for  its  numerous  wild  elephants. 

The  kingdom  of  Siam  is  situated  in  a  large  vale,  be- 
tween two  ridges  of  mountains. 

The  river  Meinam^  which  signifies  the  mother  of  wa- 
ter* ^  is  celebrated  among  oriental  rivers. 

The  elephants  of  Siam  are  distinguished  for  saga^i- 
ty  and  beauty*  The  trees  on  the  banks  of  the  Meinam 
are  finely  illuminated  with  swarms  of  fire  flies,  which 
emit  and  conceal  their  light  as  uniformly,  as  if  it  pro- 
ceeded from  a  machine  of  the  most  exact  contrivance. 
10* 


114  CHINA. 

Cambo'dia  is  celebrated  for  the  Gamboge'  gum, 
The  chief  river  in  Ton'quin  China  is  Holo-kian,  which 
passes  by  Kesho,  the  capital. 

CHINA. 

This  empire  contains  1 5  provinces,  viz. 

Pechelee.  Ilouquang.  Kansore. 

Kiangnan.  Honan.  Sechueen. 

KiaBgsec.  Shangtung.  Canton. 

The  Kiang.  Shansee,  Quangsee. 

Fochen,  Shensee.  Yunan. 

The  chief  towns  are  Pekin ,  Nankin^  and  Canton. 

Rivers.  Hoang  //o,  or  Yellow  River,  Kiang  Ku, 
Jimqur  or  Sukalin,  Argun,  Kiam,  or  the  Blue  River,  and 
the  Tay. 

flays.     Nankin  and  Canton. 

Pekin  is  situated  in  a  fertile  plain.  The  capital 
forms  an  exact  square,  and  is  divided  into  two  cities ; 
the  first  is  inhabited  by  the  Chinese,  the  second  by  Tar- 
tars. This  city  is  18  miles  in  circumference.  It  has 
nine  gates,  which  are  lofty  and  well  arched.  The  streets 
are  quite  straight,  most  of  them  three  miles  in  length, 
and  120  feet  wide,  with  shops  on  each  side*  All  the 
great  streets  arc  guarded  by  soldiers,  who  patrole  night 
and  day,  with  swords  by  their  sides,  and  whips  in  their 
hands,  to  preserve  peace  and  good  order.  The  empe- 
ror's palace  stands  in  the  middle  of  the  Tartar  city.  It 
presents  a  prodigious  assemblage  of  vast  buildings  and 
magnificent  gardens.  The  inhabitants  of  Pekin  are  es- 
timated at  two  millions. 

Nankin  was  formerly  the  imperial  city.  It  is  now 
greatly  fallen  from  its  ancient  splendour.  It  had  a  mag- 
nificent palace,  of  which  not  a  vestige  is  now  to  be  seen. 
Here  is  a  famous  tower  ef  porcelain,  200  feet  high,  and 
divided  into  nine  stories, 

Canton  is  a  large,  populous,  and  wealthy  city.  It 
consists  of  three  towns,  divided  by  high  walls.  The 


CHINA.  115 

••  H 

temples,  magnificent  palaces,  and  courts  are  numerous. 
The  houses  are  neat,  but  consist  of  only  one  story,  and 
have  no  windows  towards  the  street.  Many  families  re- 
side in  barks,  which  form  a  kind  of 'floating  city ;  they 
touch  one  another,  and  are  so  arranged  as  to  form  streets* 

Air  &  Soil.  Tov  ards  the  north  the  air  is  sharp,  in 
the,  middle  mild,  and  in  the  south  hot.  The  soil  is  ei- 
ther by  nature  or  art  fruitful  of  every  thing  that  can  min- 
ister to  the  necessities,  conveniences,  or  luxuries  of  Hie. 
The  culture  of  cotton  and  rice  fields,  from  which  the 
inhabitants  are  generally  clothed  and  fed,  is  ingenious 
almost  beyond  description,  The  tallow  tree  produces 
a  fruit  having  all  the  qualities  of  our  tallow,  and  when 
manufactured  with  oil,  serves  the  natives  as  candles. 

The  tea  plant  is  planted  in  rows  on  hilly  land.  The 
leaves  undergo  much  preparation,  Every  leaf  is  roiled 
up  in  form  by  the  hands  of  a  female.  The  colour  of  the 
green  tea  is  thought  to  arise  from  the  early  period,  at 
which  the  leaves  are  plucked,  and  which,  like  unripe 
fruit,  are  generally  green  and  acrid- 

Religion.  There  is  no  stated  religion  in  China.  The 
Chinese  have  no  Sunday,  nor  even  such  a  division  of 
time  as  a  week  ;  the  temples  are  however  open  every 
day  for  the  visits  of  devotees'.  The  temples  of  Fo 
abound  with  images. 

Language.  The  Chinese  language  contains  only 
330  words,  all  of  one  syllable  ;  but  each  word  is  pro- 
nounced with  such  various  modulations,  and  each  hav- 
ing so  different  a  meaning,  that  it  becomes  more  copi- 
ous than  could  be  easily  imagined. 

•Antiquities.  The  most  remarkable  is  the  great  wall 
extending  13  or  15  hundred  miles  along  the  north  of 
China,  and  separating  it  from  Tartary.  It  passes  over 
high  mountains,  wide  rivers,  supported  by  arches,  and 
across  deep  vallies.  In  some  places  it  is  25  feet  high, 
and  15  feet  broad  at  the  top.  It  is  constructed  of  stone, 
and  a  bluish  kind  of  brick,  cemented  with  mortar.  It  is 
supposed  by  some  to  have  been  built  600,  and  by  ethers 
more  than  2000  years  ago,  to  prevent  the  incursions  of 
the  Mogul  Tartars. 


H6  JAPAN. 

Persons,  Manners,  &c.  The  Chinese  arc  of  a  mod- 
erate  size,  their  faces  broad,  their  eyes  black  and  small, 
their  noses  blunt  ;  they  have  high  cheek  bones  and  large 
lips  The  women  have  little  eyes,  black  hair,  regular 
features,  and  a  delicate,  though  florid  complexion.  The 
Chinese  suffer  their  nails  to  grow ;  they  wear  a  lock  of 
hair  on  the  crown  of  their  heads,  and  reduce  their  eye- 
brows to  an  arched  line. 


JAPAN. 

Japan  contains  three  large  Islands,  viz. 

Nifihon  or  Ni/ion,  Ximo,  Sikoko,  and  several  smaller 
ones. 

The  whole  empire  is  divided  into  70  provinces. 

Air  &  Soil.  The  air  and  water  are  very  gooJ.  The 
soil  produces  rice,  millet,  wheat,  and  barley.  Cedars 
are  common,  and  so  large  that  they  are  proper  for  the 
rnasts  of  ships,  and  columns  for  temples.  It  is  the  rich- 
est country  in  the  world  for  gold. 

Animals.  The  horses,  though  extremely  small,  are 
very  beautiful  and  highly  valued. 

Inhabitants.  The  people  are  very  ingenious,  and 
their  manners  are  in  many  respects  quite  opposite  to 
the  Europeans.  Our  common  drinks  are  cold,  theirs 
are  hot ;  the  Europeans  uncover  the  head  out  of  respect, 
they  the  feet ;  we  are  fond  of  white  teeth,  they  of  black  ; 
-we  mount  our  horses  on  the  left  side,  they  on  the  right. 

Religion.  The  religion  of  the  whole  country  is  Pa- 
ganism.  There  are  two  principal  sects,  one  of  which  is 
subjected  to  the  most  painful  severities,  the  other  aban* 
dons  itself  to  the  most  voluptuous  enjoyments. 

Language.  They  have  a  language  so  peculiar,  that 
it  is  understood  by  no  other  nation.  The  sciences  are 
highly  esteemed  among  them,  and  they  have  several 
schools  for  rhetoric,  arithmetic,  poetry,  history,  astron- 


INDIAN  ISLANDS.  117 

Jim 

oray,  &c.     At  Mea'co  there  are  some   schools,  which 
have  each  3  or  4  thousand  scholars. 

Manufactures  &  Commerce.  The  Japanese'  for* 
merly  traded  with  many  countries,  but  now  only  with 
the  Chinese',  the  Core'ans,  the  country  of  Jeddo,  and 
with  the  Dutch.  They  have  the  art  of  tempering  steel 
beyond  any  other  nation  in  the  world.  They  have  better 
teas  of  all  sorts,  much  finer,  and  better  cured  than  those 
of  China. 

The  Japanese'  have  neither  tables,  beds,  nor  chairs  ; 
but  they  sit  and  lie  on  carpets  and  mats,  in  the  manner 
of  the  Turks. 


ASIATIC  ISLES. 

The  Asiatic  islands  are  those,  -which  are  situated 
near  the  shores  of  Asia  in  the  Indian  Ocean  and  the 
Chinese  sear  and  the  numerous  clusters;  which  are  dis- 
persed through  the  Great  Pacific  ocean.  They  are  di- 
vided into  different  groups,  according  to  their  situation 
and  proximity;  as  the  Indian  Islands,  the  Eastern  Ar- 
chijiel'ago,  Australasia^  and  the  Polynesia. 


INDIAN  ISLANDS. 

The  Indian  Islands  are  Lac'cadiues,  Mal'drves,  Cey- 
lon', An' daman,  Nicobar',  and  many  smaller  islands  in  the 
Bay  of  Bengal. 

Ceylon'  is  a  large  island  south  of  Hindostan,  rich  in 
every  department  of  natural  history,  and  presents  many 
minerals  of  uncommon  beauty.  The  ruby,  the  sap 'phi  re, 
the  topaz,  and  the  emerald,  are  among  the  precious  stones 
found  here.  This  island  is  likewise  remarkable  for  the 
pearl  fishery  on  its  coasts.  The  pearls  are  obtained  by 
divers,  who  descend  from  fiye  to  ten  fathoms,  and  re- 


H8  EASTERN  ARCHIPELAGO. 

main  under  water  about  two  minutes.  Each  one  brings 
up  in  his  net  the  oysters,  in  which  the  pearls  are  found. 

The  British  have  a  settlement  on  one  of  the  An'cla- 
man  isles,  where  they  send  their  convicts  f»om  Bengal'. 

On  a  small  island  near  the  An'damau  is  a  volcano, 
which  frequently  emits  showers  of  red  hot  stones. 


EASTERN  ARCHIPEL'AGO. 

The  Eastern  Archipel'ago,  sometimes  also  called 
Indian  Islands^  consists  of  several  clusters. 

1.  The  islands  of   Sunda,   or  the    Suma'tran    chain, 
which  comprise  Suma'tra^JaTa^  Balli,  Lombock,  Flortz, 
Timor,  and  several  others  of  less  importance. 

2.  Borne'an   ibles    comprise   Bor'neo^  Sooloos,  Pulo- 
Laut,  Anum'ba,  Natu'na. 

3.  The  Manitlas)  or  Phtfifi/iinc  islands,  include  Lu<* 
zon',  Mindana'oi  Palawa,  Mindoro,  Pany,  Negros,  Zebu, 
Leyta,  Samar,  and  many  smaller  ones. 

4.  The  Celebe'zian  isles,  which  are  Cd'ebes)  Boutan, 
Shulla,  Salayar,  &c. 

5.  The   Moluc'cas  or  Spice  islands  include   GzVo'/o, 
Ceram,  Bouro,  Oby,  Amboy'na,  Banda?  Tidore,  Ternate, 
and  many  others. 

Suma'tra  affords  a  variety  of  metals,  such  as  gold, 
copper,  iron)  tin,  &c.  and  produces  pepper,  camphor, 
cinnamon,  &c.  The  animals  are  the  elephant,  rhino'ceros, 
hippopotamus,  tiger,  bear,  and  many  varieties  of  the 
monkey.  The  capital  of  Suma'tra  is  Bencoo'len. 

Juva  is  remarkable  for  the  city  of  Bata'~uia*  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East  Indies.  It  is  a 
large  city,  well  built,  and  strongly  fortified  with  walls. 
Java  abounds  with  forests  and  beautiful  scenery.  Croc'- 
odiles  are  numerous,  as  they  are  in  most  of  the  eastern 
islands.  The  water  is  bad,  the  air  unwholesome,  and 
foreigners  seldom  enjoy  health  long  in  this  climate. 

Bor'neo  is  the  largest  island  in  the  world.  The  in- 
land parU  are  marshy  and  unhealthy.  It  produces  trop* 


AUSTRALASIA.  119 

ioal  fruits,  gold  and  diamonds.  The  Ou'rang  Ou'tang, 
the  animal  which  most  resembles  the  human  species, 
is  a  native  of  this  ibland.  The  principal  harbour  is  Ben- 
der Aiassin. 

The  soil  of  the  Philijifiine  Isles  is  extremely  fertile. 

The  chief  town  is  Manh'la. 

The  Moluc'cas  or  Spice  inlands  produce  vast  quanti- 
ties of  cloves,  mace,  nutmegs,  ana  delicious  fruits.  The 
Boa  serpent  is  sometimes  found  here  SO  feet  long,  and 
so  large,  it  is  said,  that  it  will  sometimes  swallow  a  small 
deer. 

Hai'nan,  Formo'sa,  Leoo  Keoo,  &c,  b  long  to  China. 

The  Kuril'ian,  or  Kourilee'  islands.  Bher'ings,  Andre- 
an,  Fox  islands,  &c.  which  are  principally  valued  for 
their  furs,  belong  to  Russia. 


AUSTRALA'SIA. 

The  Australasia  contains  the  following  islands  : 

1.  New  Holland  or  Nola'sia,  and  all  the  islands  be^ 
tween  20  degrees  west  and  x:0  or  30  degrees  east  of  it. 

2.  Papua  or  New  Guin'ea.  and  the  Papuan  isles. 

3.  New    Britain,    New   Ireland,   and   the    Solomon 
isles. 

4.  New  Caledonia,  and  the  New  Hebrides. 

5.  New  Zealand. 

6^  Van  Diem  arts  Land,  which  is  separated  from 
New  Holland  by  Basse's  strait  or  channel,  about  30 
leagues  wide. 

New  Holland  is  situated  between  the  Indian  and  Pa- 
cific oceans,  and  extends  2730  miles  in  length  from  east 
to  west,  and  1960  in  breadth  from  north  to  south  It  is 
sufficiently  large  to  be  denominated  a  continent,  though 
it  has  generally  been  called  an  island. 

An  English  colony  is  established  on  the  eastern  coast 
at  Port  Jackson.  Botany  #<ZT/,  about  12  miles  distant* 
is  remarkable  fdr  being  made  by  the  English  a  place  fo'.r 


120  POLYNESIA. 

the  annual  transportation  of  criminals  from  Great  Brit" 
ain. 

The  original  inhabitants  of  this  country  appear  to  be 
in  the  lowest  state  of  human  society.  They  are  of  a  low 
stature,  iil  shaped,  and  from  wearing  a  white  bone  or 
reed  thrust  thiough  their  nose,  make  a  disgusting  and 
frightful  appearance.  It  is  said  they  have  no  icligion, 
though  they  entertain  some  faint  idea  of  a  future  state. 

New  Holland  has  not  yet  been  sufficiently  explored 
to  admit  of  much  accurate  information. 


POLYNESIA. 

The  Polynesia  includes, 

1.  The  Pelew  isles. 

2.  The  Ladrone  or  Marian  islands ;  the  principal  of 
which  are  Guan  and  Tinian. 

3.  The  Carolines,  the  largest  of  which  are  Hogolen 
and  Yap. 

4.  The    Sand'ivich    islands,   discovered    by    Captain 
Cook,  at  one  of  which,  Qwkyhee,  he  lost  his  life. 

5.  The  Marquesas,  which  are  very  numerous. 

6.  The  Society  isles,  about  60  or  70  in  number  ;   Ota- 
hei'te  is  the  largest. 

7.  The  Friendly  islands  an:l  the  Fejee'  islands. 

8.  The  Narvigaitr's  islands,  the  principal  of  which  is 
Maouna. 

The  largest  island  in  Polynesia,  is  Owhy'hee,  about 
100  miles  in  length, 

The  islands  in  the  Pacific  ocean  are  numerous  and 
important.  Their  productions  are  various,  ar.d  in  many- 
respects  peculiar  to  themselves.  The  inhabitants  are 
savages  though  in  some  instances  they  seem  to  have 
risen  a  degree  above  a  state  of  nature. 

The  islands  open  a  wide  fislcl  for  benevolent  exert'ow 
in  civilizing  the  natives,  and  introducing  order,  industiy, 
and  the  Christian  religion  among  them, 

Atiia.)  next  to  America,  is  the  hrgcst  division  of  the 
earth,  and  on  several  accounts  it  is  the  most  remarkable. 


AFRICA.  1.21 

IH  Asia  eur  first  parents  were  created,  and  placed  in 
the  Garden  of  Eden,  which,  by  some,  ;s  supposed  u 
have  been  on  the  river  Euphrates,  near  where  Basn  '<a 
now  stands.  It  was  in  Asia,  that  Noah  and  his  fan.ily 
were  preserved  in  the  ark  during  the  flood.  Here  the 
Jews  or  Hebrews,  the  ancient  and  favoured  people  of 
God,  once  lived. 

Asia  was  the  scene  where  Jesus  Christ  exerted  him- 
self to  reform  and  save  the  human  race,  and  where  he 
completed  the  work  of  redemption,  as  recorded  in  the 
New  Testament. 

This  was  the  seat  of  the  famous  Babylo'nian,  Assyri- 
an, and  Persian  empires,  aud  the  field  in  which  Alexan- 
der the  Great  displayed  his  power  in  the  conquests  of 
nations. 

Asia  is  the  birth  place  of  the  impostor  Ma'hbmet)  and 
the  theatre,  on  which  he  first  exhibited  his  power,  and 
established  that  religion,  which  bears  his  name,  and 
which  is  extensively  professed  in  Asia  and  Africa,  and  in 
Turkey  in  Europe. 

The  tower  of  Babel^  the  cities  of  Bab'ylon  and  Jeru- 
salem, and  many  other  works  of  art,  are  recorded,  as 
monuments  of  astonishment,  in  the  "history  of  Asia. 

This  division  of  the  earth  is  remarkable  for  its  fer- 
tility, the  cleliciousness  of  its  fruits,  the  fragrance  of  its 
plants,  spices,  and  gums,  its  precious  stones,  silks,  cot- 
ton. 8cc.  It  abounds  in  corn  and  wine,  and  furnishes  ev- 
ery thing  necessary  for  life  and  health.  It  supplies  al- 
most every  other  part  of  the  world  with  coffee,  tea,  the 
finest  muslins,  and  other  commodities  of  art  and  ingenu- 
ity. 

The  ^southern  Asiatics  are  generally  effeminate,  lux- 
urious, indolent,  and  servik ;  though  they  evince  con- 
siderable genius  in  the  manufacture  of  fine  silks,  cotton, 
and  porcelain,  and  in  some  of  the  fine  arts. 

AFRICA. 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS. 

Mountains.     Atlax^  between  Bar'bary  and  Biledul'ge- 
rid  ;  Sicr'ra  Leo'na  mountains;  northeast  of  Guinea 5  the 
11 


122  BAKBAltY. 

Mountains  of  Abyssin'ia,  southwest  of  the  Red  Sea,  and 
the  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  in  Lower  Ethio'pia. 

Rivers.  The  JVile  in  Egypt,  the  Aftger  in  Negro- 
land  5  Senegal  and  Gam'bia,  which  fall  into  the  Atlantic; 
and  Cua'ma,  into  the  Mozambique  Channel. 

Gulfs,  Bays,  Straits,  &c.  The  Gulfs  of  Sidra,  and 
Cabes,  on  the  north  ;  Gulf  of  Guinea  ;  Saldana  and  Ta~ 
ble  Bays,  near  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  Lake  Mara'-ui, 
in  Ninyeamay',and  Dam'bea  in  Abyssinia.  The  Straits 
of  Gibraltar,  Channel  of  Mozambique,  and  Straits  of 
Babelman'deL 

Islands.  In  the  Atlantic  are  the  Azores',  or  West- 
ern Isles  ;  the  Madeir'as  ;  the  Cana'ry  Isles,  of  which  the 
principal  are  TeneriJfe','Fer'ro,a.r\&  Pal'ma;  Cafie  Verd 
Isles,  the  largest  of  which  are  St.  An'thvny,  St.  Nich'olas, 
St.  Yugo,  and  Bona~vis'ta  ;  and  Goree'.  In  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea  ale  Fernan'do  Po,  Princes' Isle,  St.  Thomas,  and 
Annabon.  More  distant  are  St.  Matthew,  Ascen'sion, 
and  St.  Hel'ena.  On  the  eastern  coast  are  Madagascar, 
Bour'bon,  Isle  of  France  or  Mauri' tius,  Comoro  Isles, 
Almirante  Isles,  Bafbelman'dcl,  and  Soco'tra. 

Cafies.  On  the  north  are  Capes  Serrat,  Rassem,  and 
Bon  ;on  the  west,  Bajador',  Blanco,  Verd,^.  Mary  and 
Roxo,  On  the  coast  of  Guinea  are  Capes  Palmaa,  Three 
Points,  and  Formo'sa  5  lower  down,  Capes  Negro  and 
Good  Hope.  On  the  east  coast  are  Aquil'las,  Corien'* 
tes  and  Gardefan, 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 
BARBARY. 

The  Barbary  or  Mahom'etan  States,  include  Moroc» 
co,  Fez,  Taj'ilet,  bigilmes'sa,  Algiers,  Tunis,  Tripoli, 
Barca. 

The  principal  town  in  each  takes  the  name  of  the 
state  or  kingdom  to  which  it  belongs,  except  Barca, 
whose  capital  is  Toleme'ta. 

Bar'bary  extends  from  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  to 
Egypt.  It  was  known  to  the  ancients  by  the  name  of 
Mauritania,  Numid'ia,  Africa  Proper,  and  Lyb'ia. 


EGYPT.  123 

The  territories  of  Moroc'co  are  formed  by  the  union 
of  several  small  states,  as  Fez,  Sigilmes'sa,  Tafilet^  8cc. 
formerly  distinct,  but  now  subdued  and  united  under  one 
sovereign.  The  city  of  Moroc'co  has  nothing  to  recom- 
mend it,  but  its  great  extent,  and  the  royal  palace,  which 
takes  up  so  much  ground,  that  it  resembles  a  small  city. 
Fez  is  one  of  the  largest  cities  of  Africa.  The  palaces, 
are  magnificent,  and  there  are  700  mosques,  50  of  which 
are  very  considerable  and  highly  adorned. 

Algiers  is  a  kind  of  republic  under  the  protection  of 
the  Grand  Seigm'ior,  governed  by  a  sovereign  or  Dey, 
who  in  some  respects  is  absolute,  though  elected  by  the 
Turkish  soldiers,  and  frequently  deposed.  Algiers,  the 
capital,  stands  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  in  the  form  of  an 
amphithe'atre,  next  the  harbour.  The  houses,  rising 
one  above  another,  have  a  fine  appearance  from  the  sea. 
The  tops  of  the  houses  are  flat,  and  the  people  walk 
on  tiiem  in  the  evening  to  take  the  air.  They  are  cover- 
ed with  earth  and  are  used  for  gardens. 

Tunis  is  formed  like  an  oblong  square,  and  has  five 
gates.  The  city  has  no  water,  but  what  is  obtained  at  a 
distance. 

Trifi'oli  is  a  large  town,  and  has  a  harbour  the  most 
commodious  of  any  along  this  whole  coast,  except  Alex- 
-an'dria.     The  houses  are  low  and  mean,  tlie  streets  dir- 
ty and  irregular. 

These  states  are  fruitful  in  corn,  wine,  citrons,  oran- 
ges, figs,  olives,  almonds,  dates,  and  melons.  Their 
principal  trade  consists  in  fruits,  horses,  morocco  leath- 
er, ostrich  feathers,  indigo,  wax,  tin,  and  coral. 

The  inhabitants  of  these  countries  are  remarkable 
for  their  piracies,  and  for  their  inhuman  conduct  towards 
Christian  prisoners,  whom  they  make  slaves,  and  treat. 
with  the  utmost  cruelty. 

EGYPT. 


is  a  narrow  vale  on  each  side  of  the  river  Nile 
bounded  by  parallel  ridges  of  mountains  or  hills.  It  is 
divided  into  Upper,  Lower,  and  Middle, 


124  EGYPT. 

Lower  Egypt,  on  the  mouth  of  (he  Nile,  comprehends 
the  Delta,  wnich  is  famed  for  its  fertility. 

Egypt  is  far  the  most  important  part  of  Africa,  and 
was  once  the  seat,  if  not  the  parent,  of  science. 

The  principal  towns  or  cities  are  Grand  Cairo,  the 
capital ;  Alexandria,  Roset'ta,  Damist'ta,  Suez,  an- 
ciently Berenice ;  Thebes,  formerly  celebrated  for  its 
hundred  e;ates ;  Syout,  and  Syt/ne,  anciently  Sierina. 

Grand  Cairo  has  been  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  the 
world.  Near  it  stood  the  ancient  Memphis.  The 
streets  are  narrow,  and  the  best  houses  are  generally 
built  so  as  to  enclose  a  piece  of  ground  called  a  court, 
having  their  windows  within,  and  presenting  a  dead  wall 
to  the  street. 

Alexandria,  once  a  magnificent  and  celebrated  city, 
was  built  by  Alexander  the  Great,  and  long  considered 
the  finest  city  in  the  world,  next  to  Rome.  It  is  now 
almost  in  ruins.  Some  remains  however  of  its  ancient 
splendour  are  to  be  seen,  particularly  Pompey's  pillar  ; 
and  two  celebrated  ob'elisks.  The  ancient  Pharos,  a 
watch  tower,  so  famous  in  antiquity,  that  it  was  reckon- 
ed one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world,  is  now  a  cas- 
tle, and  is  used  to  direct  vessels  into  the  harbour. 

In  Roset'ta  the  houses,  built  with  terraces  and  stand- 
ing asunder,  have  an  air  of  neatness  and  elegance.  The 
country  to  the  north  has  pleasing  gardens,  full  of  orange, 
lemon,  citron  trees,  See.  with  beautiful  groves  of  palm- 
trees. 

Damiet'ta,  a  seaport,  situated  on  the  eastern  branch 
of  the  Nile,  is  a  place  of  great  trade. 

Soit,  Climate,  &c.  The  vast  fertility  of  Egypt  is 
owing  to  the  inundations  of  the  Nile,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Abyssir/ia,  where  it  constantly  rains  for 
months  in  succession.  In  Egypt,  however,  rain  is  very 
uncommon.  Egypt  was  noted  for  its  abundance  of  corn, 
even  in  the  days  of  Jacob,  for  when  there  was  a  dearth 
in  all  the  lands,  yet  in  the  land  of  Egypt  there  was  bread. 
The  rush  papyrus,  which  grows  on  the  banks  of  the 
Nile,  served  the  ancients  to  write  on. 

Animals.     The  hip'popot'amus,  or  river  horse,  an  am- 


EGYPT.  128 

phib'ious  animal,  and  the  rat  called  ichneu'mon,  are  na- 
tives of  this  country,  as  is  also  the  bird  ibis. 

Inhabitants.  The  descendants  of  the  original  Egyp- 
tians are  an  indolent,  ill  looking,  and  slovenly  people. 
They  are  distinguished  by  the  name  of  Cofitis.  In  their 
complexion  they  are  rather  sun  burnt,  than  swarthy  or 
black. 

The  Turks  who  reside  in  Egypt  retain  all  their  Ot- 
toman pride  and  insolence. 

Religion.  The  Cofitis  profess  themselves  to  be 
Christians  of  the  Greek  church  ;  but  Mahom'etanism  is 
the  prevailing  religion  among  the  natives. 

Language.  The  Cop'tic  is  the  ancient  language  of 
Egypt.  This  was  succeeded  by  the  Greek,  about  the 
time  of  Alexander  the  Great ;  and  that  by  the  Ar'abic, 
when  the  Arabs  gained  possession.  The  Ar'abic,  or 
Ar'abesqwe,  as  it  is  called,  is  the  current  language.  The 
Cop'tic  may  be  considered  as  extinct. 

Curiosities.  The  pyr'amids  are  the  principal ;  they 
are  supposed  to  have  been  built  by  the  children  of  Is- 
rael, for  sep'ulchres  lor  the  Egyptian  kings.  The  laby- 
rinth is  another  wonderful  curiosity,  being  cut  from  a 
marble  rock,  and  consisting  of  several  palaces. 

Egypt  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  countries  in  the 
world.  It  is  celebrated  both  in  sacred  and  profane  his- 
tory. It  was  there  the  Jews  were  in  bondage  440 years; 
but  at  length,  after  a  series  of  miracles,  were  liberated, 
and  conducted  back  to  Ca'naan,  the  land  of  promise,  un- 
der the  direction  of  Moses  and  Aaron.  It  was  there  Je- 
sus in  his  infancy  was  carried  by  Joseph  and  his  mother 
Mary,  to  avoid  the  cruelty  of  Herod,  who  sought  the 
young  child's  life. 

In  the  early  ages  of  Greece,  Egypt  was  distinguish- 
ed for  learning  and  science,  and  was  the  retort  of  sages. 
and  legislators  of  other  nations.  The  Egyptians  are  said 
to  hat?  been  the  first,  who  found  out  the  rules  of  gov- 
ernment, and  the  art  of  making  life  easy,  and  a  people 
happy. 

The  ancient  Egyptians  were  as  remarkable  for  their 
superstition,  as  for  their  wisdom.  Their  religion  was 
11* 


126  ETHIOPIA. 

Idolatry.  They  worshipped  almost  an  infinite  number 
of  deities  of  different  ranks  and  orders.  The  two,  which 
they  most  honoured,  were  Osi'ris  and  Isis,  by  which  it  is 
supposed  they  meant  the  sun  and  moon.  They  paid  di- 
vine honours  to  vegetables  and  various  animals,  as  the 
cat,  dog,  wolf,  croc'odile,  and  several  others,  which  they 
either  feared  for  their  ferocity,  er  respected  for  their  use. 
But  Egypt  is  now  debased,  a  land  of  slaves,  without  a 
prince  of  their  own,  and  almost  without  government. 
A  Turkish  Bash'aw  or  governor  resides  among  them 
at  Cai'ro,  and  a  number  of  Beys  or  Begs,  who  are  infe- 
rior officers,  are  appointed  over  the  different  provinces 
under  his  authority. 


ETHIOPIA. 

Ethiopia  contains  the  following  countries. 

Countries.  Principal  towns. 
Nu'bia.  Senfnaar>  Dongo'la. 

Abyssin'ia.  Gondar. 

Abex.  Suaquem. 

The  following  countries,  which  are  little  known,  are 
sometimes  included  in  Ethiopia ;  Biledul'gerid.  Zan'- 
haga,  Fezzan,  Za'hara  or  the  Desert,  Ne'groland  or  Ni- 
gritia,  and  other  places  in  the  central  part  of  Africa, 

Nu'bia  contains  several  kingdoms,  little  known  ex- 
cept Sen'naar  and  Dongo'la.  In  some  parts,  the  houses 
are  low,  built  with  mud  walls,  and  covered  with  reeds. 
The  children  are  quite  destitute  of  clothing. 

Sen'naar  is  a  large  town,  and  very  populous.  The 
king's  palace  is  surrounded  by  high  walls,  formed  of 
bricks  and  dried  in  the  sun. 

Myssin'ia  is  a  very  ancient  kingdom.  The  season  is 
rainy  from  April  to  September,  and  then  succeeds, 
without  interval,  a  cloudless  sky  and  a  vertical  sun. 
There  is  no  country  in  the  world  that  produces  a  great- 
er variety  of  quad'rupeds,  both  wild  and  tame.  Here 
are  found  the  lion,  leop'ard,  elephant,  rhinoc'eros,  drom- 
edary, camel,  stag,  horse,  goat,  and  monkey ;  a  variety 


ETHIOPIA.  12f 

af  birds,  as  the  ostricb,  eagle,  vulture,  stork,  &c.     Hy- 
e'nas  are  very  numerous,  and  dreadful  in  their  ravages. 

Gondar,  the  capital  of  Abyssin'ia,  is  populous,  and  sit- 
uated on  a  hill  of  considerable  height. 

jib  ex  has  more  wild  beasts  than  human  inhabitants. 

Suaguem  stands  on  a  small  island  of  the  same  name 
in  the  Red  Sea>  near  the  coast  of  Nu'bia.  It  has  a  well 
sheltered  bay  in  six  or  seven  tathom  water 

Lower  Ethiopia  extends  through  much  of  the  inte- 
rior of  Africa  ;  but  there  is  great  difference  of  opinion 
respecting  the  names,  and  even  the  existence  of  the  na- 
tions. 

River,  One  branch  of  the  Nile  is  said  to  rise  in 
Abyssin'ia,  the  other  in  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  in 
Lower  Echk/pia 

The  religion  of  these  countries  is  a  mixture  of  Chris- 
tianity and  Ju'daism. 

Biledul'gerid)  the  ancient  Numid'ia,  is  an  inland  coun- 
try. The  inhabitants  are  composed  of  the  ancient  Af- 
ricans, who  lead  a  settled  life,  and  the  Arabs,  who  roam 
at  large.  This  country  in  some  parts  abounds  with 
palm  trees,  fiom  which  the  inhabitants  gather  vast  quan- 
tities of  dates,  with  which  they  carry  on  considerable 
trade. 

Zan'haga  is  a  district  of  Za'hara,  bordering  on  the  At- 
lantic. 

Fezzan  is  said  to  be  a  circular  domain  in  a  vast  wil- 
derness, like  an  island  in  an  ocean.  It  lies  south  of 
Tripoli.  The  natives  are  of  a  deep  swarthy  complex, 
ion,  resembling  the  Negro  more  than  the  Arab  cast. 
Their  dress  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Moors  in  Bar'bary. 
In  religion  they  are  Mahometans.  Mourzouk^  the  capi- 
tal, has  the  appellation  of  a  Christian  town.  It  exhibits  a 
contrast  of  vast  ruins  of  ancient  buildings,  and  humble 
cottages. 

Zaf/nara,  or  the  Desert^  comprehends  a  vast  extent, 
stretching  from  the  Atlantic  to  Nu'bia,  and  rrom  Bile- 
dul'gerid  to  Nigriftia:  it  is,  excepting  a  few  spots,  a  mere 
desert,  ?nd  so  parched,  that  the  caravans  from  Moroc'c* 
and  Ne'groland  are  obliged  to  carry  both  water  and  pro- 
visions. 


128  GUINEA- 

Ne'groland,  Sudan'  or  JVigri'tia,  is  that  part  of  Africa, 
through  which  the  river  Niger  is  supposed  to  run.  It 
lies  south  of  Za'hara,  and  stretches  far  to  the  east,  but 
the  inland  parts  are  little  known, 

Mataman,  or  Cimbibe'a,  lies  on  the  western  coast  of 
Africa,  between  Lower  Guinea  and  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  It  is  little  visited  by  Europeans. 

GUINEA. 

This  part  of  Africa  is  divided  into  Ufifier  and  Lower 
Guinea, 

Ufifier  Guinea.  Lower  Guinea. 

Countries.     Towns.          Countries.         Towns. 

Sier'ra  Leo'na Loan'go          Loango. 

Guinea.  Cape  Coast.  Con'go.  St.  Salvador. 

Dahomy.  Abomey.         Ango'la.          Loan'da. 

Benin.  Benin.  Bengue'la.       Bengue'la. 

Guinea  is  but  little  known,  except  the  coast,  which 
is  divided  into  the  Gram,  the  Ivory ,  the  Gold,  and  the 
Slave  coast. 

This  country  is  unhealthy  to  Europeans,  though  the 
natives  live  to  a  great  age.  The  productions  are  rich 
fruits,  gums,  hard  wood,  grain,  gold,  ivory,  wax,  &c. 

Benin  exhibits  many  beautiful  landscapes,  but  the 
air  in  some  places  is  noxious  and  pestilential,  on  account 
of  the  gross  vapours  exhaled  from  the  marshes.  Benin, 
the  capital,  seated  on  the  river  Benin  or  Formo'sa,  is  a 
spacious  city ;  the  houses  are  large  and  handsome, 
though  they  have  clay  walls,  and  are  covered  with  reeds, 
straw,  or  leaves.  The  shops  are  filled  with  Europe'an 
merchandise,  and  the  streets  are  kept  neat  and  clean  by 
the  women. 

Congo  is  a  name  usually  given  to  a  large  tract  of 
country,  which  includes  Loan'go,  Ango'la,  &c. 

Salvador  contains  several  churches,  and  a  palace, 
where  the  king;  resides  ;  it  has  also  a  Portuguese  bishop. 
Ango'la  is  a  fertile  kingdom.  The  Portuguese  have 
settlements  on  the  coast.  The  English  and  Dutch  form- 
erly trafficed  with  the  natives,  and  purchased  a  great 
number  of  slaves. 


MATAMAN.  129 

These  comprehend  the  countries  on  the  western 
coast  oi  Africa,  where  Europeans  trade  for  ivory  and 
gold,  and  where  they  traded  for  slaves,  till  that  inhuman 
traffic  was  abolished  Europe'an  settlements  are  now 
formed  here,  chiefly  under  the  British  government,  for 
the  purpose  of  carrying  on  an  honest  and  advantageous 
trade  with  the  natives,  and  for  promoting  their  civiliza- 
tion and  teaching  them  the  Christian  religion. 

MATAMAN. 

Countries.  Towns. 

Adel.  Ancegurel. 

A  Jan.  Brava. 

Zanguebar't  Meiinda. 

Monasmugi  or  NinYeamay'. 

Mozambique.  Mozambique. 

Monomot'apa.  Benemat'apa. 

Sota'la.  Sofa'la. 

Terra  de  Natal. 

Caffra'ria,  or  C.  of  Good  Hope.     Cafie  Town. 

Adel  is  a  fruitful  province  near  the  Red  Sea. 

Zanguebar*  includes  several  petty  kingdoms,  in  which 
the  Portuguese  have  had  settlements.  Melin'da^  the 
capital,  is  a  large,  populous  place,  in  which  the  Portu- 
guese erected  seventeen  churches  and  nine  convents  : 
carrying  on  an  advantageous  traffic  with  the  natives  in 
all  the  African  fruits  and  productions. 

Mozambique  is  a  kingdom,  lying  on  the  coast  of  Zan~ 
guebar'.  Its  capital  is  situated  on  an  island.  The  town 
of  Mozambique  is  a  large,  well  fortified  place,  having  a 
strong  citadel  for  the  defence  of  the  harbour.  It  belongs 
to  the  Portuguese. 

Monomft'afid  is  fertile,  the  climate  temperate,  and 
the  air  clear  and  healthy.  Here  are  many  ostriches,  and 
vast  herds  of  elephants.  The  rivers  abound  with  gold. 
There  are  mines  of  silver,  the  products  of  which  are  ex- 
changed with  the  Portuguese  for  Europe'an  goods  In 
Benenut'apa  or  Med'rogan,  the  capital,  the  houses  are 
adorned  with  beautiful  cloths  of  cotton,  finely  worked 


230  M  ATAMAN, 

and  dyed.     The  palace  is  a  spacious  fabric  of  wood, 
flanked  with  towers.,  and  having  stately  gates. 

Sofala  or  Quitcr've  is  subject  to  the  Portuguese. 
Some  suppose  it  to  be  the  Ophir  of  the  ancients,  the  gold 
here  being  generally  the  purest  and  finest  of  all  Africa. 
It  is  situated  on  a  small  island  on  the  coast.  Here  is 
honey  in  great  abundance. 

Terra  de  Natal  is  inhabited  by  the  Boshmen  Hottentots, 

Caffraria  is  an  extensive  country,  including  Caffra- 
ria  Proper,  and  the  country  of  the  Hottentots. 

Cafie  of  Good  Hofie  stands  on  the  most  southerly 
point  of  the  continent  of  Africa.  Cape  Town  is  situated 
about  30  miles  to  the  north  of  the  Cape.  It  is  neat  and 
well  built. 

Rivers.  The  Nile  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Abys- 
sinia passes  through  lake  Dcm'bea^  crosses  the  country 
of  Nubia.)  and  enters  Egypt  at  Sye'ne  ;  below  Cai'ro  it 
divides  itself  into  two  great  branches,  which  with  the 
Mediterranean  form  the  island  of  Delta,  which  has  al- 
ways been  remarkable  for  the  fertility  of  its  soil. 

Niger.  This  river  takes  its  rise  in  the  western  part 
of  Africa,  and  runs  east ;  but  where  it  discharges  its 
waters  is  unknown. 

The  Gambia  and  Senegal  rise  in  the  interior  of  Af- 
rica, overflow  their  banks  like  the  Nile,  and  fall  into  the 
Atlantic  north  and  south  of  Cape  Verd. 

Mountains.  Mount  Atlas  is  a  chain,  which  extends 
from  Bsrca  to  Morocco,  and  from  which  the  Atlantic 
ocean  takes  its  name.  The  Lyb'ian  mountains  are  be- 
tween  Za'Aara  and  Egypt ;  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon 
are  in  Lower  Ethk/pia. 

Islands  The  Azores'  or  Western  Isles  are  a  small 
cluster  in  the  Atlantic  ocean  opposite  to  Portugal.  St. 
Mi'chael  is  the  largest,  but  Tercera  is  the  residence  of 
the  Portuguese  governour. 

The  Madeir'a  Isles  belong  to  the  Portuguese.  The 
largest,  named  Madefr'a,  is  remarkable  foi  the  rich  wines 
called  MadezVa,  Malmsey,  and  Tent. 

The  Canary  Isle*  belong  to  Spain  ;  the  principal  of 
them  are  Grand  Cana'ry,  Teneriffe',  and  Fer'ro.  They 
are  famous  for  the  rich  Cana'ry  wine,  and  for  the  birds 


AFRICA.  131 

called  Cana'ry  birds.  The  Peak  of  Teneriffe'  is  one  oi 
the  highest  mountains  in  the  world.  I?  rises  very  ab- 
ruptly from  the  ocean,  and  to  about  3  miles  above  it* 

Cafie  Verd  Isles  are  about  10  in  number.     The  piin- 
cipal  are  St.  Jago,  the  largest  and  the  residence  of  the 
Portuguese  viceroy  ;  St.  Anto'niQ^  St.  Nicholas,  and  J3o-~ 
na  Vis'ta. 

St.  Hel'ena  is  a  mass  of  rock  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
about  28  miles  in  circumference,  situated  UOO  miles 
from  Africa,  and  1800  from  South  America.  The  cli- 
mate is  pleasant  and  healthy.  English  ships  on  their 
India  voyages  all  stop  here  for  fresh  provisions  and  wa- 
ter. Gen.  Napoleon  Bonaparte  was,  after  the  battle  of 
Waterloo,  imprisoned  in  this  Island,  where  he  has  been 
since  strictly  watched  and  guarded  by  British  soldiers. 

Africa,  though  now  reduced  to  a  state  of  general  bar- 
barism, once  contained  several  kingdoms  and  states,  em* 
inent  for  their  liberal  arts,  for  wealth  and  power,  and  for 
the  most  extensive  commerce.  Almost  all  the  southern 
parts,  from  the  Red  sea  to  the  Atlantic,  were  full  of 
people.  The  kingdoms  of  Egyfit  and  Ethio'flia  were 
much  celebrated  and  the  rich  and  powerful  state  of  Car- 
thage)  the  formidable  rival  to  Rome,  extended  her  com- 
merce to  every  part  of  the  then  known  world  But  the 
celebrated  republic  of  Carthage,  after  a  contest  of 
more  than  100  years,  was  entirely  subdued  by  the  Ro- 
mans, who  took  possession  of  their  country  and  destroyed 
their  city. 

Egypt  at  length  sunk  under  their  iron  sceptre,  and 
became  a  Roman  province ;  and  after  a  succession  of 
revolutions,  and  being  overrun  by  the  barbarous  Vandals 
from  Europe,  and  the  merciless  Sar'acens  from  Arabia, 
the  rich  and  powerful  states  of  Africa  sunk  into  debase- 
ment, and  became  a  land  of  pirates  and  robbers. 

Africa  has  justly  been  called  the  country  of  monsters. 
Every  species  of  noxious  and  pre'datory  animals  reigns 
undisturbed  in  the  vast  sandy  deserts  of  this  country, 
nurtured  by  the  heat  of  the  climate.  Even  man,  in  this 
quarter  of  the  globe,  exists  in  a  state  of  the  lowest  bar- 
barism. 

The  unfortunate  condition  of  our  own  species,  how* 


132  CHRONOLOGY, 

ever,  has  in  this  country  been  greatly  aggravated  by  Eu- 
ropeans and  Americans,  who,  to  obtain  slaves,  have  £e- 
quented  the  const,  and  encouraged  the  natives  to  kid- 
nap and  sell  each  other.  This  iniquitous  traffi,,  the 
slave  trade^  has  been  the  cause  of  perpetual  wars,  in 
which  the  barbarous  chiefs  of  the  country  attack  each 
other'*  subjects  for  the  purpose  of  making  prisoners, 
ami  selling  them  for  slaves.  But  it  is  to  be  hoped,  that 
a  practice,  so  shocking  to  reason  and  humanity,  will 
soon  be  abolished,  and  that  the  Christian  world  will  atone 
for  thtir  crimes  to  a  weak  and  ignorant  people,  by  teach- 
ing them  the  benefits  of  civil  society,  in'dustry,  domes- 
tic arts,  and  true  religion. 


[As  the  study  of  Chronology  and  History  should  follo>w  that  of 
Geography,  a  concise  account  of  these  sciences,  from  Joice 
and  Blair,  may  with  propriety  be  subjoined  to  the  modern 
part  of  this  Geography] 


is  the  science  which  relates  to  time, 
and  to  the  division  of  it  into  certain  portions,  as  days, 
months,  years.  &c,  and  the  application  of  these  portions 
to  the  elucidation  of  history, 

The  principal  divisions  of  time  are  those  marked 
out  by  the  heavenly  bodies,  ab  days,  nights,  and  seasons. 

A  day*  in  common  speech,  is  the  time  the  sun  re- 
mains above  the  horizon  ;  but  in  a  philosophical  sense,  it 
denotes  a  complete  revolution  of  the  earth  about  its  axis. 

The  beginning  of  the  day  is  v?riously  reckoned  by 
different  nations  ;  some  reckon  it  from  sunrise,  others 
from  sunset.  Most  European  nations  compute  from 
midnight  ;  but  modern  astronomers  from  noon. 

The  Jews  and  Romans  divided  the  day  and  night  each 
into  four  watches  ;  the  1  st  commenced  at  6  in  the  morn- 
ing; the  2d  at  9  ;  the  3d  at  1  ;  ;  and  the  4th  at  3  in  the 
afternoon  The  night  was  divided  in  a  similar  manner. 

The  Greeks  divided  time  into  portions  of  10  days 
each  ;  the  Chinese  into  those  of  1  .>  days  ;  and  the  Mexi- 
oans  into  tho  e  of  13  days;  but  the  jews,  oriental  na- 
tions, and  other  civilized  people,  have  made  use  of  we  ek* 
of  T  days  each. 


CHRONOLOGY.  133 

Savage  nations  used  the  division  of  moons,  which 
are  about  2  J-  days.  Civilized  nations  have  agreed  to 
reckon  by  the  period  of  the  revolution  of  the  eaith  round 
the  sun,  and  call  it  a  year ;  and  they  again  divide  these 
into  12  77100725,  (moontha  or  months,) 

But  12  equal  moons  make  but  354  days,  and  the 
earth  is  36s  J  days  in  going  round  the  sun ;  Julius 
Caesar,  therefore,  varied  the  months  as  we  now  have 
them,  so  as  to  make  365^  days. 

This,  however,  was  not  perfectly  correct,  for  the  ac- 
tual revolution  of  the  earth  is  not  qui'e  a  quarter  of  a 
day  more  than  3b'5,  but  only  5  hours  48  minutes  and 
57  seconds ;  consequently,  1 1  minutes  3  seconds  is 
gained  every  year,  or  a  whole  day  in  131  years. 

In  1753,  the  gain  of  11  minutes  3  seconds  per  an- 
num, had  carried  the  reckoning  1  i  days  before  its  prop- 
er time  ;  the  style  of  reckoning,  therefore,  was  altered, 
and  1 1  days  dropt  by  act  of  the  British  parliament,  the 
day  after  the  3d  of  September  being  called  the  1 4th. 

It  was  settled  also,  that  in  every  400  years,  three 
leap  years  in  three  centuries  should  be  dropt,  so  that  in 
future  the  annual  recurring  year  will  keep  pace  with 
time  within  two  or  three  seconds  per  annum. 

The  year  is  also  divided  into  52  weeks >  aud  a  day 
over  ;  the  weeks  into  7  days  or  rotations  of  the  earth  on 
its  own  axis;  these  rotations  into  24  hours ;  each  hour 
into  60  minutes  ;  and  each  minute  into  60  seconds  or  pe- 
riods, in  which  a  pendulum,  39T2^  inches  long,  vibrates. 
The  vibration  of  such  a  pendulum  is,  therefore,  the  first 
measure  of  time. 

The  names  of  the  days  of  the  week  are  derived  from 
the  names  of  certain  Saxon  objects  of  worship. 

Sunday*  or  first  day,  is  from  the  Sun  ;  Monday, 
from  the  jtfoon  ;  Tuesday,  from  Tuis'co,  a  German  hero; 
Wednesday,  from  Wo' den,  their  god  of  battle  ;  Thurs- 
day, from  Thor,  the  god  of  winds  and  weather  ;  Friday, 
from  Fri'ga,  the  goddess  of  peace  and  plenty  ;  Saturday, 
from  Sea1  tor,  the  god  of  freedom. 

The  Romans  called  the  days  after  the  planets  ;  as  So- 
lis,  Sun;  Lunse, Moon ;  Martis,  Mars;  Mercu'rii.  Mercu- 
ry ;  Jovis,  Jupiter ;  Ven'eris,  Venus ;  and  Satur'ni,  Saturn. 
12 


134  CHRONOLOGY. 

The  names  of  the  12  moons,  or  months,  ai^e  derived 
from  the  Latin.  January  is  from  Janus,  the  god  of 
newborn  infants  ;  February,  from  Feb'rua^  the  mother  of 
Mars  5  March  from  Mars,  the  god  of  war,  the  first 
month  of  the  Roman  year ;  April,  from  Ajier'io,  signify- 
ing to  open  the  year,  or  the  blossoms  ;  May,  from  Mai'a, 
the  mother  of  Mercury  ;  June,  from  Juno^  the  wife  of 
Jupiter ;  July,  from  Julius  Caesar,  the  Roman  Empe- 
ror ,  August,  from  Augustus  Caesar,  the  Roman  Em- 
peror ;  September,  from  Sefitem,  the  seventh  month 
of  the  Roman  year  ;  October,  from  Octo,  the  eighth 
month  of  the  Roman  y«ai  ;  November,  from  Novem, 
the  ninth  month  of  the  Roman  year ;  December,  from 
Deccm*  the  tenth  month  of  the  Roman  year. 

The  Romans  reckon  by  lustra^  periods  of  five  years, 

so  called  from  a  tax  required  to  be  paid  every  fifth  year. 

The  Greeks  reckoned  by  Olym'fiiads^  periods  of  four 

years,  which  derived  their  name  from  the  public  games, 

celebrated  every  fourth  year  at  Olym'pia. 

Cy'cles  are  fixed  intervals  of  time,  composed  of  the 
successive  revolutions  of  a  certain  number  of  years. 

The  lunar  cy'cle,  or  "  golden  number,"  is  a  period  of 
19  years,  at  the  end  of  which,  the  sun  and  moon  return 
to  very  nearly  the  same  part  of  the  heavens. 

The  solar  cy'cle  consists  of  28  years,  when  the  sun 
returns  to  the  sign  and  degree  of  the  ecliptic,  which  he 
had  occupied  at  the  conclusion  of  the  preceding  period, 
and  the  days  of  the  week  coi  respond  to  the  same  days 
of  the  month  as  at  that  time. 

The  cy'cle  of  Roman  indiction  consists  of  15  years. 
The  Julian  Period  is  formed  by  the  combination  of 
the  cy'cles,  that  is.  by  multiplying  the  tbree  numbers  in- 
to one  another ;  19  X  28  x  15=7980 ;  this  is  the  number 
of  years  of  which  the  Julian  Period  consists,  at  the  ex- 
piration of  which,  the  first  years  of  each  ot  those  cycles 
will  come  together 

The  first  year  of  the  Christian  era  corresponds,  or  is 
supposed  to  correspond,  with  the  47 1 4th  of  the  Julian 
period,  which  begins  ?06  years  before  the  common  date 
assigned  to  the  creation  of  the  world. 


CHRONOLOGY.  135 

Epochs  and  eras  may  be  thus  explained.  An  epoch  is 
a  certain  fioint,  determined  by  some  remarkable  event, 
from  which  time  is  reckoned,  and  the  years  computed 
from  that  period  are  denominated  an  era.  For  example, 
the  birth  of  Christ  is  reckoned  an  epoch ;  the  years 
reckoned  from  that  event  are  called  the  Christian  era. 

The  most  remarkable  epoch  is  that  of  the  creation  of 
the  world,  which  is  supposed  to  have  happened  4004 
years  before  Christ.  The  present  year,  1820,  is  there- 
fore 4004  +  1820  =  5824th  year  from  the  creation. 

It  will  readily  be  supposed,  that  owing  to  the  various 
lengths  of  years,  and  the  different  modes  of  calculation 
practised  by  different  nations,  great  differences  of  opin- 
ion have  existed  in  regard  to  the  date  of  past  events. 

The  great  difficulty  was,  to  fix  the  period  of  certain 
important  events  as  a  sort  of  land  marks,  from  which  to 
ascertain  and  correct  others.  These  are 

JBefore  Christ.  Years 

The  Creation                 ....                        .  4004 

The  Deluge               .            t            -            .            .  2348 

The  Call  of  Abraham     ...                         .  1921 

The  Departure  from  Egypt               ...  1491 

The  Taking  of  Troy  by  the  Greeks      -            -            -  1183 

The  Building  of  Solomon's  Temple            -            .  1012 

The  Building  of  Rome              ....  753 

The  Death  of  Cyrus             ...  526 

The  Battle  of  Mar'athon            ....  490 

The  Death  of  Soc'rates       -  396 

The  Death  of  Alexander          ....  323 

The  Destruction  of  Carthage        ...  146 

The  Death  of  Julius  Cxsar       ....  44 

After  Christ. 

The  Destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus           .  70 

The  Eastern  Empire  began  at  Constantinople        -  339 

The  Dea4h  of  King  Arthur        ....  514 

The  Flight  of  Ma'homet  from  Mec'ca         -            -  622 

The  Death  of  Charlemagne'       ....  820 

The  Death  of  Alfred           ....  890 

The  Landing  of  William  I.         ....  1066 

The  Death  of  Edward  III.                -                         -  1377 

The  Death  of  Tamerlane'           -            -                          -  1410 

The  Discovery  of  Printing                            -            -  1450 

The  Taking  of  Constantinople  by  the  Turks    -           *  1458 


136  HISTORY. 

The  Death  of  Richard  III.  -     1485 

The  Discovery  of  America    -                         •  1492 

The  Reformation  began                 -  -      1520 

The  Spanish  Arma'da  Defeated         -  1588 
The  Beheading  of  Charles  I.        ....      1649 

The  English  Revolution        -                         -  -             1688 

The  Battle  of  Blenheim                           -            -  -       1704 

The  American  Declaration  of  Independence  1776 

The  French  Revolution               -  -       1789 

The  Bank  of  England  stopped  payment        -  -             17^7 

The  Battle  of  Maren'go                            -  1800 

The  Crowning  of  Bonaparte  Emperor           -  -              1804 

The  Battle  of  Trafalgar      -                         -  -                 1805 

The  Battle  of  Aus'terlitz                       -            -  1805 

The  Battle  of  Jena              -                      .    -  1806 

The  Peace  of  Tilsit      -             -                          -  1807 

The  Taking  and  Burning  of  Moscow          -  -                1812 
The  Abdication  or  Dethronement,  and  Banishment 

of  Bonaparte    -            -                       -  1814 


is  a  connected  recital  of  past  and  present 
events ;  its  office  is  to  trace  the  progress  of  man  from 
the  savage  state  through  the  several  grades  of  civiliza- 
tion to  the  nearest  appioach  to  perfection,  of  which  so- 
cial institutions  are  capable.  It  is  a  register  of  the  ex- 
perience of  man  in  all  ages,  and  a  source  of  practical 
wisdom  to  legislators  and  governors,  and  of  amuse- 
ment and  useful  information  to  all  classes  of  men. 

History,  with  regard  to  the  nature  of  its  subjects^  may 
be  divided  into  general  and  particular  ;  and,  with  res- 
pect to  time)  into  ancient  and  modern. 

Ancient  history  commences  with  the  creation  of  the 
world,  as  given  by  Moses,  and  extends  to  the  reign  of 
Charlemagne',  A.  D.  800.  Modern  history  is  dated 
from  that  period,  and  extends  to  our  own  times. 

General  history  is  divided  into  civil  and  ecclesiastical : 
ihz.first  contains  the  history  of  mankind  in  their  various 
relations  to  one  another  ;  the  second  considers  them  as 
acting,  or  pretending  to  act,  in  obedience  to  what  they 
believe  to  be  the  will  of  God. 


ANCIENT  GEOGRAPHY. 


FIGURE  OF  THE 

THE  opinions  of  the  ancients 
of  the  earth  were  wild  and  extra 

Some  supposed  it  one  extensi 
ens,  in  which  the  sun,  moon,  anc 
daily  from  east  to  west,  were  at 
it,  and  that  hell  was  spread  out 
der  the  surface  of  it. 

Other  opinions,  equally  erroneous,  prevailed^  but  by 
degrees  they  were  at  length  corrected  by  the  assistance 
of  mathematical  learning,  and  the  experience  of  travel- 
lers, navigators,  and  astronomers  ;  by  which  the  spheri- 
cal figure  of  the  earth  has  satisfactorily  been  demonstrat- 
ed. 

Original  state  of  the  earth. 

The  earth  was  once  in  a  confused  and  desolate  state ; 
but  by  divine  Providence,  in  the  space  of  six  days,  it  was 
reduced  into  a  habitable  world ;  clothed  with  trees, 
shrubs,  plants,  and  flowers,  and  stocked  with  various 
kinds  of  animals. 

Sixteen  hundred  and  fifty  six  years  after  the  earth 
was  made  and  inhabited,  it  was  overflowed  and  destroy- 
ed by  a  deluge ;  so  that  a  general  destruction  and  de- 
vastation were  brought  upon  the  earth,  and  all  things  in 
it,  both  man  and  beast^  excepting  Noah  and  his  family, 
who,  by  the  special  care  of  God,  were  preserved  in  a 
certain  ark  or  vessel,  with  such  kinds  of  living  crea- 
tures, as  he  took  in  with  him. 

After  the  waters  had  raged  for  some  time  upon  the 
12* 


138  ANCIENT  GEOGRAPHY. 

earth,  they  began  to  lessen  and  subside  ;  they  retired  by 
degrees  into  their  proper  channels,  and  caverns  within 
the  earth  ;  at  length  the  mountains  and  fields  began  to 
.appear,  and  the  whole  earth  assumed  its  present  form 

o~/l     .    1 

nd  the  present  arose 

earth  by  Noah. 

n  the  ark,  settled  in 

divided  the  world 

jm,  Asia  ;  to  Ham, 


,  and  his  descendants. 

The  descendants  ofgShem  settled  from  Me'dia  west- 
ward, to  the  sea  coast  of  A'ram  or  Syr'ia.  His  sons 
were  E'lam,  Ash'ur,  Arphax'ad,  Lud,  and  A'ram. 

E'lam  possessed  the  country  now  called  Per'sia. 
From  him  it  had  the  name  of  El'ymae  and  Elyma'is. 

Ash'ur  settled  on  the  west  or  northwest  of  E'lam  in 
Assyria,  called  likewise  after  him  Ash'ur,  at  present 
Cuidis'tan. 

Arphax'ad  peopled  Chalde'a, 

Lud  is  supposed  to  have  wandered  as  far  as  Lyd'ia. 

A'ram  and  his  descendants  inhabited  Arme'nia,  Meso- 
pota'mia,  and  Syr'ia.  From  his  son  Uz,  a  tract  about 
Damas'cus,  the  stony  and  desert  Ara'bia,  was  called  the 
land  of  Uz. 

Ham,  and  his  descendants. 

Ham,  the  second  son  of  Noah,  removed  into  Egypt, 
which,  in  scripture,  is  often  called  the  land  of  Ham. 
The  sons  of  Ham  were  Cush,  Mizra'im,  Ca'naan,  and 
Phut. 

Cush,  his  eldest  son,  possessed  Ara'bia. 

Mizra'im  and  his  descendants  inhabited  Ethio'pia. 
Lib'ya,  Egypt,  and  the  neighbouring  countries. 


ANCIENT  GEOGRAPHY.  139 

Canaan  and  his  posterity  settled  in  PheEni'cia>  a>nd  the 
land  of  Canaan,  lying  on  the  east  and  southeast  of  the 
Mediterranean  sea,  This  was  the  land  afterwards  prom- 
ised to  A'braham,  which  he  and  his  posterity  according- 
ly enjoyed,  and  was  tnen  the  land  of  Is'reai  and  Judah. 

Phut,  the  youngest  son  of  Ham,  planted  himself  in 
the  western  parts  of  Africa,  on  the  Mediterranean,  in 
the  eonntry  of  Mauritania,  whence  this  country  was  cal- 
led the  region  of  Phut,  in  St.  Jerome's  time, 

Japheth9  and  his  descendants. 

The  scripture  leaves  us  very  much  in  the  dark,  as  t© 
the  country  where  Japheth,  the  eldest  son  of  Noah, 
settled.  All  we  can  collect  respecting  it  is,  that  he  re- 
tired with  his  descendants  to  the  north  of  the  countries 
planted  by  the  children  of  Shem.  His  sons  were  Go'- 
mer,  Ma'gog,  Ma'dai,  Ja'van,  Tu'bal,  Me'shech,  and 
Ti'ras.  , 

Go'mer,  the  eldest  son  of  Ja'pheth,  was  the  father  of 
the  Go'merites,  called  by  the  Greeks,  Gala'tians ;  who 
were  the  Gauls  of  Asia  Minor,  inhabiting  part  of  Phry'- 
gia.  - 

The  families  of  Go'mer  soon  grew  very  numerous, 
and  sent  colonies  into  several  parts  of  Europe.  They 
first  settled  at  the  Lake  Mceo'tis,  and  so  gave  the  name 
of  Bos'phorus  Cimme'riusto  the  strait  between  it  and  the 
Eux'ine  sea.  These,  in  time,  spreading  by  new  colonies 
along  the  Dan'ube,  settled  in  Germany,  whose  ancient 
inhabitants  were  the  Cim'bri.  From  Germany  they  af- 
terwards spread  themselves  into  Gaul,  where  they  were 
originally  called  Go'merites,  then,  by  the  Greeks,  Ga- 
la'taB,  and  fr last  Gauls. 

From  the  colonies  of  Gaul  or  Germany  originated  the 
first  inhabitants  of  Great  Britain. 

Ma'gog,  the  second  son  of  Japheth,  was  the  father  of 
the  Scyth'ians;  from  whose  descendants,  migrating  over 
Cau'casus,  it  is  supposed,  the  Riis'skins  and  Muscovites 
sprung. 


140  ANCIENT  GEOGRAPHY. 

Ma'dai,  it  is  generally  agreed,  planted  Me* diet,,  and  the 
]yiedes  are  called  by  his  name  in  scripture, 

Ja'van  settled  in  the  southwest  part  of  Asia  Minor, 
about  lo'nia  and  Lyd'ia.  He  had  four  children;  Eli'sha, 
Tar'shish,  Kit'tim,  Dod'aninu 

Eli'ska  peopled  the  most  considerable  isles  between 
Europe  and  Asia  ;  for  they  are  called  in  scripture  the 
isles  of  Eli'sha  ;  and  the  sea  itself  might  be  called  Hel'- 
lespont,  as  if  it  were  El'ishpont,  or  sea  of  Eli'sha. 

The  descendants  of  Eii'sha,  passing  over  into  Europe, 
were  called  Hellenes,  and  their  country  Hel'las,  and  af- 
terwards Greece. 

Tar'shish  gave  name  to  Tar'sus,  and  all  Cili'da,  of 
which  it  was  the  capital.  It  seems  also  to  have  been 
the  Tar'shish,  to  which  Jonas  thought  to  flee  from  the 
presence  of  the  Lord. 

Kit'tim  peopled  Macedonia^  called  in  scripture  the 
land  of  Chit'tim.  His  posterity  migrated  into  Cy'firus 
and  Italy. 

Dodfanim  sent  colonies  into  Rhodes. 

Tu'bal  and  Me'shech  planted  the  country  lying  con- 
tig'uous  to  Ma'gog. 

Tiras  led  his  colony  into  Thrace. 

These  are  the  plantations  of  the  sons  of  Noah  ;  and 
after  this  manner  were  the  nations  spread  over  the  earth 
after  the  flood,  and  the  dispersion  of  mankind. 

By  this  account,  it  does  not  appear  that  they  migrated 
eastward  beyond  Me'dia,  northward  beyond  the  moun- 
tains of  Cau'cacus,  southward  beyond  Ethio'pia  or  Haba- 
shia,  or  westward  beyond  a  part  of  Lyb'ia  and  Greece, 
including  Macedo'nia.  It  is  probable,  the  more  distant 
parts  were  not  planted  immediately  by  these  first  colo- 
nies, but  by  their  posterity  afterwards. 

The  earth  in  general,  as  known  to  the  ancients. 

The  knowledge  the  ancients  had  of  the  earth  was 
yery  imperfect.  All  they  knew  of  it  lay  within  a  line 
supposed  to  be  drawn  from  the  island  of  Thu'le^  the  Shet. 


ANCIENT  EUROPE.  1*1 

land  and  Ork'ney  islands,  eastward  through  the  middle  of 
Nor'way  and  Swe'den,  round  Scyth'ia,  including  India  5 
and  from  thence  passing  round  the  island  Ar'gyre,  now 
denominated  Suma'tra,  to  the  island  of  the  Hann'oni,  or 
Menu'thias,  the  modem  Madagascar  ;  then  passing  up 
within  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  excluding  Ethio'pia, 
with  all  the  middle  and  lower  parts  of  Africa,  which  are 
south  of  mount  Atlas,  taking  in  only  Egypt,  the  coast  of 
Barbary,  Mauritania,  and  Guin'ea  ;  crossing  the  Equi- 
noctial, and  passing  upwards  again,  round  the  Fortunate 
or  Cana'ry  Islands,  through  the  Atlantic,  to  Thu'le 
again. 

The  earth,  thus  circumscribed,  received  many  divi- 
sions; but  the  one  most  common  and  most  generally  re- 
ceived, was  into  three  parts,  Europe.  Asia,  ard  Africa. 

These  parts,  taken  together,  heathen  writers  called 
the  world. 

ANCIENT  EUROPE. 

Europe  derived  its  name,  according  to  the  old  geog- 
raphers and  historians,  from  Euro'pa,  the  daughter  of 
Egenor,  king  of  the  Phoenicians,  who,  according  to  an- 
cient fable,  was  stolen  by  Jupiter,  and  carried  into  the 
land  of  Cre'ta  or  Crete. 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS. 

Mountains*  Alfis^  Ju'ra,  Pyrenees,  Apt  ermines*  &t- 
na.)  Parnas'aus*  Qlym'jiiiS)  Pin'dus*  Os'sa,  Pe'lion.  The 
ancient  and  modern  names  of  Europe'an  mountains  are 
so  similar,  that  knowing  one,  the  other  cannot  easily  be 
mistaken.  It  may  be  observed,  that  on  ancient  maps, 
the  following  words  or  letters  denote — 

Mona*  a  Mountain.  Ma're^  or  Pon'tus^  a  Sea. 

Lac.  or  La' cue,  a  Lake,  Ins.  or  In'sula,  an  Island, 

FL  or  Flu'men,  a  River.  Pr.  or  Prom,  a  Cape, 

Fr.  or  Fre'tumy  a  Strait.  Sin.  or  Si'nua,  a  Bay. 


ANCIENT  EUROPE. 


Fivers.     The  following  are  the  principal  rivers,  with 
the  modern  names  annexed. 


Ancient. 

Rha. 

Tan'ais, 

Horys'thenes. 

Ty'ras. 

Is'ter  or  Danu'bius. 

Pa'dus. 

Rhoda'nus. 

Ibe'rus. 

Ba'tis. 

A'nas. 

Ta'gus. 

Tib'eris. 

Du'rius. 

Garum'na. 

Li'ger  or  Li'goris* 

Seq'uana. 

Sama'ra. 

Scal'dis. 

Mo'sa. 

Rhe'nus* 

Visur-gis. 

Al'bis. 

Viafdras  or  Via'der. 


Modern. 

Wol'ga. 

Don, 

N/e'per. 

Nzes'ter. 

Dan'ube. 

Po. 

Rhone. 

E'bro. 

Guadalquiv'er. 

Guadia'na. 

Ta'jo. 

Ti'ber, 

Dou'ro. 

Garonne'. 

Loire. 

Seme. 

Somme. 

Scheldt. 

Maese. 

Rhine. 

We'ser. 

Elbe. 

O'der. 


OCEANS. 

Ancient  Names.  Modern  Names. 


Occ'dnus  Atlan'ticus. 
Gce'dnus  German'icus. 
Oce'anus  Britan'icus. 
Oce'anus  Aquitan'icus. 


The  Atlantic  ocean.' 
The  German  ocean  or  N.  Sea- 
British  Channel. 
Bay  of  Biscay* 


SEAS,  8cc. 
Ancient  Names.  Modern  Names. 

Ma're  Mediterra'neum.     Mediterranean  Sea^ 
JEga'um  Ma're.  Archipel'ago. 


ANCIENT  EUROPE. 


145 


Pon'tus  Euxi'nus. 
Maeo'tis  Pa'lus. 
Profion'tis. 
Ma' re  lo'nium. 
Si'nus  Adriat'icus. 
Coda'nus  Si'nus. 
Cylifie'nus  Si'nus. 
Vtrgin'ium  or          > 
Vergin'ium  Ma're  J 
Fre'tum  Gal' lie  um. 


Pre  turn 

Si'nus  Gadita'nus. 

Si'nus  Ligus'ficus. 


Black  Sea. 

Sea  of  A  'soph. 

Sea  of  Maiymora. 

Southern  part  of  the  G.  of  Venice. 

Northern  part  of  the  G.  of  Venice. 

Bai'tic  Sea. 

Gulf  of  Finland. 

I'rish  Sea. 
Strait  of  Do'ver. 

of  Gibraltar. 


BayofCa'diz. 
Gulf  of  Gen'oa. 


ISLANDS. 

British  Islands  and  their  subdivisions. 


Ancient  Names. 
BRITAX'XIA  or  Mbion. 
Angus'  ta  Trinobari  turn. 
Vccturio'nes. 
Pic'ti. 
Sco'ti. 
Dumno'nii. 
Retfni. 

Sime'ni  or  Ictfni. 
Corita'ni. 

Ottade'ni. 
Brigan'tes. 
Mo'na  In'aula. 


Situ'  res, 


iA)  or  ler'ne. 
Bla'niL 
Corion'di. 
Thu'lt. 

ILb  i  dee  In'sulce. 
Monte*  da  or  Mo'na* 


Modern  Names. 
England,  Scotland,  and  Wales. 
Lon'don. 
Edinburgh. 
Lan'eik,  Dumbar'ton. 
Ross,  Sutherland. 
Corn' wall  and  Devonshire. 
Sur'ry,  Sus'sex. 
Nor'folk  and  Suffolk. 
Lin'colnshire,  Not'tingham- 

shire    Derbyshire,  &c. 
Northumberland  andDur'hani. 
West'moreland,  Cumberland. 
Anglesey. 

Flint'shire.  Montgomery,  &c. 
Radnorshire,  Breck'nockshire, 
and  Glamorganshire 

Ireland. 

Dub'lin  and  KU'dare. 

King  and  Queen's  County, 

Shetland  and  Ork'neys. 

Western  Isles  of  Scotland. 

Isle  of  Man. 


144  ANCIENT  EUROPE. 

Islands  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
dncient  Names.  Modern  Names. 

JBaleafres  or  Balear'ides  Insults.  Iv'ica,  Major'ca,  &  Mi- 

nor'ca. 

Cre'ta  or  Cre'te.  Can'dia. 

Mtfita.  Mal'ta. 

Zacyrithus.  Zante. 

Cefihalle'nia.  Cefak/nia. 

Corcy'ra.  Corfu. 

SiciPia.  Sic  af  nici)  or  Trina'cria.  Sicily. 
Sar'do,  Sardin'iey  or  Ichnu'sa.    Sardinia. 
Cyr^nus  or  Cor'sica.  Corsica. 

Ifva.  El'ba. 

Muloe'a.  Ne'gropont. 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

Scandina'-via,  Scan'dia,  >  and  Swed 

or  Bal'tia.  $ 

Scritofirini.  Lap'lund  and  West  Both'nia. 

Suio'nes.  Swe'den  Proper. 

Gu'toB  &  Hillevio'nes.    Gothland. 
Finnin  'gia  .  Finland. 

Chtrsone'suz  C/7?2'5nca.Jnt'land,  or  Denmark  Proper, 
Sarma'tia  fiuro'fioe.        Rus'sia  in  Europe. 
Hir'ri  Sc  JEs'tii  or  Ostio'nes.  Livo'ma  and  Estho'nia. 
GAL'LIA.  France. 

C  el'  tee.  Nor'mancly,  Brit'tany. 

dquita'ni.  Gascoi.g'ne,  Gui-enne',  Sec. 

Allob'rogeS)  Centro'nes  Dau'jihine  and  Savoy'. 
Lirigonese,  JEdui,  Segua'ni    Bur'gundy  and   Franchex- 
jLute'tia  Parisio'rum.      Par'is.  [compte 

fris'ii.  Hol'land  and  Friez'land 

Eata'-via.  U'trec//t  &  the  islet  of  the  Rhine. 

Bel'gcB  &c.  Netherlands. 

Mana'fiii,  Tun'grii.         Dutch  and  Austrian  Brabant'. 
Toxaridri  Ant'werp. 

GERMA'NIA  or  A*^-"J 
1'  V 


Ger'many. 
ICAE.  j 

Saxo'nes.  Upper,  Lower  Sax'ony,  &c. 


PELOPONNESUS.  145 

a.  Bava'ria. 

Vindeiigia*  Sua'bia. 

Boioha'mium.  Bohe'mia. 

Germa'nO'Sartna'ttf.  Po'land. 

HISPAN'IA  or  IBE'RIA.      Spain.  [ca7- 

GalU$'ia.  Galli^'ia,  Astu'ria,   and    Bis'- 

Tar'raconen'sis.  Navarre'  and  Catalo'nia. 

Lusita'nia.  Por'tugal. 

Hel~ue'tia.  Switzerland. 

Ambro'nes.  Bern,  Fri'burg,  Basle. 

Tiguri'ni.  Schaffhau'sen,  Zu'rich,  Sec. 

ITA'LIA.  It'aly. 

Gal'lia  Cisal'fiina.  P/ed'mont,  Mil'an,  Venice. 
Sam'nium*  *dfiu!tia,  Cam"')  v.       ,          r  XT  /   i 

fla'nia,  Mar'  si,  tfc.  \  Kingdom  of  N  a  pies. 

La'tiun^Um'bria,  Pice'-)  p       ,dom. 

nuni)  Sec.  3 

Dafcia.  Transylva'nia. 

Panno'nia.  Sclavo'nia. 

Iltijricum.  Croa'tia. 

JRfii'rus.  Alba'nia. 

Thra/cia.  Roma'nia. 

Pclofionnc'sus.  More7a. 

GR^CIA. 

Gra'cia.)  or  Greece,  was  anciently  divided  into  Jiv£ 
fiarts,  Peloponne'sus,  Grae'cia  Pro'pria,  Epi'rus,  Thes- 
sa'iia,  and  Macedo'nia  ;  but  the  Romans,  having  sub- 
dued these  countries,  included  them  all  in  two  firo~uin- 
ces  ;  viz  Achdia,)  containing  Peloponne'sus  and  Gne- 
cia  Pro'pria  ;  and  Macedo'nia,  containing  Macedo'nia, 
Thessa'lia  ad3  Epi'rus. 


PELOPONNESUS. 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS. 

Mountains.  Peloponne'sus  was  mountainous,  although 

the    mountains   were   ijot  lofty.        The   principal  were 

Cylen-e,  where,  it  is  supposed,  Mer'cury  was  born;  Mxn- 

alus*  which  was  frequented  by  the  nymphs  ;  the  woody 

13 


146  PELOPONNESUS. 

Eryman'thus,  famous  for  the  wild  boar  slain  by  Her'cu- 
les ;  Stymfiha'lus  ;  the  cold  and  woody  Pawha'siusy  and 
Phol'eo, 

Arca'dia  has  been  much  celebrated  by  the  poets  for 
its  groves  and  mountains,  among  which  Pan,  the  fabled 
god  of  shepherds,  principally  resided. 

In  Laco'nia,  near  the  city  Lacedae'rnon,  was  Tayg'e- 
tus,  now  the  mountains  of  the  Manots  or  Ma'ino'tes,  on 
which  the  Lacedeemo'nian  women  celebrated  the  orgies 
of  Bac'chus. 

Lakes.  The  lakes  of  Peloponne'sus  were  neither 
large  nor  numerous.  Stymfiha'lus  is  memorable  for  the 
voracious  birds  Stymfihal'ides,  which  infested  it  till  de- 
stroyed by  Her'cules.  Ler'na  is  famous  for  the  many 
headed  Hy'dra,  which  Her'cules  killed. 

Ri-vers-  Pent' us,  now  Belvide'ri ;  Mfihe'us,  celebrated 
in  fabulous  history  for  its  passage  under  the  sea  from 
Peloponne'sus  to  Ortyg'ia,  a  small  island  in  the  bay  of 
Syracuse',  where  it  rises  in  the  fountain  of  Arethu'sa  ; 
and  the  river  Euro'tas,  called  also  Bas'ilijiot'amos,  the 
king  of  rivers. 

Bays.  Si'nus  Corinthia'cus,  the  Corin'thian  gulf, 
Crissce'us  Si'nus,  gulf  of  Salo'na ;  Saron'icus  Si'nus, 
gulf  of  En'gia ;  Argol'icus  Si'nus,  gulf  of  Napo'li ;  Si- 
nus Lacon'icus,  gulf  of  Colokyth'ia  ;  Messenia'cus  Si'nus, 
gulf  of  Co'ron  ;  Cyfiaris'sus  Si'nus,  gulf  of  Arca'dia  ; 
and  the  Cheloni'tes  Si'nus. 

Islands.  JEgi'na,  now  En'gia,  memorable  in  fabu- 
lous history  for  being  repeopled  by  ants,  transformed  in- 
to  men  by  Ju'piter  at  the  prayer  of  king  JE'acus,  after  it 
had  been  depopulated  by  a  dreadful  pestilence ;  Cythe'- 
ra,  ROW  Ceri'go,  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  Ve'nus  ; 
Strofih'ades,  now  Striva'li,  the  island  of  the  Har'pies, 
those  voracious  and  filthy  birds,  ^hich  plundered  ^Ene'- 
as  in  his  voyage  to  Italy  ;  Zacyn'thus,  now  Zante,  about 
60  miles  in  circumference ;  and  Cefihalle'nia,  now  Cefa- 
lo'nia,  which  is  nearly  100  miles  in  circumference,  and 
abounds  with  excellent  oil  and  wines. 

Cre'ta,  Cre'te,  now  Can'dia,  was  the  largest  island  of 
Greece.  It  was  mountainous  and  woody,  with  fertile 


PELOPONNESUS.  147 

vallies  interspersed.  In  its  centre  rose  Mount  Pda, 
where  it  is  said  Jupiter  was  nursed  in  his  infancy, 
Crete  was  celebrated  for  the  laws  of  Mi'nos,  its  first 
king,  and  for  its  hundred  cities,  of  which  Gnoa'sua  or 
(rnofi'us,  Gorty'ria,  and  Cydo'nia  were  the  principal. 
The  inhabitants  were  detested  for  their  unnatural  pas- 
sions, their  falsehood,  their  piracies,  and  robberies. 

The  Cyc'tadcs  were  a  cluster  of  islands,  so  called 
from  being  situated  in  the  form  of  a  circle  round  De- 
los  ;  the  principal  of  which  were  Ce'os,  now  Zi'a  ;  Nax'- 
os,  Nax'ia  ;  An'dros,  AiVdro  ;  Mt'lQs,  M/io  ;  Seri'/ihos, 
Sei'pho  ;  and  Pa'ros,  famous  for  its  white  marble. 

The  other  principal  islands  in  the  JEge'an  or  Archi- 
pei'ago  sea  are  Tcn'edos*  l.esbos,  Lem'nos,  C/u'os,  and 
Sa'mos.  and  the  isle  of  Pat'moft*  to  which  St.  John  was 
banished  by  the  Romans,  and  where  he  is  said  to  have 
written  his  Revelations,  in  a  cave,  which  is  ,tii!  shown 
by  the  Greek  monks,  who  reside  in  this  island. 

Cafies  or  Promontories.  Scyllauin,  now  Skille'a ; 
Male' a.)  now  Mali'o,  the  navigation  round  which  was  ex- 
tremely dangerous;  Tartarus,  now  Mat'apan,  the  most 
southern  point  of  Europe,  where  was  a  temple  of  Nep- 
tune, and  a  deep  cavern,  whence  issued  a  black  and  un- 
wholesome vapour,  and  which  the  poets  imagined  was 
the  entrance  to  the  infernal  regions  ;  Acri'tas,  now  Ca'- 
po  Gal'lo  ;  Cheloni'tes,  now  Ca'bo  Torne'so  ;  and  Arax'- 
urn.  now  Papa. 

Isthmus.  The  isthmus  of  Cor'inth,  now  called  Hexa- 
Mil'i,  on  which  the  Isthmian  games  were  celebrated. 
It  was  about  5  miles  broad,  and  connected  Peloponne'- 
sus  with  the  northern  part  of  Greece. 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

Pelofionnesus  was  subdivided  into  the  following  king- 
doms and  states. 

Subdivisions,     Principal  towns,  Ancient  and  Modern. 

Arli  '*  S  Corin't/ms,  Cori'to  ;    Sif'yon,  Basyl'ica  ; 

\  Phli'us,  Staph'lica;    jE'gium,  Vostit'za. 


US  PELOPONNESUS. 

E'lis  or          C  E'lis,  Eelvidc're  ;  Olym'flia,  Rofe'o  ;  Cyl- 
Ele'a.  {  le'ne  ,  Chiaren'za. 


Messe'nia      \  Messe'ne^  Mau'ra-Ma'tra;  Py'loa>  Nar'var- 

'  ' 


C  Sfiar'ta  or     7  Misit'ra  or        >  Gyth'ium, 
Laco'nia.  •<  Lacedwmon  \  Pa'leo-Cbo'ri  ;  \  Colo  Kyth'ia. 
(_  Eflidau'rua,     Malva'sia-  Vec/chia. 


Ara'dia          5  ^5"^'a»  Mok'iia;  Mantmc'a^  Trapoliz'za  ; 

/di;  Phe'neos,  Phonia. 


dr'gos>  Ai'go;    Mycc'iuS)  -  ;  Tr&'zcn, 
Dama'la;  Efiidau'rus,  Pidav'ra. 

Sitj'yon,  the  capital  of  Slcyo'nia,  was  celebrated  for 
its  antiquity,  being  the  first  city  established  in  Greece. 
It  was  founded  B.  C.  2089,  and  continued  about  10QQ 
years. 

Cor'inth,  situated  on  the  isthmus  of  the  same  nnme, 
one  of  the  principal  cities  of  Acha'in.  Its  situation 
between  the  Crissse'an  and  Saron'ic  gulfs  gave  it  great 
commercial  advantages.  Its  merchants  became  rich, 
and  its  artificers  were  famous  for  their  skill,  especially 
for  the  manufacture  of  a  brilliant  metal,  called  Corin- 
thian brass.  The  celebration  of  the  Ixt/i'mian  g-ames  al- 
so contributed  to  the  importance  of  Cor'imh.  It  became 
rich  and  powerful  ;  and  was  the  resort  and  patron  of 
learned  men.  Its  riches  introduced  luxuiy  and  its  at- 
tendant vices,  so  that  it  became  as  remarkable  for  prof- 
ligacy and  corruption  as  it  was  for  wealth  and  magnif- 
icence. Here  St  Paul  preached  the  Christian  religion 
and  established  a  flourishing  church. 

Olym'fiia*  on  the  river  AJphe'us,  is  memorable  for  the 
Olym'fiic  games,  which  were  celebrated  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood. 

There  were  among  the  Greeks  four  solemn  games, 
consecrated  by  religion  ;  the  Olym'fiiCj  in  honour  of 
Jupiter  Olym'pius  ;  the  Pijth'ian^  in  honour  of  Apol'lo 
for  his  victory  over  the  serpent  Py'thon  ;  the  Isth'mian, 
in  honour  first  of  Melicer'ta,  but  afterwards  of  Neptune  ; 
and  the  Nem&'an  games,  which  were  first  instituted  in 


PELOPONNESUS.  149 

honour  of  Archemo'rus,  but  afterwards  consecrated  to 
Her'cules  for  killing  the  Nemae'an  lion. 

Of  these  games,  the  principal  were  the  Olym'fiic^ 
which  were  celebrated  every  fourth  year.  The  period 
of  four  complete  years  was  called  an  olym'jiiad. 

The  contests  at  all  the  Grecian  games  were  very 
similar.  They  consisted  in  running,  leaping,  wrestling, 
boxing,  chariot  racing,  and  other  exercises,  which  tend- 
ed to  make  the  com'batants  strong,  vigorous,  and  active,  . 
and  to  fit  them  for  the  duties  and  the  fatigues  of  war. 
The  victors  were  rewarded  with  garlands  of  olive,  pine, 
laurel,  or  other  leaves. 

At  these  games,  which  continued  five  days,  were  ex- 
hibited works  of  genius  and  art,  as  well  as  feats  of  skill 
and  strength  ;  and  immense  crowds  of  people,  not  only 
from  Greece,  but  from  other  countries,  assembled  to 
attend  them. 

Mantinc'a  is  famous  for  the  victory  of  the  The'bans 
over  the  Lacedaemo'nians,  in  which  Epaminon'das,  the 
Theban  general,  lost  his  life. 

Messe'ne  or  Messe'na  was  the  capital  of  Messa'nia. 
Its  inhabitants  rendered  themselves  famous  for  their 
valour  in  the  Spartan  war,  which  however  terminated  in 
their  ruin. 

Lacedae'mon  or  Spar'ta,  the  capital  of  Laco'nia,  was  6 
miles  in  circumference.  It  was  situated  on  the  river 
Euro'tas,  about  SO  miles  from  its  mouth,  aud  was  the 
most  powerful  city  of  ancient  Greece.  The  inhabitants 
rendered  themselves  illustrious  by  their  courage,  their 
love  of  honour  and  liberty,  and  by  their  aversion  to  sloth 
and  luxury.  They  were  inured  to  hardships  from  their 
youth,  and  ^ere  educated  for  the  profession  of  war. 
Tht*y  obtained  the  superiority  in  the  affairs  of  Greece, 
and  continued  it  500  years. 

IS* 


150         GREECE  PROPER. 
CR^E'CIA  PROTRIA  OR  GREECE  PROPER. 

NATURAL     DIVISIONS. 

Mountains.  In  At'tica  the  principal  mountains  were 
Hymet'tus)  famous  for  producing  honey  and  marble  ; 
Pentel'icus,  for  its  marble  quarries;  Lau'rius,  for  its 
silver  mines  ;  Ica'rius*  Par'nes,  or  Parne'thus,  Sec. 

In  Bao'tia  the  mountains  were  Hci'icon  and  Plm'Jila^ 
sacred  to  the  Muses,  and  mount  Cith<zrron,  on  which 
were  pei -formed  (he  or'gies  or  sacred  rites  of  Bac'chus. 

In  P ho' cis  was  the  celebrated  Mount  Parnas'sus,  one 
of  the  highest  in  Europe,  It  was  sacred  to  the  Muses, 
to  Apol'lo,  and  Bac'chus. 

In  JLoc'ris  was  mount  (E'ta,  between  the  foot  of  which 
and  the  Ma'lian  gulf  was  the  celebrated  pass  or  tttrait 
of  T&erm&ffylgi  not  more  than  25  feet  wide,  where  Le- 
on'idas  at  the  head  of  300  Spartans  successfully  resisted, 
for  three  days,  the  whole  Persian  army,  consisting  of 
several  millions,  under  Xerxes  ;  but  at  length  being  be- 
trayed, the  brave  Spartan  and  his  associates  fell  a  sac- 
riiice  to  the  cause  of  Greece,  alter  having  slain  an  in- 
credible number  of  the  enemy. 

Lakes.  Co'Jiais  La'cus,  now  Lim'ne,  was  a  spacious 
lake  in  Boeo'tia,  and  the  only  one  of  note  in  Grae'cia  Prof- 
pria.  Its  waters  are  said  to  pass  under  a  mountain,  and 
by  numerous  rivulets  to  communicate  with  the  sea. 

Rivers.  The  Ilis'sua  and  Ceji/ris'sus  in  At'tica,  which 
united  in  the  Phalc'rean  marshes  below  Athens,and  pass- 
ed into  the  sea.  There  were  other  rivers  in  Greece, 
called  Cephisxsus,  the  largest  of  which  was  in  Btro'tia, 
and  flowed  into  the  lake  Co'pais  The  other  principal 
rivers  were  Aso'pus^  Achcldus  and  Evt'nuS)  now  call- 
ed Fida'ri. 

Rays.  Ofion'tiiis  Sifnus  ;  Saron'icus  SIHUS,  and  Co- 
rinthia'cus  Si'nus. 

Straits.  The  Eurijius*  between  Bceo'tia  and  the 
island  Eubce'a,  into  which  it  is  said  Aristot/le  threw  him- 
self,  because  he  was  unable  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the 
ebbing  and  flowing  of  the  tide.  The  strait  of  Ther- 
i aop'ylse,  between  mount  CE'ta  and  the  Ma'lian  gulf,  has 
been  noticed  above, 


GREECE  PROPER,  15 i 

Inlands.  &ub<er(i)  now  Ne'gropont,  was  the  largest 
island,  excepting  Crete,  in  the  JLge'an  sea  It  was  150 
miles  long  and  about  40  wide  The  principal  towns 
were  C/ial'cis,  now  Egri'po  or  Egri'vo ;  Ere  trio,.  Gray- 
ainais;  Ore'us,  Ori'o ;  and  Artemisium* 


CIVIL    DIVISIONS. 

Gr<efcia  Pro'firia  was  divided  into  7  parts  ;  viz. 
Subdivisions.     Principal  toivns^  Ancient  and  Modern. 

A,/  •„         5  ^^le'n<e<)  Set'ines;  Rleu'sis,  Lessi'na  ;  Mar' - 
lca"       £  at/ion,  Acar'nae  ;  Rham'nus^  Oro'pus. 

Meg'aris.     Mag'ara, — . 

f  Tht>'b(£,  Thi'va  ;  Plata'a,  Coc'la;  Ch(erwe'a; 
Bceo'tia.    <  Au'lis*    Meg'alo-Va'thi;  Lcuc'tra,  Livados'- 
(^  tro  ;  Tan'agra^  Scami'no. 

p,    ,  .        J  Del'fihi,  Cas'tri  ;    FAatc'a^   Tur'co-chori'o  \ 
\  Antic'yra,  As'pro-Spi'lia. 

Loc'ris.     Nary'da, ;  Amfihis'sa^  Salo'na. 

Do'ris.     Erin  eon,  Bci'on,  PinduH,   Cytin'ium* 
^Ito'lia.     A'aufiac'tuS)  Lcpan'to  ;  Thermus,  Col'ydon. 

Every  part  of  Gne'cia  Pro'pria  was  highly  important 
and  interesting. 

Athens  AVPS  the  capi'al  of  Jlt'tica.  It  was  founded 
1556  years  before  Christ,  by  Ce'ciops,  an  Egyptian,  and 
became  the  most  famous  city  in  the  world,  as  the  school 
of  polite  learning,  arts  and  sciences.  It  was  adorned 
with  magnificent  temples  and  other  edifices,  with  gar- 
dens, groves,  and  pleasure  grounds,  for  ihe  resort  of  phi- 
losophers, and  men  of  leisure  and  curiosity.  It  was  en- 
riched w%h  marble  statues,  and  various  monuments  of 
art  and  refinement. 

Athens  is  the  place,  which  St.  Panl  visited  in  his 
journey  through  Greece,  and  where,  in  the  midst  of 
Mars-Hill,  a  celebrated  court  of  justice,  called  also  Are- 
ofi'aguf),  he  reasoned  with  the  philosophers  conceining 
their  superstition,  and  taught  them?  that  the  true  God 


IS*  GREECE  PROPER. 

who  alone  was  to  be  worshipped,  had  appointed  a  day,  in 
which  he  would  raise  the  dead,  and  judge  the  world  in 
righteousness. 

Mar'athon  is  celebrated  for  the  defeat  of  the  Per'sians 
by  Milti'ades,  about  490  years  before  Christ.  In  this 
battle,  10  or  11  thousand  Greeks  defeated  the  Persian 
army,  which  consisted  of  more  than  100  thousand. 

Thebes^  the  capital  of  Bxo'tia^  was  built  by  Cad'mus, 
a  Phoenician,  who  first  introduced  letters  into  Greece. 
This  city  gave  birth  to  the  poet  Pindar,  and  to  the  cele- 
brated generals,  Pelop'idas  and  Epaminon'das,  under 
whom  it  became  for  a  short  time  the  most  powerful 
city  in  Greece. 

Plata' a  is  celebrated  for  the  defeat  of  300  thousand 
Per'sians  under  Mardo'nius,  by  a  much  smaller  number 
of  Lacedasmo'nians  and  Athenians  und^r  Pausa'nias  and 
Aristi'des.  The  Per'sians  after  this  defeat,  which  was 
about  48O  years  before  Christ,  never  attempted  to  invade 
Greece. 

Leuc'tra  is  famous  for  the  defeat  of  the  Lacedaemo'ni- 
ans  by  Epaminon'das.  Bv  this  defeat  they  lost  their  pre- 
eminence among  the  Grecian  states,  which  they  never 
after  recovered. 

Ch&rone'a  was  the  birth-place  of  Plutarch,  the  celebrat- 
ed biographer.  It  is  memorable  for  the  defeat  of  the 
Athenians,  The'bans,  and  other  Greeks,  by  Philip,  king  of 
Maceclo'nia,  which  put  an  end  to  the  liberties  of  Greece. 

Delfihi  is  famous  for  the  temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo, 
which  stood  on  an  eminence  above  the  town  at  the  foot 
of  mount  Parnas'sus,  and  near  the  Casfa'lian  fountain. 
In  the  middle  of  this  temple  was  a  small  chasm  in  the 
ground,  whence  issued  a  vapour,  which  threw  such  as 
breathed  it,  into  violent  convulsions.  The  oracle  was 
frequently  consulted  in  difficult  emergencies,  not  only  by 
the  Greeks,  but  also  by  neighbouring  nations,  and  the 
temple  was  enriched  with  an  incredible  number  ofihe 
most  valuable  presents  of  tho&e,  who  repaired  to  it  ior 
information. 


EPIRU6.  153 

EPl'RUS. 

NATURAL    DIVISIONS. 

Mountains,  Acrocerau'nii,  the  Cerau'niuii  mountains  ; 
and  Mount  Pindus,  which  consists  of  several  ridges,  run- 
ning between  Efii'rus  Thessa'tia^  and  Maccdo'nia. 

Rivers.  The  rivers  in  Epi'rus  were  Afihas  or  A'-vas, 
Arfct/ion  cr  Arach'thus^  and  the  celebrated  Ach'eron  and 
Cocy'tusi  which  the  poets  have  placed  among  the  rivers 
of  the  infernal  regions. 

Islands.  Echi'nx  or  Echin'ades,  now  Curzola'ri,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  A  chela' us  >  which  is  now  called 
As'pro-Pot'amo,  or  the  White  river. 

Ith'aca,  now  Thca'ki.  is  a  rocky  and  mountainous  isl- 
and, celebrated  for  being  part  of  the  kingdom  ol'Ulys'ses. 
Leii'cas  or  Leuca'did^viuvf  St.  Mau'ra,  is  remarkable  for 
the  promontory  Lc.::(ita  or  Lcucas,  which  projected  iar 
iiUo  the  sea,  and  terminated  in  a  perpendicular  white 
rock,  from  the  lop  of  which  was  the  famous  Lover's 
Jsea/i*  whence,  it  is  said,  Sap'pho,  the  celebrated  poetess 
of  Les'bos,  and  others  in  a  sta'e  of  violent  passion,  t'irew 
themselves  headlong;,  and  put  an  end  to  their  lives.  Cor-- 
cy'ra,  now  Coiyfu,  was  celebrated  for  the  shipwreck  o£ 
Ulys'ses,  and  fo-r  the  gardens  oi  Alchvoiis. 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

EpVrus  was  divided  into  4  parts,  viz. 
Subdivisions.     Principal  toivris^  Ancient  and  Modern. 


r  .          C  Leu'cas,  St.  Mau'ra  ;  Ac'tium^  Az'io  $ 
Acai       na.      ^  ^flC/G/r/Mm,  Voni'za  ;  Stra'tus, 


Thespro'tia.        Ambra'cia,  Ar'ta;  Bur  thro' tum^  Butrin'to. 

IVIolos^is.  Dcda'na, ;  Pas'saro, . 

Chao'nia.  Or'icum,  Panor'mus^  Antlgonc'a. 

Ac'tium^  famous  for  the  naval  victory,  which  Au- 
gustus obtained  over  Ar/t/zony  and  Cleopa'tra,  31  years 
before  Christ,  in  honour  of  which  he  built  the  town  of 
Nicofi'olis,  and  instituted  games. 


154  THESSALiA. 

THESSA'LIA. 

NATURAL    DIVISIONS. 

Mountains.  Olym'jius,  now  La'cha,  supposed  by  the 
ancients  to  touch  the  heavens  with  its  top.  on  which  they 
place  the  residence  of  the  gods,  and  the  court  of  Jupi- 
ter ;  Mount  Pin'dus)  sacred  to  the  Muses  and  Apollo  5 
O'thrys  ;  the  residence  of  the  Cen'taurs,  an  imaginary 
race  of  beings,  half  man  and  half  horse  ;  GS'ca,  now  Ba- 
ri'na,  upon  which  Hercules  burnt  himself,  and  between 
the  foot  of  which  and  the  gulf  of  Ma'lia  was  the  cele- 
brated strait  of  Therwofi'yla  ;  and  mount  O,sysa,  which, 
as  the  poets  say,  the  giants,  in  their  wars  with  the  gods, 
placed  upon  mount  Pe'lion,  that  with  more  facility  they 
might  scale  the  battlements  of  heaven. 

Rivers.  Sfierchi'us  in  the  southern  part,  and  in  the 
northern  Afiid'anu*,  now  Salampria  ;  Onoch'onus,  Enifi- 
eus,  and  Pami'sus^  all  which  unite  in  one  stream,  called 
the  Pe'neus,  along  the  banks  of  which,  between  Olym'- 
fius  and  Os'sa,  was  the  beautiful  vale  of  Ttm'fit,  so  much 
admired  by  the  poets  for  its  cool  shades,  verdant  walks, 
and  romantic  scenery. 

Bays.  Pelas'gicus  Si'nus,  now  the  Gulf  of  Vo'lo  ; 
and  Malia'cus  Si'nus,  the  Gulf  of  Zi'ton. 

Islands.  Scia'thus*  now  called  Skia'tho  ;  Halonne'- 
sitS)  now  Dro'mo,  Pefiare'thus^  Scandi'la,  and  Scy'ros^ 
now  Sky'ro  or  Sy'ra,  the  ancient  seat  of  Lycome'des, 
with  whom  Achii'les  lived  in  disguise,  Avhen  he  was  dis- 
covered by  Ulys'ses. 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

Subdivisions.      Princi/ial  toivns^  Ancient  and  Modern. 

PI  fi  •  v         S  Heracle'a,  Trachiriia  or  Tra'chys,  Zei'ton; 
L1S*     I  Lamia,  Laris'sa,  Cremas'te,  The'be. 

Magne'sia.       Magnesia,  Melib&'a,  Phe'rtz^  Phe'res. 
Pelasgip'tis.     ZarzVsa,  Gon'nus,  A'trax,  Azo'rus. 


MACEDONIA.  155 

Thessalio'tisor  7  Phar,salu ,?Far'sa; 
Thessa  ha  Prop.  $ 

The  plains  of  Pharsa'lia  in  the  vicinity  of  P/iar'salus, 
are  celebrated  for  the  memorable  defeat  of  Pompey  by 
Julius  Caesar. 

The  women  of  Thessaly  were  famous  for  their  skill 
in  magic,  and  the  men  for  skill  in  horsemanship, 

Thessaly  is  every  where  surrounded  by  mountains. 
The  plain  country  is  said  to  have  been  anciently  covered 
by  water,  there  being  no  passage  for  the  rivers  into  the 
sea  ;  but  it  is  supposed  a  channel,  between  Olym'fius 
and  Os'sa,  was  opened  by  an  earthquake,  which  gave 
vent  to  the  waters,  and  drained  the  country. 

MACEDONIA. 

NATURAL    DIVISIONS. 

Mountains,  Cambu'nii,  Stym'fihe^  Toiriarus,  now 
Tomerir  ;  and  Mount  A'thos,  now  called  Mon'te  San'to 
or  A'gios  O'ros,  on  which  are  several  cities  and  towns. 
This  mountain  is  1 50  miles  in  circumference,  and  pro- 
jects 70  or  80  miles  into  the  sea.  It  is  remarkable  for 
the  salubrity  of  the  air,  and  for  the  longevity  of  its  in- 
habitants. 

Rivers.  Haliac'mon,  now  the  Platem'one;  Astr&'us, 
the  Vistri'za ;  Ax'ius,  the  Vada'ri ;  and  the  river  Stry'- 
mon*  now  called  Jemboli,  which  separated  Macedo'nia 
from  Thrace. 

Bays.  Therma'icus  Si'nus,  gulf  of  Salonika  or 
Thes'saloni'ca  ;  Torna'icus  Si'nus,  gulf  of  Cassan'dra  ; 
Strymon'icus  Si'nus,  gulf  of  Cortes'sa ;  and  Mel'anis 
Si'nitSyihe  gulf  of  Sa'ros. 

Islands.  Pefiare'thus  was  a  small  island  on  the  coast 
of  Macedo'nia,  which  abounded  with  excellent  olives 
and  wines. 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

Subdivision^.     Principal  to<wn$)  Ancient  and  Modern. 

p.  ,  .         C  Di'um^  Stan'dia  ;  Herac'leum,  Heracle'o  ; 
\  Pyd'na,  Kit'ro  ;  Metho'ne^  Moitu'ne. 


156  MACEDONIA. 


Bottiae'a  01     C  Pcl'la^  Pelati'sa  ;  Edes'sa,  Mogle'na  ;  Be- 
Ema'thia.       £  ra'a,  Ca'ra  Veri'a  ;   Gortyriia,  Gor'tyn. 

Mygdo'nia  f  Therma,  afterward  Thessaloni'ca^  Salo- 
and  Am-  <  ni'chi;  Antigo'nia,)  Idom'cne^  and  An'the- 
phax'itis.  (_  mus. 

C  P  o  tides'  a  ^  afterwards  Cassaridria,  Cass- 
Chalcid'ice.  4  an'der:  jififiolo'nia,  Poli'na;  8tagifra^  Stau'- 

(J-lbft)  Olyrithus,  near  Agioma'maj  Chai'cis. 
Edon'icaand  C  Amph\p.'Qli^  Jamboli  ;  Neafi'oliS)  Cava'le  ; 
Sin'tica.  ^  Phiiifi'pi^  and  Hcrac'  lea-Sin'  tica. 

The  limits  of  Macedonia  were  different  at  different 
periods,  and  in  the  estimation  of  different  authors  ;  the 
extent  and  boundaries  of  the  subdivisions  are  also  un- 
certain, and  it  is  not  precisely  ascertained  to  which 
some  of  the  particular  towns  belonged. 

The  western  or  inland  part  of  Macedonia,  called 
Macedo'nia  Superior,  was  cold,  rough,  and  mountain- 
ous, and  inhabited  by  various  tribes,  as  the  Lynces'Ue, 
Helirnid'tse  and  Eor'di,  Eoidae'i. 

ll'lyris  Grse'ca,  formerly  a  part  of  Illyrlicum9  was  af- 
terwards included  in  Macedo'nia. 

Among  the  principal  towns  in  ll'lyris  Grae'ca,  Afrol. 
lo'nia  was  distinguished  for  Greek  literature.  Hither 
Julius  Cassar  sent  his  nephew  Augustus  to  complete  his 
education.  Near  this  place  was  a  rock,  called  Nym- 
phse'um,  which  emitted  flames  ;  and  below  it  were 
springs,  from  which  issued  hot  bit'umen. 

Dyrrhach'ium*  formerly  called  Eiiidau'rus,  but  now 
Duraz'zo,  is  celebrated  for  the  warlike  preparations  of 
Cssar  and  Pompey,  a  short  time  before  the  memorable 
battle  of  Pharsa'liay  which  proved  fatal  to  Pompey  and 
his  party. 

Pel'  la  was  the  capital  of  Maccdo'nia,  and  the  birth- 
place of  Philip,  and  his  son  Alexander. 

At  Pyd'nti)  Per'seus,  the  last  king  of  Macedo'nia, 
was  defeated  by  Pau'lus  jEmil'ius,  the  Roman  general. 

Thes'salomca  was  the  residence  of  Cicero,  while  in 
banishment.  To  the  Christians  of  this  city,  St.  Paul 
wrote  his  two  epistles  to  the  Thessalo'nians. 


MACEDONIA.  I5r 

Siag'ira  was  the  native  place  of  the  celebrated  philos- 
opher Aristot'le  ;  hence  he  is  called  the  Stagirite. 

Metho'ne  was  the  town,  at  the  siege  of  which  Philip 
lost  his  right  eye.  During  the  siege,  a  man  by  the  name 
of  As'ter,  who  had  been  provoked  by  Philip,  seeing  him 
one  day  from  the  walls,  shot  an  arrow  at  him,  with  this 
inscription  on  it;  "To  the  right  eye  of  Phtlifi"  The 
arrow  was  returned  with  this  inscription  ;  •* Philip,  will 
hang  Aster  when  he  takes  the  city"  which  he  really  di;U 

Philifi'fii)  so  called  from  Philip,  who  fortified  it  against 
the  incursions  of  the  barbarians  of  Thrace,  is  memora- 
ble for  the  defeat  of  Brutus  and  Cassias,  by  Anthony  and 
Augustus,  42  years  before  Christ,  This  battle  forever 
put  an  end  to  the  Roman  Republic. 

Macedonia  was  the  last  of  the  Grecian  states  that 
rose  to  power.  It  was  founded  by  Cara'nus%  about  800 
years  before  Christ  This  country,  till  the  reign  of  Phil- 
ip, father  of  Alexander  the  Great,  remained  in  compar- 
ative obscurity,  though  the  inhabitants  were  hardy  and 
brave.  This  king,  at  an  early  age,  ascended  the  throne, 
reduced  his  subjects  to  discipline,  taught  them  the  arts 
of  war,  subdued  the  neighbouring  barbarians,  who  des- 
pised and  ridiculed  his  youth,  and  extended  his  power, 
till  the  other  states  of  Greece  trembled  before  him. 
His  success  continued,  till  finally,  at  the  battle  of  Chse- 
rone'a,  the  independence  of  Greece  was  extinct.  Phil- 
ip  was  great  among  great  men,  though  unfortunately 
not  good.  He  was  a  sagacious,  artful,  prudent,  and 
intriguing  monarch ;  he  was  brave  in  the  field  of  battle, 
eloquent  and  dissembling  at  home,  and  possessed  the 
wonderful  art  of  changing  his  conduct  according  to  the 
disposition  and  caprice  of  mankind,  without  ever  alter- 
ing his  purpose,  or  losing  sight  of  his  ambitious  aims. 

After  the  subjection  of  the  other  states  of  Greece, 
he  formed  the  design  of  invading  Asia,  and  caused  him- 
self to  be  appointed  general  of  the  Grecian  armies  ;  but 
in  the  midst  if  his  preparations,  he  was  stopped  in  his 
career,  and  met  the  fate  that  often  attends  the  ambitious 
14 


158  ITALIA. 

and  unprincipled,  in  being  assassinated,  as  he  was  en- 
tering the  theatre. 

His  son  Alexander  immediately  ascended  the  throne, 
and  punished  the  murderers  of  his  father  By  his  pru-> 
dence  and  moderation  he  gained  the  affection  of  his  sub- 
jects, conquered  Thrace  and  lilyi'icum,  and  destroyed 
Thebes.  He  was  then  chosen  commander  in  chief  of 
the  Grecian  forces,  ^nd  executed  the  designs  of  Philip, 
by  declaring  war  against  the  Persians.  He  marched  in- 
to Asia  with  about  40,000  men,  and  in  three  great  bat- 
tles subdued  the  Persians  under  Dari'us  their  king ;  took 
Tyre  and  made  himself  master  of  Egypt,  Me'dia,  Syr7- 
ia,  and  all  Per'sia.  He  extended  his  conquests  east  to 
the  river  Indus,  vanquished  Porus,  king  ot  the  country, 
invaded  Scyth'ia,  visited  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  returned 
to  Bab'ylon,  where  by  riot  and  excess  he  put  an  end  to 
his  life,  in  the  32d  year  of  his  age,  after  a  reign  of  12 
years  and  8  months  of  brilliant  and  continued  success, 
323  years  before  Christ.  Here  ended  the  glory  and 
power  of  Greece  ;  and  at  the  same  time  an  empire  still 
greater  was  rising  in  the  west. 

ITALIA. 

NAtURAL  DIVISIONS. 

Mountains.  Al'fies,  Alps;  jdfifienrd'nuS)  Apennines  j 
Pausil'yfiusi  Pausilip'po ;  Vesu'-vius* 

The  Alps,  which  separated  Italy  from  Germany, 
Switzerland,  and  France,  have  always  been  celebrated 
for  their  height,  perpetual  snows,  ard  romantic  scenery. 
In  different  parts  they  were  called  Mariti'nKe,  Rheti'ca, 
Ju'liG)  &C. 

The  dfi'ennines  is  a  ridge  of  high  mountains,  which 
runs  through  the  whole  extent  of  Italy,  and  gives  rise 
to  the  numerous  brooks  and  rivers,  which  water  this 
fertile  country. 

Vcsu'-vius^  now  called  by  the  Italians  So'ma,  is  a  vol- 
canic mountain  in  Canipa'nia,  celebrated  for  its  fiery 
eruptions.  In  A.  D.  79,  this  mountain  first  broke  cut 


ITALIA.  159 

into  a  volcano.  The  eruption  was  attended  by  an  earth- 
quake, which  ruined  several  cities,  particularly  Pomjie'ii 
and  Hercnla'newn.  Pliny,  the  naturalist,  lost  his  life  in 
venturing  too  near  the  mountain,  to  ascertain  the  cause 
.of  the  phenomenon.  Since  that  time  the  eruptions  have 
been  frequent,  and  sometimes  fatal  to  the  neighbouring 
inhabitants.  The  mountain  continually  emits  smoke, 
and  sometimes  ashes,  stones,  and  flames. 

Pausil'y/iusy  Pausiiip'po,  is  a  mountain  near  Naples, 
on  which  is  shown  the  tomb  of  Virgil ;  but  it  is  not  cer- 
tain he  was  buried  here.  Through  this  mountain  is  a 
subterraneous  passage,  near  half  a  mile  in  length,  and 
sufficiently  wide  to  accommodate  carriages,  and  foot 
passengers. 

Lakes.  There  were  many  fine  lakes  in  Italy,  although 
not  remarkable  in  extent.  The  principal  were 

Anct*  Mod.  Anct.  Mod. 

Verba'nua.  Maggiore'.  Bena'cus.  Gar'da. 

Cere'sius.  Luga'no.  Thrds^?ne'nus9  Perugi'a* 

La'rius.  Co'mo.  Fuci'nus.  Cela'no. 

It  was  near  the  lake  Verba'nus^  that  Han'nibal  first 
defeated  the  Romans,  and  near  Thrasyme'nus^  that  he 
defeated  them  the  third  time. 

Ccla'no  was  remarkable  for  the  transparency  of  its 
waters,  which  Ju'lius  Caesar  attempted  to  drain,  and  af- 
ter him  dau'dius,  who  for  11  years  employed  30  thou- 
sand men  to  dig  a  passage  through  a  mountain  to  carry 
the  water  into  the  river  Li'riS)  now  Garigiia'no,  but 
without  success. 

Albu'nea  was  a  small  lake  or  fountain  near  Ti'bur  in 
La'tium,  the  waters  of  which  had  a  sulphurous  smell, 
and  the  singular  quality  of  covering  every  thing  it  touch- 
ed with  a  hard,  white,  stony  substance. 

Rivers.  The  rivers  in  Italy  were  numerous  snd 
much  celebrated  in  ancient  times,  although  most  pf  them 
were  small.  The  most  noted  were, 


160 


ITALIA. 


Ancient.         Modern. 


Tib'eris, 

TifbriS)  or 

Ti'ber. 

Cla'nis. 

War-. 

An' io. 

Pa'dus,  or 

JSrid'anus 

Tic'inus. 

Ad'dua. 

Min'cius. 

Rhe'nus. 

Veli'nus. 


Tive're. 


Ancient. 


Ru'bicon. 


Modern. 

Rugo'ne,  oy 
Fiumisi'no, 


Po. 

Tesi'no. 

Ad'da. 

Min'cio. 

Rhe'no. 

Veli'no. 


Ne'gro. 


Chia'na.          A  the' sis.  Adige'. 

Ne'ra.  Ar'nus.  Ar'no, 

Tevero'ne.     Metau'rus.  Me'tro. 

Truen'tus.  Tron'to. 

Au'fidus.  Ofan'to. 

Ma' era.  Ma'gra. 

Gale' sits.  Gale'so. 

Vultu^nus.  Vultur'rio. 

Tan'ager,  or  \ 

T'an'agrus.  I 

The  Tre'bia  was  a  branch  of  the  Po,  and  celebrated 
for  the  second  defeat  of  the  Romans  by  Han'nibal,  which 
took  place  near  it.  The  Rhe'nus  is  remarkable  for  the 
meeting  of  An'thony,  Lep'idus,  and  Augustus  on  one  of 
its  islands  after  the  battle  of  Mu'tina,  to  divide  the  prov- 
inces of  the  Roman  empire  among  themselves.  On  the 
Veli'no  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  cataracts  in  the 
-world  ;  the  river  rushes  down  a  prec'ipice  of  300  feet. 
The  river  Gale'sus  was  famous  for  the  delicate  race  of 
sheep,  which  fed  on  its  banks,  and  which  were  covered 
with  skins  to  preserve  their  fleeces.  The  Tan'ager, 
now  Ne'gro,  after  a  course  of  about  20  miles,  loses  itself 
in  the  earth  by  several  horizontal  ap'ertures,  and  after 
running  two  miles  under  a  hill,  breaks  forth  with  a  great 
noise  in  a  spacious  cave,  called  la  Perto'sa, 

SEAS,  BAYS,  AND  GULFS. 

Tus'cum,  ^ 

Tyrrhe'num,  or  v  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Jn'ferum  Ma' re.  J 

Hadriat'icus,  or       1 

&ufir.rum  Ma're^or  I  The  Gulf  of  Ven'ice 

Si'nus  Adriat'icua.  J 

JJgus'ticus  Sifnus,     Gulf  of  Gen'oa, 


ITALIA.  161 

Cra'ter.  Gulf  or  bay  of  Na'ples. 

Pxsta'nus  Si'nus.  Gulf  of  Saler'no. 

La' us  Si'nus.  Gulf  of  Policas'tro. 

Terina'us  Si'nus.  Gulf  of  Euphe'mia* 

Scyla'cius  Si'nus.  Gulf  of  Squil'lace. 

Tarentinus  Si'nus.  Gulf  of  Taren'to. 

U'rias  Si'nus*  Gulf  of  Manfredo'nia* 

Tergesti'nus  Si'nus.  Gulf  of  Tri-este?'. 

ISLANDS  NEAR  ITALY. 

Sicil'ia,        ^  Sardiriia.          "1 

Sica'nia,  or  I  Sic/iiy.  Sandalio'tis,  or  >  Sardinia* 

Trina'cria.  J  Ichnu'sa.  j 

Mel'ita.  Mal'ta.  Corsica  or  >  p     ,  . 

Mo' Via  or    >  T  .  ,    .  Cyr'noe.      5 

Vulca'm*.  5  ^lp  a  Diomc'di*.      Tremi'tU 
I/UQ 

Sicily  is  the  largest  and  most  important  island  in  the 
Mediterranean  sea.  On  account  of  its  fertility  it  was 
called  one  of  the  granaries  of  the  Roman  empire.  A- 
mong  its  first  inhabitants  were  the  Cyclo'fies  or  Cyclops, 
a  savage  race  of  men  of  gigantic  stature,  famed  by  the 
ancient  poets  for  having  but  one  eye,  and  that  in  the 
middle  of  tl^eir  forehead.  From  their  vicinity  to  Mt'na^ 
a  vast  volcanic  mountain,  they  were  supposed  to  be  the 
workmen  of  Vulcan,  the  fabled  god  of  blacksmiths,  and 
to  fabricate  the  thunderbolts  of  Jupiter., 

jjEt'na,  now  mount  Gibel,  is  remarkable  for  its  volca- 
no, and  for  its  height,  which  is  two  miles  perpendicular. 
The  top  of  this  mountain  is^  covered  with  perpetual 
snow,  while  its  sides  enjoy  a  delightful  climate,  and 
from  its  fertile  soil,  exhibits  a  rich  scene  of  cultivated 
fields  and  vineyards.  The  poets  pretend,  that  Mt'na 
was  the  prison  of  the  giants,  who  rebelled  against  Jupi- 

14* 


162  ITALIA. 

ter,  and  *hat  the  noise  and  shaking  of  the  mountain 
occasioned  by  tneir  groans  and  struggles. 

bi^/ily  was  of  a  triangular  form,  hence  called  Trina- 
cna,     The  cap.es  at  the  angles  are, 

Pelo'ris  or  ^  Pelo'ro  or  }  Pachy'nus,  Passa'ro. 

Peio'rus.   }  Ter'ra  del  Fa'ro.  $  Ljlyba'um^  Marsa'la. 

Towns.     The  principal  towns  in  Sic'ily  were, 
Messa'na,  Messi'na.  Syracu'sa,  Syracuse* 

Panorrmus,  Palermo.  Drejia'num,  Trapa'ni. 

Ge'la,  Terrano'va.  Cata'na,  Cata'nia. 

Leonttni  or  ?  L      ^  ASriSen'tum,  \  °ri8e"^ 

Leontium.   5  C  Vec  chio. 


Near  Messa'na  were  Scyl'la  and  Charyb'dis^  so  much 
celebrated  by  the  ancient  poets.  Scyl'la  was  a  rocky 
point  on  the  Italian,  and  Charyb'dis  a  vast  whirlpool  on 
the  Sicilian  side  of  the  Fre'tum  Sic'ulum,  or  strait  of 
Messa'na,  so  situated  as  to  render  the  navigation  of  the 
strait  very  dangerous.  The  poets  pretend,  that  Scyl'la 
was  a  female  monster,  confined  in  a  cavern  under  the 
prom'ontory,  and  that  she  drew  ships  upon  the  rocks, 
that  she  might  devour  those  on  board.  Nothing  more, 
however,  is  to  be  understood  by  this,  than  the  fancies 
of  the  poets  to  describe  the  noise  of  the  whirlpool  and 
the  danger  of  passing  the  strait. 

Mel'ita^  now  Mal'ta,  was  the  island,  to  which  St.  Paul 
escaped  from  the  shipwreck  in  his  voyage  to  Rome. 

The  Lip'ari  or  ^Eo'lian  islands  were  so  called  from 
JE'olus,  the  fabled  god  of  the  winds,  who,  it  was  said, 
resided  there. 

Sardinia  was  remarkable  for  its  fertility,  although 
the  air  was  unhealthy.  Neither  wolves  nor  serpents,  it 
is  said,  were  ever  found  there,  nor  but  one  poisonous  herb, 
and  that  of  so  singular  a  quality,  that  when  eaten,  it 
produced  a  fever,  which  was  attended  with  fits  of  laugh- 
ter, and  which  terminated  in  death, 


CISALPINE  GAUL.  16S 

Cor'sica  was  mountainous ;  its  inhabitants  were  sav- 
age, and  addicted  to  robbery.  They  ted  on  honey,  and 
lived  to  a  great  age. 

Il'-va.  now  El'bu,  was  for  a  time  made  remarkable  by 
the  residence  of  the  celebrated  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 

The  Sirenni'sa  were  three  small  rocky  islands,  near 
the  gulf  of  Paesta'nus,  the  abode  of  the  Si'renS)  or  sea- 
nymphs,  who  were  fabulous  women,  that  by  their  mu- 
sic weie  supposed  to  decoy  thither  unwary  mariners 
to  shipwreck  and  destroy  them. 

Cafies  or  Prorn'ontories  The  principal  capes  of  Italy 
were  Palinu'rum  fir  Palinu'ro,  which  takes  its  name 
from  Palinu'rus.  the  celebrated  pilot  of  JEne'as,  who  in 
his  sleep  fell  into  the  sea  near  it,  and  was  drowned. 
Lf'ucbfi'etra  fir,  Cape  Piat'taro  ;  Her* cults  fir.  C.  Spar- 
tiven'to  ;  Jafrygftum  fir.  Cape  de  Leu'co ;  and  Garga'- 
num  fir.  Garga'no. 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

Ita'lia.  now  Italy,  was  at  different  periods  called  Sat- 
ur'nia^  Auso'nia*  CEno'tria,  Hesfie'ria,  and  Tyrrhe'nia. 
At  first  it  consisted  of  many  petty  states  and  kingdoms ; 
but  in  after  ages,  when  the  Gauls  had  settled  in  the 
western,  and  the  Greeks  in  the  eastern  provinces,  it  was 
divided  into  three  parts  ;  Gal'lia  Cisal'fiina,  Ita'lia  Pro'- 
firia,  and  Mag'na  Gra'cia.  These  were  subdivided  in- 
to the  following  states. 

CISALPINE    GAUL. 

States.             Principal  towns,  Ancient  and  Modern. 
Ligu'iia.         Geriua,  Gen'oa  ;  Nicx'a,  Nice. 
Taurr'ni.         Augus'ta  Taurino'rum^  Turin'  or  Turin'o. 
In'subres.       Medwla'num^  Milan ;   Tici'num,  Pa'via. 
Cenoman'ni.    Brix'ia^  Brescia;  Cremo'na^Manrtua^Anf" 
Euga'nei.         Trideritum*  Trent ;    Vero'na, [de$, 

Ven'et*         5  Pata'-via,  Pad'ua  ;    JPo'rum  Ju'lii,  Friu'li, 
' 


164 


ITALY  PROPER. 


His'tria.             Tergcs'te,  Tri-esU-'. 
Lin'gones.        Raven'na, 

p  ...  C  Bono'nia,   Bologna;   Mu'tina,   Mode'na  ;; 

I  Par'ma,  Placcn'tia. 

ITALY  PROPER. 


States. 
Etru'ria. 


Principal  towns,  Ancient  and  Modern. 

Pt'sx,  Pisa;    Florc  -tia<   Flor'-.  1196;  Por- 
tu»  Hcr'culis.  or  Libur'ni,  Lcg/iorn'. 

f  Arim'inum,  Rimi'ni  j    Pisau'rum^Pesa'ro  ; 
Um'bria.       •<   Urbi'num,  Urbi'no  ;   Sfiolc'tiujn,  Spole'to  ; 
(^  Interamnci)  Ter'ni ;   Nur'?iici)  Nar'ni. 

CAs'culum,   Asco'li  ;   An1  con,   or  Anco'na^ 
Picc'num.     <  Corfin'iuin,    San    Feri'iio  ;     Marru'-vium^ 
(^  San  Bencdet'to. 

r/\vy///c,  Rome  ;  Ti'bur,  Tivo'li  ;  Pr&ntsf- 
\  ft-,  Palestri'na  ;  TiiHCulum,  Fresca'ti;  ,///'- 
La'tium.  <  Aa  Lvn'gU)  IJahiz'zo  ;  Gu  Az/,  Oa'tiay  Ar'- 
I  c/ea  Con'oli,  A/i'fiii  Forum,  Trcs  Tabcr1- 
\ji<e,  Three  Taverns. 

T  Cafi'ua,    Canili'num^   Cu'ma*    Hercula'nt- 
Campa'nia.  4  um,  Powfic'ri,  Ncafl'olia,  Na'ples  ;  Pute'- 
[  o/z,  PuzzoTi. 

Sam'nium.       Bcnevcn'tum,  Bcneven'to;   Cau'dium. 

Cano'sa  ; 
Apu'lia. 


f  Aa'culum,  As'coli  ;  Canu'tfum,  Can 
<  Vcnu'sia*  Veno'sa  ;  Barium^  Ba'ri  ; 
^/zz,  Tednum*  Sala'/iiui  (.'an'nte. 


Cala'briai. 


Luca 


Bru'tii. 


I 


IlrundusJwn*  Brundi'si ;  Caa'trum^  Cas'- 
tro  ;  Jlydrun'tum^  Olran'to  ;  Tarcn'tum^ 
Taren'io. 

Pas' turn,  Pcs'ti.  Huxcritum,  Policas'tro  ; 
Metafton'tum,  Sib'uria,  ilcrac'lca. 
Conscn'tia.  Cosen  za  :   Rhr'giunii  Re^'io  ; 
Cro'ton,  Croto'nc  ;   Pctil'ia,  Strongo'li. 

The  southern  part  of  Italy  was  anciently  called 
no,  Craftily  but  this  name  was  not  long  retained. 


ITALY.  U5 

Italy  was  on  all  sides  surrounded  by  water  except 
the  north,  which  was  bounded  by  the  Alfis.  In  its  shape 
it  somewhat  resembles  a  man's  leg,  to  which  it  has  often 
been  compared.  It  secrns  by  nature  to  have  been  sup- 
plied with  whatever  might  contribute  to  the  support,  the 
pleasure,  and  the  luxuries  of  life  ;  and  it  has  descrip- 
tively  been  called  the  garden  of  Europe,  and  the  mother 
of  arts  and  arms.  Its  monuments  of  eloquence,  poetry, 
and  taste,  are  universally  known. 

The  ancient  inhabitants  of  Italy  called  themselves 
aborigines,  offspring  of  the  soil ;  but  the  country  early 
became  settled  by  col'onies  from  Greece. 

Cities.  Rome  was  the  capital  of  Italy,  and  of  the 
whole  Roman  empire.  It  was  siiuated  on  the  banks  of 
the  Ti'btr  12  or  16  miles  from  the  sea,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  magnificent  cities  in  the  world.  In  its  great- 
est prosperity,  it  is  supposed  to  have  contained  about  4 
millions  of  inhabitants. 

Ti'bur,  now  Tiva'li,  was  situated  on  an  eminence  near 
the  river  An'io,  and  overlooked  the  villas  of  A'drian,  Cae» 
sar,  Crassus,  Augustus,  Mecce'nas,  and  other  illustrious 
Romans. 

Tus'culum,  now,  from  the  coolness  of  its  air,  called 
Fresca'ti,  was  formerly  a  celebrated  city,  but  it  is  now 
still  more  so  for  the  magnificent  villas  in  its  vicinity. 

Arfn'num  was  the  native   city  of  Ma'rius  and  Cic'ero. 

Al'ba  Lon'ga  was  sitmted  at  the  foot  of  mount  Alba!* 
nits,  on  which  were  celebrated  the  Latin  hol'ydays,  and 
sometimes  extraordinary  triumphs, 

Os'tia,  so  called  from  its  situation  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Ti'bcr,  was  the  ancient  port  of  Rome. 

Ar'dea^  Ardi'a,  the  capital  of  the  Ru'tuli,  was  famous 
for  the  exile  of  Camil'lus,  whence  he  brought  an  army 
for  the  relief  of  his  ungrateful  country. 

Cafi'ua}  the  capital  of  Campa'nia,  is  said  to  have  ri- 
valled even  Rome  in  opulence.  The  pleasures  and  lux- 
uries of  this  city,  and  the  softness  of  its  climate,  first  ener- 
vated the  soldiers  of  Han'nibal,  and  rendered  them  unfit 
for  war  and  conquest. 

Casitfnum  is  remarkable  for  the  extreme  famine, 


166  ITALY. 

which  it  endured  while  besieged  by  Han'nibal,  and  which 
was  so  great,  that  a  mouse  was  sold  for  200  dena'rii, 
which  is  equal  to  about  35  dollars,  and  three  quarts  of 
grain  for  the  same  price.  The  seller  perished^vvith  han- 
ger, but  the  buyer  lived.  On  the  surrender  of  the  city, 
Han'nibal  spared  the  lives  of  its  defenders. 

Necji'olio)  Na'ples,  is  remarkable  for  its  delightful  sit- 
uation. It  is  built  on  a  gentle  declivity,  in  the  form  of 
an  amphitheatre,  at  the  head  of  a  beautiful  bay  of  the 
same  name,  anciently  called  Puteola'nus. 

Hercula'neum  and  Pomfie'ii  were  once  considerable 
cities,  and  are  remarkable  for  having  been  overwhelmed 
by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  A.  D.  79.  These  cities 
were  buried,  one  to  the  depth  of  24,  the  other,  of  12  feet 
and  remained  undiscovered  till  the  last  century  >, 
1713. 

Gating  is  famous  for  the  fourth  and  greatest  victory 
of  Han'nibal  over  the  Romans.  The  plain,  on  which 
this  battle  was  fought,  is  called  "the  field  of  blood." 

No* la  is  memorable  for  the  death  of  Augustus,  and 
for  the  defeat  of  Han'nibal  by  Marcel'lus,  which  first 
gave  the  Romans  hope,  that  Han'nibal  was  not  invin'cible. 

Brundu'siuni)  Brundi'si,  was  remarkable  for  the  ex- 
cellence of  its  harbour,  till  in  the  15th  century  the  prince 
of  Taren'to  sunk  ships  in  the  channel  to  prevent  his  en- 
emies from  entering  the  port.  The  sand  and  sea-weed, 
collecting  round  the  vessels,  soon  closed  the  passage  and 
entirely  ruined  the  harbour.  From  this  place  and  aho 
from  Hy'drus  or  Hydrun'tum,  the  Romans  usually  cross- 
ed the  Adriat'ic  for  Greece. 

Tarenffttm,  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  was 
long  independent,  and  maintained  a  superiority  over  a 
number  of  the  neighbouring  cities.  The  people  were 
indolent  and  voluptuous,  and  having  insulted  the  Romans, 
they  were  at  length  reduced  to  their  subjection.  The 
people  still  retain  their  former  character  of  idleness  and 
effem'inacy.  Tar  en' turn  was  celebrated  for  oil  and  hon- 
ey, and  for  a  purple  dye,  obtained  from  the  shell-fish 
Mu'rex  and  Pur'fiura 

i)  Reg'io,  the  town  in  Italy  at  which  St. 


ITALY-  167 

first  landed  in  his  memorable  voyage  thither.  It  was 
surrounded  by  a  delightful  country,  covered  with  orange, 
citron,  olive,  mulberry,  and  palm  trees,  and  all  kinds  of 
vegetables. 

Cro'ton  or  Cro'to,  Croto'ne,  is  memorable  for  being 
the  residence  of  Pythag'oras,  for  his  school  of  philoso- 
phy, and  for  the  birth  of  the  celebrated  Milo,  of  whose 
strength  so  many  wonderful  instances  are  recorded. 

Man'tua,  or  rather  Arides,  a  neighbouring  village,  was 
the  birth-place  of  Virgil;  Sul'niO)  Sulmo'na,  of  Ov'id  ; 
Venu'sid)  Veno'sa,  of  Hor'ace  :  and  Vero'na,  that  of  Ca'- 
ius  Nepos,  Catul'lus,  and  Plin'y  the  elder. 

The  history  of  ancient  Italy  is  mostly  involved  in  that 
of  Rome,  the  capital  of  the  Roman  empire.  This  city 
was  founded  753  years  before  the  Christian  era,  by  Rom- 
ulus, from  whom  it  derives  its  name.  Rome  was  at  first 
but  a  small  castle  on  mount  Palatine,  and  in  order  to  give 
it  the  appearance  of  a  nation,  Rom'ulus  made  it  an  asy- 
lum for  every  criminal,  debtor,  and  murderer,  who  fled 
from  his  native  country  to  avoid  the  justice  due  to  his 
crimes.  A  numerous  and  desperate  body  was  soon  col- 
lected, which  successfully  attacked  the  neighbouring 
states,  and  after  conquering,  admitted  them  to  all  the 
privileges  of  the  city.  The  number  increased  so  fast, 
that  in  a  few  years  the  city  was  spread  over  seven  hills, 
the  Palatine,  A*v'entine,  Es'quiline,  Janic'ulum^  Vim'inal^ 
Qui'rinaly  and  mount  C&'lius.  Besides  these  there  wore 
the  Cafi'itoline  or  Tarfie'ian  mount,  on  the  side  of  which 
was  the  Tarfie'ian  rock,  from  whence  condemned  crimi- 
nals were  thrown  ;  ColTis  Hortulo'rum,  and  the  Vatic'ian 
mount,  no^the  most  remarkable  place  in  Rome  ;  where 
are  St.  Peter's  church^hz  Pofie's  Palace,  called  the  Vat- 
ican, and  the  castle  of  St.  An'gelo.  The  city  was  from 
15  to  20  miles  in  circumference,  surrounded  by  a  high 
wall,  on  which  were  644  watch-towers.  It  had  37  gates, 
and  was  watered  by  7  aq'ueducts,  which  brought  the  water 
from  the  distance  of  many  miles.  These  aq'ueducts  were 
carried  over  vallies  supported  on  brick  arches  reared  at 
great  expense.  Some  of  them  continue  to  this  day,  and 


163  SPAIN. 

supply  Rome  with  water.  The  monuments,  which  still 
remain,  show  with  what  magnificence  the  temples,  thea- 
tres, amphitheatres,  baths,  and  other  public  places 
were  built. 

The  first  government  of  Rome  was  monarchical, 
which  continued  244  years,  under  a  succession  of  7  kings, 
Af'.er  the  expulsion  of  Tar'quin  the  Proud,  the  last  of 
these  kin^s,  the  government  became  republican,  which, 
under  vaiious  forms,  continued  about  480  years,  when 
Od&'vius  Augustus  Casar  made  himself  master  of  the 
Roman  world,  which  then  included  all  the  important 
parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa. 

The  reign  of  Augustus  was  moderate,  wise,  and  suc- 
cessful, and  so  great  was  his  patronage  of  learning  and 
learned  men*  that  this  period  has  ever  been  called  the 
Augustan  age. 

He  was  succeeded  by  a  set  of  monsters,  called  Em- 
fierors,  the  most  cruel,  a  few  of  them  executed,  that 
ever  disgraced  the  annals  of  history. 

Under  these  men  commenced  the  decline  of  the  Ro- 
man cmfiirc.  The  morals  of  the  Romans  became  cor- 
rupt, which  prepared  the  way  for  the  fate  which  awaited 
them.  .At  length  this  proud  and  magnanimous  people, 
who  had  conquered  and  given  law  to  the  world,  sunk  into 
the  most  abject  slavery,  thit  ever  degraded  a  nation.  The 
barbarous  nations  from  the  north,  whom  they  had  long 
despised,  poured  in,  and  overwhelmed  them,  and  the 
Roman  Catholic  religion  completed  their  degeneracy 
and  ruin. 

The  period  which  succeeds  this  deplorable  state  is 
justly  called  the  dark  ages  of  the  world. 

HISPAN'IA  on  SPAIN. 

His/ian'ia^  called  by  the  poets  Ibe'ria  and  Hesfie'ria, 
was  at  first  divided  by  the  Romans  into  Hisfiafnia  Cit'e- 
rior  and  Ifl'tenor,  but  afterwards  into  three  provinces. 


Tarraco- 


SPAIN.  16* 

provinces.    Principal  towns,  Ancient  and  Modern. 

Rho'di*  Reuses;  No'va  Car^a'£o,Carthage'- 
Mmfio'rioe,  Ampu'rias.  ller'da^  Leri'da.  [na. 
Bar'clno,  Barcelo'na.     Se^o'-via^  Sego'via. 
Tarr&co,  Tarrago'nia.  Tale'  turn,  Tole'do, 
Sa^wrc'/wm^Morvie'dro  Ca/'/e,  Opor'to. 
Valeritia,  Valen'cia.      Astu'rica  ?  A    t  r'  a 
Pamfic'lo,  Pampelo'na.  Angus'  ta^  \ 
,,    ,.          C  Hi\'jialisi  Seville',         Gu'des,  Ca'diz. 

.  Mal'aga.        ^       C  SeviHa 


For  tu  gal.   ^  Augusta, 

Mountains*  Pyren'cei)  Pyrenees,  the  northern  boun- 
dary of  Spain  ;  and  Cal'fie^  the  Rock  ol  Gibial'tar,  which 
was  opposite  to  mount  Ab'yla  on  the  African  side  of  the 
Fretum  ffercu'leum^ow  the  strait  of  Gibraltar.  These 
two  mountainous  rocks  were,  according  to  tradition, 
once  united,  and  Her'cules^  in  order  to  open  a  communica- 
tion from  the  Mediterranean  sea  to  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
rent  them  asunder  ;  hence  they  are  called  the  Colum'nae 
Hcr'culiS)  the  pillars  ot  Her'cules, 

Rivers.  Ibe'rus^  Exbro  ;  Du'rius^  Dou'ro  ;  A'nas^ 
Guadia'na  ;  Bce'tis^  Guadaiquiv'er  ;  Mi'nus,  Min'ho  j 
and  the  Ta'gits,  Ta'jo. 

Isiands  The  Balea'reS)  Ma'jor  and  Minor^  now 
Major'ca  and  Minor'ca  ;  and  the  Pttyu'sce  In'sulce,  which 
were  Eha'sus,  Ivlca  ;  and  Qjihiu'sa,  Formente'ra.  The 
inhabitants  of  these  islands  were  remarkable  for  their 
piracies,  and  for  the  use  of  the  sling  and  bow. 

Cafies.     Promonto'rium  Sa'crum  ;  Cape  St.  Vin'cent  ; 
Ir'tabrum  «  Ner'ium^  Cape  Fin'isterre  ;  Charide'mum, 
Cape  Gata. 

Towns.  Sagun'tum  was  remarkable  for  the  siege  of 
Han'nibal,  which  occasioned  the  second  Punic>  or 
Carthage'nian  war. 

Numan'tia  was  celebrated  for  the  defeat,  and  suc- 
cessful resistance,  which  it  several  times  made  with  a 
small  number  of  men,  against  the  Roman  armies.     It 
was  at  last  taken  by  Scip'io  Africa'nus. 
16 


170  FRANCE. 


the  birth-place  of  Lucan  and  the  two  SeiV- 
ecas,  is  remarkable  for  a  mosque  510  feet  long,  and  420 
broad,  supported  by  800  pillars  of  alabaster,  jasper,  and 
black  marble,  which  is  now  converted  into  a  cathe'draL 

Ital'ica  was  the  native  place  of  Tra'jan  and  A'drian. 

Ga'des,  now  Ca'diz,  the  great  emporium  of  Spanish 
commerce,  was  first  peopled  by  a  colony  from  Tyre. 

The  first  inhabitants  of  Spain,  as  well  as  of  Gaul, 
Germany,  and  Britain,  were  probably  the  Cel'tce.  The 
Phasni'cians  afterwards  possessed  several  places  on  the 
sea  coast.  At  length,  the  Carthage'nians,  attracted  by 
the  gold  and  silver  mines,  which  abounded  in  this  coun- 
try, conquered  the  greater  part  of  it  ;  but  they  were  soon 
expelled  by  the  Romans,  who  kept  possession  ot  it  dur- 
ing the  existence  of  their  empire. 

Under  the  government  of  Rome,  the  Spaniards  paid 
great  attention  to  learning  and  commerce,  Quint  il'lian, 
Sen'eca,  Sil'ius,  Lu'can,  Pomfio'nius  Mela,  and  other 
learned  men  were  natives  of  this  country.  Corn,  wine, 
oil,  and  honey  were  articles  of  its  commerce  ;  but  wool 
was  the  principal  commodity. 

Upon  the  fall  of  the  Roman  empire,  Spain  was  con- 
quered by  the  Goths  and  Vandals  and  other  barbarous 
nations  from  the  north  of  Europe,  who  overran  the  Ro- 
man empire,  and  completed  the  degradation  of  that 
haughty  people,  who  but  a  few  years  before  were  mas- 
tors  of  the  world. 

GAL'LIA,  GAUL,  OR  FRANCE. 

Gaul  was  called  by  the  Romans  Gal'lia  Trausal  'Jiina 
or  Ul'teriorj  and  by  the  Greeks  Gala'tia.  Besides 
France,  it  comprehended  Flanders,  Holland,  Switzer- 
land, and  a  part  of  Germany. 

Mountains.     Pyren'  <zi,  Pyrenees  5  dl'fies,  Alps. 

Lakes.  Lema'nuS)  or  Lausa'nius,  Gene'va  ;  Brig* 
anti'nus)  Ven'elus,  Acro'nius  or  Constantierisia,  lake 
Con'stance. 

Rivers.  Ehcd'anus,  Rhone  ;  A'rar^  S/zone  ;  dtu'rus, 
Adour7  ;  Garum'na,  Gar-onne'  5  Li'ger  or  Li'geris, 
Loire  ;  $ec/u&na,  Sez'ne  5  Rhe'nusi  Rhine. 


FRANCE.  171 

Straits,  Bays,  &c.  Fre'tum  Gal'licum,  the  strait  of 
Do'ver  ;  Oce'anus  Britan'icus,  British  Channel  ;  Oce'- 
anus  Aquitan'icus,  Bay  of  Bis'cay  ;  Gal'licus  Si'nus, 
GulfofLy'ons. 

Islands.  St&c'ades,  Hieres  ;  Ulia'rus,  Ol'eron,  Vin. 
dills,  Belle  Isle;  Uxan'tis,  Ushant';  Casare'a,  Jer'sey; 
Sar'nia,  Guern'sey  ;  Ridu'na,  Al'derney. 

Gal'lia  was  inhabited  by  three  great  nations  ;  the  Cel- 
t&,  who  were  the  principal ;  the  Aquita'ni,  and  Bel'gie  ; 
all  differing  in  their  customs  and  language.  About  100 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  the  Romans,  under  pre- 
tence of  assisting  the  people  of  Marseilles,  and  their  al- 
lies, carried  their  arms  into  Gaul,  and  took  possession 
of  a  territory  on  the  southern  part  of  the  Rhone,  to 
which  they  gave  the  name  of  Provi?i'cia.  Julius  Caesar, 
about  60  years  after,  conquered  the  whole  country. 

Augustus  divided  Gaul  into  four  parts  ;  Pro-uin'ciet, 
or  Gal'lia  Narbonen'sis,  Aquita'nia,  Cel'tica,  or  Lugdu- 
nen'sis,  and  BeVgica. 


Divisions* 

Ancient. 

Modern. 

"Gene'-ua* 

Generva. 

Vien'na. 

Vi»en7ze'. 

Valen'tia. 

Valence'. 

Provin'cia,  or 

Arau'&io. 

Orange. 

GaHiaNarbo 

»< 

Arela'tum. 

Aries, 

nen'sis. 

A-ve'nio. 

Avig'n'on, 

Massil'ia. 

Marseilles'. 

War1  bo  Mar  'tins. 

Narbonne. 

^Tolo'sa. 

Toulouse'. 

CAvari'cum. 

Bourges. 

Aquita'nia. 

\BIcuHs'na.at 

Bourdeaux'  (do'.) 
An'gouleme. 

[_Elu8abcrrris. 

Aux. 

{Vinda'na. 

Vannes, 

Cel;tica,or 

1  Condivie  num» 
<^  &€nafbum» 

Nantz. 
Orle'ans. 

•   g  unensis 

I  Lugdu'num. 

Ly'ons. 

\^Lutertia. 

Parts. 

172  BRITANNIA. 

fAndomatu'num.  Langres. 

|  Magonti'acum.  Mentz. 

Bel'gas.    «^  Angus' ta  Treviro'rum,  Tners. 

I  Divodu'rum.  Metz. 

[^Tul'lium.  Toul. 

Each  of  these  general  divisions  comprised  several 
small  independent  states  or  nations,  differing  in  lan- 
guage, institutions,  and  laws.  Their  government  was 
generally  democratic  ;  but  some  of  them  were  governed 
by  kings,  who  were  elective,  and  limited  in  their  author- 
ity. 

Among  these  small  nations  were  the  Hel-ve'tii^  who 
inhabited  the  country  now  called  Switzerland.  They 
were  remarkable  for  their  ii/dustry,  bravery,  and  love 
of  liberty, 

In  Gaul  the  more  respectable  part  of  the  community 
were  divided  into  two  classes,  the  Dru'ids  and  Eq'uiteS) 
to  which  some  have  added  a  third  class,  the  Bards  or 
Poets.  The  Dru'ids  took  care  of  the  religious  con- 
cerns, educated  the  youth,  decided  controversies,  and 
punished  offenders  5  the  Eq'uites  or  nobles  were  mostly 
engaged  in  war. 

The  common  people  were  held  in  no  estimation,  and 
were  treated  little  better  than  slaves. 

BRITAN'NIA. 

The  island  of  Great  Britain  was  anciently  called  Al- 
bion ;  the  name  Britan'nia  being  common  to  all  the  isl- 
ands belonging  to  Great  Britain.  The  northern  part  was 
called  Caledo'nia,  now  Scotland,  and  was  inhabited  by  the 
Pitfti  or  Picts,  so  called  because  they  painted  their  bodies. 

Mountains.  The  only  mountains  mentioned  by  the 
Romans  were  the  Men' tea  Gram'pii)  now  called  the 
Gram'pian  Hills. 

Rivera  Sc  Bays.  Tham'esia,  the  Thames ; 
the  Sev'ern ;  A'bus,  the  Hum'ber  ;  Bodot'ria 
Frith  of  Forth  ;  Meta'ris  Mstua'rium,  the  Washj  &*• 
tua'rium  Itu'nw,  Solway  Frith  ;  Glo'ta,  the  Clyde  ;  and 
the  Se'nus,  now  the  river  Shan'non  in  Ireland. 

Oceans,  Seas,  &c.     Oce'anus  Germanficus^  and  Ger- 


BRITANNIA.  173 

man  ocean  or  North  sea;  Oce'anus  Occidentals,  the 
Western  or  Atlantic  ocean  ;  Ma'  re  Hiber'nicum,  or 
Vergin'ium  Mare,  the  Irish  Sea,  or  St,  George's  Chan'- 
nel  5  and  the  Frc'turn  Britan'nicum,  or  Gal'licum,  the 
strait  of  Do'ver. 

Islands  around  Brit'ain.  Hiber'nia,  now  Ire'land,  al- 
so called  by  the  ancients,  I'ris,  ler'ne,  Ju-ver'na,  and 
Britannia  Par'va  ;  Vec'tis,  the  Isle  of  Wight  ;  Cas'si- 
ter'ides,  and  the  S^il'ly  islands  ;  Me'na9  Ang'lesea,  the 
seat  of  the  Druids  ;  Mona'bia  or  Mon<sfda,  Isle  of  Man  ; 
Hebrides,  the  Heb'rides  or  Western  isles  of  Scotland  ; 
Or'  cades,  the  Ork'neys  ;  and  the  Ul'tima  TJiu'tet  gener- 
ally supposed  to  be  the  Shetland  islands. 

Cafies  or  Promontories,  Bole'rium  Promonto'rium^ 
Land's  End  ;  Oeri'num  Prom.  Liz'ard  Point  ;  Or'cas 
Prom.  Dungs'by  Head. 

Britain  was  divided  into  a  number  of  states  ;  the  fol- 
lowing are  the  principal. 

States,  Anc.  &  Mod.  Townsy     Anc*  &  Mod. 

Can'tium.       Kent.  Durvver'num.       Canterbury. 

Bel'ga.  Hampshire.  VentaBelga'rum*  Winchester, 

Reg'nL  Surry,  Sus'sex. 

Durot'riges.  Dorsetshire.  Durnova'rium.       Dor'chester. 


Trinoban'tes.  Middlesex.  Londi'num.  Lon'don. 

Mni-          ^uffSt        ™ta.  Cais'ter. 

dtreba'tes.     ISerk'shire.    --  .  R 


Silu'res.         S.  Wales.      Maridu'num.       Caerrnarthen. 
Ordo-v'tce^    N.  Wales.     Segon'tium.  Carnarvon. 

Brigan'tes.    York'shh  e.    Ebor'acum.  York. 

Little  is  known  of  ancient  Britain  before  the  invasion 
of  it  by  the  Romans  under  Julius  Caesar,  about  55  years 
before  the  Christian  era. 

At  that  time  it  was  divided  into  a  number  of  inde- 

pendent states,  each  governed  by  a  king*  or  chief  mag- 

istrate, whose  principal  office  was  to  command  in  war, 

which  was  always  done  in  person,  whether  the  sovereign 

15* 


174  GERMANY. 

were  king  or  queen,  for  in  succession  to  the  crown  there 
was  no  distinction  of  sexes. 

The  authority  of  the  king  was  greatly  controlled  by 
the  priests,  called  Dru'idsy  who  were  not  only  ministers 
of  religion,  but  also  possessed  the  right  of  making  laws, 
arid  explaining  and  executing  them. 

The  power  of  the  Dru'id^  and  consequently  the  hon- 
our paid  them,  were  incredibly  great  They  were  con- 
sidered as  the  interpreters  of  the  gods,  were  exempt 
from  all  taxes  and  military  duty,  and  their  persons  were 
held  sacred  and  inviolable 

The  ancient  Brit'ons  were  brave  and  warlike  ;  they 
had  many  flocks,  and  lived  mostly  on  milk  and  fish, 
without  corn ;  they  had  no  clothing  but  the  skins  of  beasts. 

GERMA'NIA  OR  GERMANY. 

Germany  extended  from  the  Rhine  to  the  Vis'tula, 
and  from  the  Dan'ube  to  the  Baltic  sea. 

Mountains  and  Forests.  Among  the  natural  fea- 
tures of  ancient  Ger'many  its  forests  were  remarkable. 
The  Hercy'nian,  Ccs'sian^  and  Black  forests  were  the 
principal ;  and  the  Uercy'nii  Mon'tes  were  the  principal 
mountains. 

Rivers.  The  Rhe'nus,  now  Rhine  ;  Visur'gis^  We'- 
ser  ;  Ai'bis,  Elfef  ;  Via'drua,  O'der  ;  Ami'sut^  Ems  ; 
Ma'nuS)  Maz'ne  ;  and  later,  now  the  Dan'ube. 

Seas.  Ma're  Sue'-vicu?n  or  Coda'nus  Si'nus^  the  Bal- 
tic sea  5  and  the  Oce'anus  Gerjnanficus,HQW  the  North 
Sea. 

Germany  was  inhabited  by  many  different  nations, 
among  which  were  the  Fri'si,  Bruc/teri,  Cai'ti,  U'bii, 
Sicam'bri,  and  Marcoman'ni,  along  thcRAine.  whose  ter- 
ritory was  afterwards  occupied  by  the  Aleman'ni ;  far- 
ther east  were  the  Haru'des,  Narit'cii  and  flermun' dtiri  ; 
between  the  rivers  Amtsm  and  AL'bis  were  the  Chuu'ci 
and  Cherus'ci  ;  farther  north  were  the  Arigli  and  Fos'i 
or  Sox' one* ;  along  the  Baltic  were  the  Longobar' di^ 
Vm'dili  or  Vanddlii*  Bur'gundio'nes,  Gotho'nes^  &c.  the 
Sue-vi)  who  were  divided  into  a  number  of  tribes,  occu- 
pied the  interior. 


THRACE.  175 

Nor'icum  and  Vindelic'ia  included  that  part  of  modern 
Germany,  which  lies  south  of  the  Dariube. 

North  of  Germany  were  the  Chsrsone'sus  Cim'brica9 
now  DEN'MARK,  and  Scan'lia  or  Scandina'-via.)  now  NOR/- 
WAY, SWE'DEN,  and  LAP'LAND,  which  were  inhabited  by 
the  Cim'bri,  and  Ten' tonnes. 

The  following  countries  were  east  of  Ger'many,  and 
north  of  Greece  and  the  Adriatic  sea* 

Countries.  Principal  towns. 

Panno'nia.  Sir'mium^  Segez'tci)  Naufior'tum. 

Itlyr'icum.  Se'ma  or  Seg'nia,  Jade'ra,  Ejiidau'rus. 

Maz'sia.  Nes'tus,  now  Nis'sa. 

Da! cia.  Zuroba'ra,  Ulpia,  Traja'na,  Albia  Ju'lia. 
^Inhabited  by  the   jEs'tii,    Ven'edi,  Aga- 

<?*.«'/•  J  thyr'si,    Budi'nij     Gelo'ni,      Bastar'nas, 

I  ,  \  Roxola'ni,  Hamaxo'bii,  Jazy'ges,  Tau'- 

Eurofix  a,  ^^  RQW  tfae  CrimaB/anSa 

Gaul,  Ger'many,  arid  all  the  northern  parts  of  Eu'rope, 
abounded  with  forests,  mountains  and  romantic  scene- 
ry. The  inhabitants  did  not  build  large  towns  and  cities, 
but  lived  a  wandering,  unsettled  life.  They  were  hardy 
and  ungovernable,  and  extremely  fierce  in  war?  although 
simple  and  void  of  artifice. 

TftRA'CIA  OR  THRACE. 

Thrace,  now  Roma'nia  or  Rume'lia.  was  east  of  Mac- 
edo'nia  on  the  confines  of  Asia>  separated  from  it  only  by 
the  Bos'phorus  and  the  Dardanelles' ;  it  was  a  rough  and 
barren  country. 

Mountains.  Its  principal  mountains  were  Hce'mus^ 
now  Eminch-Dag,  which  separated  it  fromMce'sia  on  the 
north  ;  Bho'dofie  ;  Pang^us^  now  Casta^nas;  and  Is'- 
marus.  From  the  top  of  Ha'mus,  it  is  said,  the  Eux'ine 
and  the  Adriatic  seas  were  both  visible. 

Rivers.  He'brus,  now  Mari'za,  remai  kable  for  its  ra- 
pidity,  and  for  the  coolness  and  purity  of  its  waters  ;  Nes'~ 
tus  or  Mestus,  now  Mes'to  ;  and  the  Lis'sus,  which,  it 
is  said,  was  not  sufficient  to  supply  the  army  of  Xerx/es 
with  water. 


176  THRACE. 

Gulfs,  Seas,  Straits,  &c.  Meflas  or  Alel'anea  Si'nus, 
a  gulf  west  of  the  Chersone'eus.  Hel'les  Pon'tus  or  the 
Sea  of  Hel'le,  so  called  from  a  Theban  princess  of  this 
name,  who  is  said  to  have  been  drowned  in  crossing  it 
with  her  brother.  This  strait,  now  called  the  Dar'da^ 
nelles',  is  about  60  miles  long  in  a  winding  course,  and  at 
a  medium  about  3  miles  broad  j  but  where  narrowest,  less 
than  one  mile  over.  Here  stood  Ses'tos  on  the  Europe'- 
an  side,  opposite  to  Aby'dos  in  Asia,  famous  for  the  loves 
of  Hero  and  Leander.  Near  this  place  Xerxes  made  a 
bridge  of  boats  to  transport  his  army. 

The  Profion'tis,  now  sea  of  Mar'mora,  was  connected 
by  the  Bos'fihdrus>  with  the  Euxi'nus,  now  the  Black  sea, 

Islands.  Tha'sos  or  Tha'sus,  now  Thap'so,  was  cele- 
brated for  its  fertility,  its  marble  quarries,  and  its  gold 
and  silver  mines. 

Lem'nos,  now  Sta'lime'ne,  was  sacred  to  Vulcan,  and 
was  remarkable  for  two  horrible  massacres  ;  one,  of  the 
women  in  killing  their  husbands;  the  other,  in  the  slaugh- 
ter  of  children. 

Samothra'cia  or  Samothra'ce,  now  Samothra'ki,  is  fa- 
mous for  a  deluge,  which  inundated  the  whole  country, 
and  is  said  to  have  risen  to  the  tops  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains. Ln'bros,  now  Em'bro,  in  the  JEge'an  sea  ;  and 
Proc'onne'sus,  now  Mar'mora,  in  the  Propon'lis,  cele- 
brated for  its  marble. 

PRINCIPAL    TOWNS. 

jincient.  Modern. 

fiyzan'tinm.      Constantinople,  Istamboul',  or  the  Porte. 

Adriano'fiolis.    Adriano'ple  or  H^drine. 

Philiji'cHs*         Philippop'oli  or  Phili'ba. 

dfwtto'nia.         Sozop'olis  or  Siz'ebo'li. 

JV?co//cA'e.          Nicop'olis. 

Calliji'ofo.         Gallip'oli. 

dbdJra,  which  still  preserves  its  ancient  name,  was 
the  birth-place  of  Democ'rhus,  who  was  called  the  laugh- 
ing philosopher,  because  he  used  to  laugh  at  the  follies 


ASIA.  1WT 

of  mankind.  It  also  gave  birth  to  several  other  great 
men,  although  it  is  said,  the  air  of  the  city  was  thick,  and 
rendered  the  inhabitants  dull. 

Ad'riano'ple  was  the  capital  of  the  Turks  in  Europe, 
before  they  took  Con'stantino'ple. 

The  Thra'cians  were  a  barbarous,  cruel,  and  warlike 
people,  addicted  to  drinking  and  forbidden  pleasures, 
subsisting  mostly  on  plunder,  and  the  milk  and  flesh  of 
sheep. 

ASIA  ANTI'QUA. 

Asia  is  the  grand  division  of  the  earth,  that  was  first 
peopled.  Here  Adam  and  Eve  were  placed  in  the  gar. 
den  of  Eden,  disobeyed  the  command  of  God  by  eating 
the  forbidden  fruit,  and  were  driven  from  Paradise  to 
get  their  bread  by  the  sweat  of  their  brow,  and  to  suffer 
the  consequences  of  their  disobedience. 

NATURAL    DIVISIONS. 

Mountains.  Tau'rus  was  the  principal  range  of 
mountains  in  Asia.  It  commenced  in  the  western  part 
of  A'sia  Mi'nor,  and  iin  various  branches  of  different  de- 
nominations, extended  eastward  through  the  whole  of 
Asia.  The  principal  branches  known  to  the  ancients, 
besides  Tau'rus,  were  An'titau'rus,  Cau'casus,  Ama'nus^ 
now  Mon'te  Ne'gro,  and  Ima'us* 

RIVERS. 

Ancient.    ^  Modern.  Ancient.  Modern, 

Eujihra'tet,    Euphrates.  In'dus.  *} 

T-'trri          5  Basilen'sa,  or  Sin'dus,  or  t  Sind. 

tS             iBare'ma.  Sin' thus.  J 

Ox' us.  Gi'hon.  Hydas'fies.     Shantrou', 

Lr,  or  Gran'icus.  Ousvo'la. 

i'hon.  Maan'der.  Mein'der. 

Oron'tes.         El  Asi.  Gariges.  Gan'ges. 
Pacto'lus.       '    .. 


ASIA. 


Ancient. 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  &C. 

Modern. 


In'clian  Ocean. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

JEge'an  Sea,  or  Archiperago. 

Sea  of  Hel'le,  or  Dardanelles'. 

Sea  of  Mar'mora. 

Strait  of  Constantino' pie. 

Eux'ine  or  Black  Sea. 

Strait  of  Caf 'fa. 

Sea  of  A'zof. 

Cas'pian  Sea. 

Arabian  Gulf,  or  Red  Sea. 

Persian  Gulf. 

Arabian  Sea. 

Bay  of  Bengal'. 

Chinese  Sea. 

ISLANDS. 

Cyprus,  Rho'dus,  now  Rhodes ;  Path'mo*.  or  Pat'- 
mos,  Sa'mos,  Chi'os^Les'boS)  Ten'edos,  and  /c«V/a,  now 
Ica'ros. 


Oce'anus  In'dicus. 
Ma're  Mediterra'neum. 
Ma're  JEge'um. 
Hel'lesfion'tus. 
Profwn'tis. 

Bos'fihorus  Thra'cius. 
Pon'tus  Euxi'nus. 
Bos'fihorus  Cimme'rius. 
Pa'lus  Mao'tis. 
Ma're  Cas'pium. 
Si'nus  drdb'icus* 
Si'nus  Per'sicus. 
J£ryth&um  Ma're. 
Si'nus  Gangct'icus. 
Ma're  Eo'um. 


*4ncient  Names. 

A'sia  Minor. 
Ibe'ria^  CoMiis  > 
and  Alba'nia.  5 
Arme'nia  Ma'jor. 
Arme'nia  Mi'nort 
Mesopotamia. 
Assyr'ia. 

Syr'ia  Palmyre'ne^ 
Phoenicia)  Juda'a. 
Ara'bia. 

Babylo'nia^  or  Chaldc&'a. 
Per'sia. 

Baciria'na. 


CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

Modern  Names. 
Nato'lia. 


Geor'gia,  Gangea,  7 
and  Dages'tan.  3 
Turcoma'nia  &  Georgia. 
Aladu'lia, 
Diar'beck. 
Curdis'tan. 

Syr'ia  and  Palestine 

Ara'bia. 

I'rak. 

Per'sia. 

5  Balk,  Sublus'tan,  and 
7  Candahar'. 


ASIA  MINOR.  179 

Susia'na.  Chuses'tan  or  Susis'tan. 

Par'thia.  Irak  A'gem. 

Sarma'tia  Mat'lca*  As'tracan. 

Scyth'ia.  Siberia. 

Si'nts.  Chinese'  Tartary. 

ASIA  MINOR. 

Mountains.  Mount  Tau'rus,  the  largest  mountain 
of  Asia,  as  to  extent,  spreads  its  branches  under  differ- 
cnt  names  through  this  country. 

Rivers.  The  rivers  in  A'sia  Mi'nor  were  the  Gran'i- 
cus,  now  Ousvo'la,  where  Alexander  first  defeated  the 
Persians ;  the  Pacto'lus,  said  by  the  ancients  to  have 
flowed  over  golden  sands  ;  the  Mtean'der,  celebrated  for 
its  winding  course ;  and  the  Ha'lysy  whose  waters  were 
of  a  saltish  bitter  taste.  This  river  was  famous  for  the 
defeat  of  Cra'sus,  king  of  Lyd'ia,  who  was  deceived  by 
the  ambig'uous  meaning  of  this  or'acle,  "  If  Cr&'sus 
pass  over  the  Ha'lys,  he  shall  destroy  a  great  emfiire." 
The  empire  was  his  own. 

Islands.  In  the  east  part  of  the  Mediterranean  is 
the  island  of  Cy'/irus.  The  principal  cities  were  /V- 
jihos,  now  Ba'fo,  and  Sal'amis,  MOW  Constan'tia.  Paf- 
fthos  was  the  place,  where  El'ymas  the  sor'cerer,  at  the 
preaching  of  St.  Paul,  was  struck  blind,  when  attempt- 
ing to  corrupt  the  faith  of  Sur'gius  Pau'lus,  the  deputy 
or  governor  of  the  country. 

Rho'dus)  now  Rhodes,  near  the  coast  of  Ly'cia,  is  said 
to  have  risen  from  the  sea.  It  was  remarkable  for  the 
celebrated  brazen  statue  of  Apollo,  called  Colos'sus^  one 
of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world.  Its  feet  were  placed 
one  on  each  side  of  the  entrance  to  the  harbour,  so  that 
ships  passeci^full  sail  under  it.  It  was  more  than  100 
feet  high  ;  and  every  part  in  equal  proportion.  It  was 
demolished  by  an  earthquake,  after  having  stood  almost 
a  century.  The  brass,  which  composed  it,  was  suffi- 
cient to  load  900  camels. 

PatA'mos  or  Patfmo99  Ica'riay  or  /caVos,  Sa'mos,  Chi'* 


i*0 


ASIA  MINOR. 


08,  Lem'nos,  and  Ten'edos,  are  in  the  ^Ege'an  sea 
chipel'ago,  some  of  which  have  already  been  mentioned 
tinder  Eu'rope,  although  they  are  generally  called  Asiat'- 
ic  islands. 

Cafies.  Opposite  the  island  of  Sa'mos^  was  the  prom'- 
©ntory  of  Myca'le,  near  which  was  fcught  a  celebrated 
battle,  in  which  about  100  thousand  Persians  were  de- 
feated by  a  much  less  number  of  Greeks,  on  the  same 
day  that  300  thousand  Persians,  under  Mardo'nius,  were 
defeated  in  the  battle  of  Platas'a  in  Greece,  by  a  much 
smaller  number  cf  Lacedemo'nians  and  Athenians,  un- 
der the  command  of  Pausa'nias. 


CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 


Subdivisions. 

Mys'ia. 

Tro'as 

^Eo'lia. 

lo'nia 


Towns,  Ancient  and  Modern. 


Lyd'ia. 

Ca'ria. 
Lyc'ia. 

Pisid'ia  Sc 
Pamphyl'ia. 
Isau'rica  8c    ( 
Lycao'nia. 

Cilic'ia. 


Cyz'icus. 

Tro'ja   or    Il'iurn^   Troy;  Adramytftiuin9 

Adramit'ti 

El&'a*  lale'a  :   Gryn'ium. 
$  Phoca'a,)   Fochi'a  ;   Smyr'na,  Ts'mi  ;   Cla- 
(  zom'ence,  Vour'ia  :   Efitie&us*  Aiosoluc. 
f  Sar'des,  Sart;   Magne'^ia^   Gu'z  1-hi'zar  ; 
•<  Thy'uti'ra^  Akhisar  ;  Philadelphia,  A'lah 
^Sher;  Atta'lia^  Italah. 
^  Halicurnas'sus,  Bodroun'  ;   Cni'dus^  --  . 
*"  Xarithus,   Ek'senid/  ;  Pa'tara*   Pa'tera  ; 

My'ia,  --  ;   Limy'ra,- 


Ico'nium,    Koni'eh  ;    Der'be,    A'lah-dag ; 

Lys'tra^          . . 

Tar'sus,   Tar  sous   or    Teras'so;    Is'sus* 

Ais'se  ;  flicofo'Qli&t  Kenisat-asoud. 
Cappado'cia  and   5  Cybis'tra^  Bus'lereh;   Melite'ne^  Ma- 
Arme'nia  Mi'nor.  \  laii'a. 

f  slmi'\ms<)   Samsoun  ;  Amas'ia,    Amasi'eh  : 
Pon'tus.        <  Tra/ie'zus,  Treb'isond  ;  JZufiato'ria,  Tche- 


ASIA  MINOR.  18  i 

Paphlago'nia.     Sino'fie,  Si'nub  ;  Caram'bia,  Kerem'pi. 

TTtv,     /•  S  f*ru'sa?   Bur'sa ;    Afiamt'a,    Mouda'nia  > 

IMct'a,  Is- Nik;  Libys'sa,  Gebi'se. 

Gala'tia.  Ancy'ra,  Angou'ra ;  Ta'-vium,  Tchoroum, 

p,        ,.          C  Lavdice'a,)  La'dik  ;  Colos'aa,  Cho'nos  ; 
ryg  la.       ^  Gor'timm,  Gor'diu-co'me ;  Pea'slnus. 

Tro'ja  or  Troy,  the  capital  of  Tro'as,  was  built  on  a 
small  eminence  near  mount  Ida,  at  the  distance  of  about 
four  miles  from  the  sea  It  is  celebrated  for  the  mem- 
orable siege  of  ten  years,  which  it  sustained  against  the 
Greeks,  who  at  length,  by  treachery,  got  within  the 
walls,  set  fire  to  the  city,  put  the  greater  part  of  the  in- 
habitants to  the  sword,  and  carried  the  remainder  away 
captive.  This  was  what  is  called  the  Troj'an  war,  which 
forms  the  subject  of  the  epic  poems  of  Homer  and 
Virgil. 

Efih'esus  was  famous  for  a  temple  of  the  goddess 
Dia'na,  which  is  mentioned  in  the  19th  chapter  of  the 
Acts  of  the  Apostles,  and  was  considered  one  of  the 
seven  wonders  of  the  world.  It  was  425  feet  long  and 
200  broad.  The  roof  was  supported  by  127  columns 
60  feet  high.  It  is  said  this  temple  was  220  years  in 
building. 

Mile'tus  was  the  principal  city  in  lo'nia.  It  was  the 
birth-place  of  Thames,  the  father  of  philosophy,  and  of 
Anaximan'der,  the  inventor  of  dials,  and  of  maps. 

Ico'nium^  Lys'tra  and  Der^be  are  the  cities  mentioned 
in  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  xiv.  1 9,  where  St.  Paul 
preached  the  Gospel,  and  where  he  was  stoned. 

Tar'sus  was  the  birth-place  of  the  Apostle  Paul,  and 
was  remarkable  for  the  attention  of  its  inhabitants  to  phi- 
losophy and  the  sciences. 

Nic&'a^  Njf£e,  is  celebrated  for  the  first  general  e<> 
clesiastical  council,  which  was  held  there.  Gor'timm  is 
famous  for  the  Gor'dian  knot,  which  Alexander  cut  with 
his  sword,  instead  of  fairly  untying  it. 

A'sia  Mi'vor  was  principally  settled  by  col'onies  from 
Greece,  became  the  field  of  battle  between  the  con* 
tending  powers  of  Europe  and  Asia^  and  was  of  course 
16 


182  SYRIA. 

subject  to  many  revolutions.  It  was  likewise  the  place, 
vrhere  the  Apostles  particularly  exerted  themselves  to 
establish  the  Cnristian  religion.  Here  were  the  *e\en 
churches  of  Asia,  which  St.  John  addressed  in  the  Rev- 
elations. 

COLCHIS,  ALBA'NIA,  IBE'RIA. 

These  countries,  BOW  Geor'gia,  including  Mingre'lia, 
Imaret'ta,  and  part  of  Circas'sia,  were  situated  between 
the  Eux'ine  and  Cas'pian  seas.  They  are  mountainous, 
but  extremely  fruitful. 

Pha'sis  was  the  capital  of  Col'chis,  and  celebrated 
in  fable  for  the  expedition  of  the  Ar'gonauts  from  Greece 
in  search  of  the  golden  fleece,  by  which  is  understood 
the  rich  productions  of  the  country. 

ARME'NIA 

Arme'nia  Ma'jor^  now  Turcoma'nia,  is  a  mountainous 
country.  Here  are  Tanfrus^  Antitaufrus.  Nepha'tes,  &c. 
and  according  to  some,  Mount  Ararat,  where  Noah's 
ark  first  rested. 

The  rivers  Ti'gris  and  Eufihra'tes  take  their  rise  in 
this  country. 

The  principal  towns  were  Ty'granocer'ta  and  *#r- 
tax'ata. 

SYRIA. 

Syr'ia  once  extended  from  Cilic'ia  and  mount  Ama'tms. 
to  Ara'bia  and  Egypt,  and  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the 
Euphrates.  It  was  divided  into  five  parts. 

Subdivisions.  Principal  towns* 

Commage'ne.     Samosa'ta,  Sem'isat ;   Zeugma,  Zeg/me. 
^Antw'chid)  Ai/tioch  ;  B  eras' a,  Alep'po; 

Bamby'c£)  or 

Seleu'cis,  or          Hierafi'olis 
Syr'ia  Pro'pria.  |  Heli^fi'olis,  Bal'bec; 

JUexaridria,  AlexanJret'ta  or  Scandcv* 


SYRIA, 


183 


Cce'le  S  r'ia     $  Damascus,  Dem'esk  ;  Palmy'ra,  Tad- 

£      mor. 

C  Ty'rus,  Tyre;  Si'don,  Seide;  Trifi'olis, 

I      Trip'olL 

\Hi&RosoLfrMA)  JERUSALEM,    Beth- 

£  lehem,  Beth' el,  E'phraim,  Sec. 
Palaesti'na,  called  also  the  Holy  Land^  the  Land  of 
Ca'naan^  of  Is'rael*  and  of  Ju'dah^  was  again  divided 
first  into  twelve  tribes  ;  afterwards  into  the  kingdoms  of 
Ju'dah  and  Is'rael,  and  at  last  by  the  Romans  into  sev- 
eral districts. 


Phoenicia, 

Judse'a,  or 
Paloesti'na. 


Districts. 


Principal  towns. 


f  Ca'na,  Chora'zin,  Caper'naum,  Jez'reel,  Ti- 
p  ,.,    ,         \  be'rias,  Mount  Gil'boa,  Beth'lehem,  Naz'- 
]  areth,  near  Mount  Ta'bor,  Nuin,  Zab'ulon, 
L  ^tolema'is,  now  A'cre. 
Sama'ria,  Caesare'a,  Jop'pa. 
Jeru'salem,  the  capital,  was  built  on  four 
hills,  called    Sifon,  A'cra,  Mori'ah,  and  Be- 
ze'tha  ;  Jer'icho>  Beth'el,  Gil'gal,  E'phra- 
im,    He'bron,    Mam're,    Beth'lehwn,   the 
birth    place   of  our    Saviour  j    Em'maus, 
^Ra'ma,  Gib'ia> 

C  Ga'za,  Gath,  As'calon,  Azo'tus  or  Ash'dod, 
(  and  Ek'ron. 

Berae;          f  Ra'moth-Gil'ead,  Ash'taroth,   and  Decap'- 
Gil'ead   '    1  °^s>  w^c^  was  a  confederacy  of  ten  cit- 


Judse'a. 


.r     Zo/ar'  The/man'  and 

Mountains*  A  chain  of  mountains  pervades  Syr'ia 
from  north  to  south.  The  highest  and  most  remarka- 
ble are  Lib'anus  or  Leb'anon,  Sha'ron,  Ta'bor,  Ne'bo, 
Pis'gah,  Car'm€\,  Seir,  &c. 

Lakes  or  Seas  Genes'areth^  or  Tibe'rias^  and  As- 
phal'tites)  or  Ma're  Mor'tuum,  which,  fi-em  its  stagnant 
waters,  is  ;ww  called  the  Dead  sea.  This  lake'is  so 
salt,  that  'net^r  animals  nor  vegetables  live  in  it.  It  is 


184  ARABIA. 

nearly  100  miles  in  extent,  and  is  supposed  to  occupy 
the  place  where  the  cities  of  Socl'otn  and  Gomor'rafi 
once  stood. 

The  principal  river  was  Jorda'nes^  or  Jordan,  which 
connected  the  above  lakes  together. 

Palestine,  or  Juda'a,  was  the  principal  scene  of  the 
various  revelations  of  God,  and  of  the  wonderful  work 
of  the  redemption  of  man.  It  was  situated  along  the 
eastern  shore  of  the  Mediterranean  sea  ;  extending  about 
180  miles  north  and  south,  between  31  degrees  and  33 
degrees  and  40  minutes  north  latitude  ;  and  was  about 
80  miles  in  breadth 

This  was  a  country  of  mountains  and  vallies,  and  of 
balls  and  plains.  The  climate  was  generally  hot,  al- 
though agreeably  moderated  by  refreshing  breezes  from 
the  mountains.  The  soil  was  fertile,  pioducing  plenti- 
fully grass  for  cattle,  and  herb  for  the  service  of  man, 
and  wine  and  oil,  that  maketh  glad  the  heart,  and  bread 
that  giveth  strength.  It  was  a  land  flowing  with  mill; 
and  honey. 

The  ancient  inhabitants  were  numerous,  and  extreme- 
ly addicted  to  idolatry,  superstition,  and  gross  wicked- 
ness, for  which  they  were  driven  out  and  destroyed  by 
the  Jews,  who  in  their  turn  became  as  degenerate  and 
sinful,  notwithstanding  the  miraculous  dispensations  of 
God  to  reclaim  and  instruct  them.  In  consequence  of 
which  they  likewise,  although  the  once  favoured  people 
of  Go^,  were  driven  from  this  land  of  tirotnise,  and  are 
at  this  day  dispersed  among  all  the  nations  of  the  earth. 
They  however  still  look  with  longing  eyes  to  their  na- 
tive land,  and  sigh  for  a  return ;  and  we  have  the  assur- 
ance of  Scripture,  that  the  day  is  approaching  when  this 
wonderful  people  shall  again  revisit  their  ancient  inheri- 
tance, and  shall  then  worship  and  serve  the  God  of  their 
fathers* 

ARA'BIA. 

Ara'bia  was  divided  into  three  parts. 

Divisions.  Principal 

Aia'bia  Desert*.  Thap!sacus. 


ARABIA.  1S5 

f  Pe'tra,  Krac ;  Bereni'ce,  more  ancient- 
Ara'bia  Petraea.  •<  ly  E'zion   Ge'ber,  Pha'ra,  or  Pa'ran, 

l^and  Jlrsin'oe  now  Su'ez. 
Ara'bia  Fe'lix.          Saba'tha,  Sana' a  ;   Mart' aba,  Ma'reb. 

Jlra'bia  Fe'lix  was  the  southern  part  of  Ara'bia,  and 
remarkable  for  its  fertility. 

Near  the  northern  part  of  the  Si'nus  Arab'icus,  now 
the  Red  sea.  were  the  mountains  Si'nai  and  Ho'teb, 
On  Mount  Si'nai  the  law  to  the  Israelites  was  given  to 
Moses  amidst  an  awful  and  miraculous  display  of  the 
majesty  of  God* 

Babylo'nia  and  Chalda'a^  now  Eyra'co,  or  Iri'ca  Ar'* 
able,  was  north  of  the  Persian  gulf  on  the  river  Eu- 
phra'tes. 

Bab'ylon*  the  capital,  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  citif- 
ies in  the  world,  and  celebrated  for  its  magnificence  and 
extent  It  was  60  miles  in  circumference,  surrounded 
by  a  wall  50  feet  thick  and  200  feet  high,  and  had  100 
brazen  gates. 

Afesopota'mia,  now  Diar'bec,  was  between  the  rivers 
Euphva'tcs  ana  Tigris. 

The  principal  towns  were  JVis'ibis,  Seleu'ciay  now  Bag'-* 
dad,  Bat'nce  and  Edes'se. 

Some  have  supposed  the  Garden  of  Eden  was  in 
Mesopota'mia. 

Jlsxyria)  now  Curdis'tan,  was  east  of  the  river  Ti'grisj 

The  principal  cities  were  Mnus  or  J\rinfe--vey  Arbe'- 
fa)  and  Cte&'ifihon. 

Me'dia  extended  along  the  Caspian  sea.  Its  chief 
town  was  Ecbat'ana*  now  Harn'adan. 

Of  Per' sis  and  Susia'na.  now  Per'sia,  the  principal 
towns  were  Persefi'olis,  Su'sa,  and  Elyma'is. 

The  countries  east  of  Per'sia  were  little  known  to  the 
ancient  Romans,  and  therefore  seldom  mentioned,  ex- 
cept in  the  history  of  Alexander  the  Great,  who  extend- 
ed his  conquests  to  the  river  In'dus. 


JS6  AFRICA, 

AFRICA. 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS. 

Mountains.  Jit'laz  is  the  principal  mountain  in  Afri- 
ca, that  was  anciently  known.  It  runs  across  the  des'ert 
from  Egypt  to  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  is  so  high  that  the 
ancients  imagined  the  heavens  rested  on  its  top. 

Rivers.  The  Ni'lus  or  Nile  is  the  largest  and  most 
celebrated  river  of  Africa.  Its  sources  were  unknown 
to  the  ancients,  as  were  also  the  causes  of  its  annual  in- 
undations, to  which  Egypt  owes  its  extraordinary  fertil- 
ity. It  is  now  ascertained,  that  this  river  rises  in  the 
Mountains  of  the  Moon  in  Abyssin'ia,  and  that  its  inun- 
dations are  caused  by  the  periodical  rains,  which  for  sev- 
eral months  annually  prevail  in  that  country.  It  run* 
northerly  through  the  whole  extent  of  Egypt.  At  the 
town  of  Cercaso'rum  it  divides  itself  into  several  streams^ 
and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  sea  by  seven  mouths* 

OCEANS,  SEAS,  &C. 

Ancient.  Modern. 

Oce'dnus  Jltlantnus*  Atlantic  Ocean-. 

Oce'anus  In'dicus.  In'dian  O'cean. 

Ma're  Meditcrra'neufa  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Si'nus  Jlrab'icun.  Ara'bian  Gulf,  or  Red  Sea. 

Fre'tum  Hercu'leum.  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS. 

Jin  dent.  Madern. 

Mauritania  Tingita'na.  Moroc'co. 

Mauritania  Cxsarien'sis.  Algzcrs^. 

Numid'ia*  Jlf'rica  Pro'flrict.  Tu'nis. 

Trifi'olitana .  Trip'ofi. 


EGYPT.  i8r 

)  Lib'ya  Sufie'rior.  Bar'ca. 

Mgyfi'tus.  E'gypt. 

Lib'ya  Iriferior,  Gatu'lia.  Biledul'gerid* 

Solitu'dincs.  Za'ara  or  the  Desert* 

Antolo'lea*  Ne'groland. 

JEthto'fiice  &  Lib'yaz  fiars.  Upper  Ethio'pia. 

Mthio'fiioe  fiars.  Lower  Ethio'pia. 

^EGYPTUS  OR  EGYFF. 

Divisions.  Principal  towns. 


jEgyp'tus 
Supe'rior. 

,ZEgyp'tus 
In'ferior  or 
the  Dei'ta. 


Mem'fihia*  near  the  place  where  Grand 
Cairo  now  stands  ;  Thf'bce^  Thebes  ;  CoX- 
tos,  Jlcan'thusi  Jlrsin'oe,  Sye'ne* 

Pelu'sium*    D^miet'ta;     Cono'fius^    near 
which  is  now  Roset'ta  5  Sa'is, 
Ale  o&an' dria. 


In  the  east  of  Lower  Egypt  was  the  land  of  Go'shen9 
where  the  children  of  Israel  dwelt. 

Egypt  was  one  of  the  most  celebrated  countries  iff 
the  world.  In  ancient  times  it  was  esteemed  the  school 
of  learning  ;  and  the  most  illustrious  men  in  Greece  re- 
sorted thither  for  instruction* 

No  country  exhibits  such  wonderful  productions  of 
art  and  labour,  as  Egypt.  One  of  the  most  useful  of 
these  works  was  the  celebrated  lake  Mcefrisy  which  was 
more  than  tOO  miles  in  circumference,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  dug  by  an  ancient  king  of  the  same  name.  It  was 
intended  as  a  res'ervoir  of  the  superabundant  water  dur- 
ing the  inundation  of  the  Nile.  After  the  river  had  sub- 
sided, the  waters  ot"  the  lake  were  drawn  off  by  canals 
in  various  directions  to  supply  the  country,  as  it  very  sel- 
dom or  never  rains  in  Egypt. 

The  pyramids  are  another  stupendous  work  of  the 
Egyptians.  It  is  wpposed,  they  were  designed  to  be 
the  burial  places  of  the  ancient  kings.  The  largest  cov- 


188  EGYPT. 

ers  about  10  acres  of  ground,  and  is  more  than  SOCXfeet 
in  perpendicular  height. 

Near  the  pyramids  are  subterra'nean  vaults  of  prodi- 
gious extent,  in  which  were  deposited  the  embalmed  bod- 
ies of  the  Egyptians,  commonly  called  mummies.  Some 
of  these  bodies  are  still  perfect  and  entire,  although  they 
have  been  kept  more  than  3000  years.  The  art  of  em- 
balming the  bodies  ot  the  dead  in  this  manner  is  ndw  lost. 
The  lub'yrinth  was  another  wonderful  production  of 
the  Egyptian  kings.  It  consisted  of  i2  palaces,  and  3000 
houses  built  of  marble,  under  ground,  or  covered  over, 
communicating  with  each  other  by  innumerable  wind- 
ing passages,  so  intricate  and  perplexing,  that  to  escape 
from  it  was  almost  impossible. 

Another  remarkable  work  was  the  famous  light  tow- 
er on  the  island  of  Pha'ros,  raised  so  high,  as  to  be  seen 
at  the  distance  of  100  miles. 

These  are  some  of  the  wonders  of  Egypt,  which  show, 
that  their  knowledge  of  mechanics  must  have  been  ve- 
ry great  if  not  superior  to  what  is  now  possessed. 

The  rountry  from  Egypt  to  the  Atlantic,  now  called 
the  coast  of  Bar'bary,  for  the  .space  of  near  2000  miles, 
borders  all  the  way  on  a  barren  sandy  desert,  called  Zaf* 
ara  or  Sa'hara^  which  sometimes  approaches  within  a 
few  miles  of  the  Mediterranean. 

In  Marmor'ica  stood  the  temple  of  Ju'piter  Am'mon, 
in  the  middle  of  a  sandy  desert,  thiough  which  travel- 
lers were  guided  by  the  stars. 

Cyrena'ica  was  in  the  northern  part  of  Africa ;  its 
capital  was  Cyre'ne  ;  the  other  cities  were  Bar'ce,  Ptol'- 
ema'is*  fterrnfce,  &c. 

Lefi'tis*  Oe'a*  and  Sab'rata  were  the  principal  cities  in 
the  Re'gi-j  Syrffica,  or  Trip'olita'na. 

The  capital  of  Africa  Pro'pria  was  Cartha'gO)  or  Car- 
thage It  was  built  by  a  colony  from  Tyre  8  or  9  hun- 
dred years  before  the  Christian  era  ;  it  flourished  7  or  8 
hundred  years,  and  its  greatest  population  was  no  less 
than  700  thousand  inhabitants.  It  maintained  the  mem- 


EGYPT.  189 

orable  wars  with  the  Romans,  called  the  Pu'nic  wars9 
in  the  third  of  which  Carthage  was  totally  destroyed  by 
the  second  Scip'io  Afiica'nus,  147  years  before  Christ. 

About  15  miles  east  from  Carthage  was  Tu'nes,  now 
Tu'nis,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Bagrada,,  near  which 
the  army  of  Reg'ulus,  the  Roman  general,  destroyed  an 
enormous  serpent  with  their  engines  of  war,  after  it  had 
killed  a  great  number  of  the  soldiers.  The  skin,  which 
is  said  to  have  been  1 20  feet  in  length,  was  carried  to 
Rome,  and  long  preserved  there. 

Hedrumt'tum^  ThajSauS)  and  U'tlca  were  in  this  part 
of  Africa. 

Aumid'ia  was  divided  into  two  kingdoms.  Massy1 'li 
and  Massa'sili.  Masinis'sa  was  the  most  celebrated  king 
®f  the  former  and  Sy'phax  of  the  latter. 

The  principal  towns  were  Tab'raca,  Hifi'po  Re'gius) 
Ru'ficade',  Cir'ta,  and  Za'ma^  which  was  famous  for  the 
defeat  of  Han'nibal  by  Scip'io. 

Mauritania)  now  Fez  and  Moroc'co,  extended  to  the 
western  coast  of  Africa,  and  was  bounded  south  by  Gae- 
tu'lia  and  the  Atlas  mountains. 

The  principal  towns  were  Ccesare'a,  and  Tin'gis,  now 
Tan'gier,  south  of  the  Fre'tum  Hercu'leum,  now  the 
strait  of  Gibraltar. 

West  of  Gtstu'lia  were  the  Insu'lce  Fortuna'tce,  or 
For'Uinate  Isles,  now  the  Cana'ries,  TLey  were  repre- 
sented as  the  abode  of  the  blessed,  and  the  residence  of 
virtuous  souls  after  this  life 

North  of  these  were  the  In'suloe  Purfiura'rioe^  now  the 
Madezr'as  ;  and  south  of  them  were  the  In'subce  Hesfrer1* 
idea  of  the  ancients,  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  Cape 
Verd  Islands. 

Ethio'fiia  was  situated  south  of  Egypt,  and  extended 
along  the  Red  Sea  southward,  to  parts  of  Africa  unknown 
to  the  ancients.  It  probably  comprehended  the  countries 
now  called  Dongo'la,  Senna'ar,  Abyssin'ia,  and  part  of  A- 
del  or  Zei'la. 


1,90  EGYPT. 

The  most  usual  name  of  Ethio'pia  was  Abasse'ne  5 
but  in  Scripture  it  was  called  the  land  of  Gush. 

The  principal  nations,  that  inhabited  this  co'untry.  were 
the  Blem'my-eS)  fabled  to  have  had  no  heads,  their  mouth 
and  eyes  being;  fixed  in  their  breasts.  This  story  might 
perhaps  have  proceeded  from  their  having  very  short 
necks. 

The  Troglodytes  were  a  very  savage  nation,  that  lived 
in  caves,  and  fed  on  serpents,  lizards,  8cc.  Their  lan- 
guage had  no  articulate  sounds,  but  resembled  the 
shrieking  of  bats.  The  Pig'mies  lived  in  a  province 
near  the  Troglod'ites,  and  were  extremely  short,  black, 
and  hairy. 

The  metrop'olis  of  this  country  was  Auxu'me.  The 
principal  river  was  the  Mle,  which  took  its  rise  among 
the  mountains  of  the  Moon* 


FORMS  OF  GOVERNMENT.  191 


Having  given  a  geographical  outline  of  the  different  fiart  a 
of  the  earth,  both  ancient  and  modern^  it  may  be  firofi- 
er  to  mention  the  different  forms  of  government,  the 
firincifial  emfiires  which  have  existed^  and  the  different 
kind*  of  religion  which  have  fir evailed* 

POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

An  emfiire  consists  of  several  large  countries,  subject 
to  one  sovereign,  called  an  em/ieror. 

A  kingdom  is  generally  a  less  extent  of  country,  sub- 
ject to  one  sovereign,  called  a  king. 

A  dutrhy  or  firincifialit y  is  a  still  less  extent  of  coun- 
try, governed  by  one,  who  himself  is  subject  to  the  su- 
preme power- 

DIFFERENT  FORMS  OF  GOVERNMENT* 

A  state  is  alarge  society  of  men,  united  under  one  gov- 
ernment for  their  common  security  and  welfare. 

The  constitution  of  a  state  is  the  body  of  fundamental 
laws,  which  secures  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  regu- 
lates the  conduct  of  their  rulers 

The  sovereignty  of  a  state  is  the  power,  that  governs  it. 

Every  regular  government  consists  of  three^branches, 
the  legislative^  thejudic'iary,  and  the  executive 

1.  The  legislature  or  legislative  fiower,  makes  the 
laws  for  the  government  of  the  people. 

The  legislative  fiower  is  generally  composed  of  three 
ethers,  which,  in  the  government  of  the  United  States^ 
are  the  President,  the  Se^ate^  and  the  House  of  Re  fire- 
sen'tatives  ;  and  when  assembled^  they  are  called  the 
Congress. 


192  FORMS  OF  GOVERNMENT. 

In  the  individual  states  the  legislature  consists  of  a 
Governor,  Srn'ate  and  House  of  Representatives,  These, 
When  convened,  are  in  some  of  the  states  called  the  Gen- 
wal  Assembly,  in  others,  the  General  Court)  as  in  Mas- 
sachusetts 

In  England  the  legislature  is  composed  of  the  King) 
and  two  separate  bodies  of  men,  called  Lords  and  Com- 
mons. The  JLor'is  are  the  Nobility  ;  the  Comu  ons  are 
chosen  by  the  people.  When  these  branches  are  assem- 
bled to  make  iawc>»  and  to  deliberate  on,  national  affairs, 
they  are  called  the  Parliament.  / 

2 .  The  judic'wry  is  that  branch  of  a  regular  govern* 
ment,  which  explains  the  law,  and  hears  and  determines 
all  complaints.     It  is  vested  in  several^'wd^es,  who  form 
a  court. 

3.  The  executive  fiower  sees  that  the  laws  are  put  in 
execution,     ft  is  vested  either  in  a  governor,  fire  side  nt9 
king,  or  emfieror. 

The/arm  of  government  is  the  particular  manner,  in 
Which  it  is  exercised. 

There  are  three  kinds  of  government,  which,  under 
various  modifications,  constitute  all  others  ;  monarchy, 
aristocracy^  and  democ'racy. 

1.  A  mon'arehy  is  where  the  sovereignty^  or  supreme 
fiower,  is  vested  in  tue  hands  of  one  individual,  called  a 
moriarch*  whethe  ••  a  king  or  an  emperor. 

A  limited  mon'archy  is  where  the  power  of  the  sove- 
reign is  limited  by  law. 

An  arbitrary  or  absolute  mon'archy  is  where  the  sove- 
reign is  not  limited  by  law  ;  but  he  disposes  of  the  lives 
and  property  of  his  subjects  at  his  pleasure. 

In  an  absolute  government  there  are  no  laws,  but  the 
will  of  the  sovereign.  If  he  exercise  his  power  with  se- 
verity and  abuse,  he  is  called  a  despot  or  tyrant. 

An  elec'tive  mon'archy  is  where  the  sovereign  is  ap- 
pointed by  the  suffrages  or  votes  of  the  people.  / 

A  hercd'itary  monarchy  is  where  the  supreme  author- 
ity, honours,  and  titles,  descend  from  one  sovereign  to 
another  by  -right  of  inheritance^  established  by  law,  as 
from  fetfee^'  to  sou. 


REMARKABLE  EMPIRES.  193 

2.  An  aristocracy  is  where  the  supreme  power  is  vest- 
ed in  a  council  of  select  members,  sometimes  called  the 
nobility. 

3.  A  Democracy  is  where  the  supreme  power  is  exei;- 
cised  by  the  whole  body  of  the  people. 

A  republic  is  where  the  supreme  power  is  intrusted  by 
the  people  to  councils,  composed  of  members,  chosen  for 
a  limited  time,  and  where  there  are  several  independent 
states  united  in  one  general  government. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  is  a  republic, 
and  it  is  the  only  one  that  now  exists. 

Amixed  government  partakes  of  monarchy,  aristocfra» 
cy,  and  democracy,  as  is  exemplified  in  the  British  gov- 
ernment. 

THE  MOST  REMARKABLE  EMPIRES  THAT  HAVE 
EXISTED. 

The  Babylonian  or  Assyrian  empire,  the  first  called 
uni~versal)  is  supposed  to  have  been  founded  by  Nimrod 
2217  years  before  Christ.  It  continued  about  1450 
years. 

Cyrus  conquered  the  Babylo'nians,  and  on  the  ruin  of 
their  empire  established  that  of  the  Medes  and  Persians, 
the  second  universal  empire,  438  years  before  Christ. 

Alexander  the  Great  conquered  the  Persians  under 
Dari'us,  their  last  king,  and  established  the  Grecian, 
which  was  the  third  universal  empire,  330  years -before 
Christ. 

After  th^  death  of  Alexander,  his  conquests  were  di- 
vided among  his  generals ;  the  principal  of  which  were, 
Ptol'emy  in  £gyfit,  Seleu'cus  in  dsia,  and  the  descen- 
dants of  Antig'onus  in  Macedonia. 

All  these  kingdoms  were  subdued  by  the  Romans, 
who  established  the  fourth  universal  empire,  and  extend- 
ed it  over  all  the  important  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa. 

The  Raman  empire  was  overturned,  in  the  West,  by 
17 


194  RELIGIONS 

the  Goths  and  Van' dais,  and  other  barbarous  nations  from 
the  North,  in  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries,  whose  descen- 
dants now  possess  some  of  the  finest  and  richest  coun- 
tries in  Europe;  in  the  East,  first  by  the  followers  of 
Ma'homet,  under  the  name  of  Sar'acens  ;  and  finally  by 
the  Turks,  who  still  keep  possession  of  their  conquests. 
The  most  distinguished  empires  of  the  present  time  are 
the  French,  the  Riis'sian,  and  the  British. 


DIFFERENT  RELIGIONS. 

Religion  is  a  system  of  divine  faith  and  worship. 

There  are/bwr  kinds  of  Religion,  the  Pagan  or  Hea- 
then, the  Jewish,  the  Christian,  and  the  Mahometan,  or 
more  properly  Moham'medan. 

Pa'ganism  is  the  worship  of  false  gods,  such  as  idols 
or  images,  made  by  men's  hands  ;  or  natural  objects,  as 
the  sun,  moon,  and  stars,  rivers  and  sometimes  ferocious 
beasts,  or  other  objects. 

Ju'daism  is  the  worship  of  the  one  true  God,  as  re- 
vealed in  the  Old  Testament ;  but  it  rejects  the  New 
Testament. 

Christianity  is  the  worship  of  the  true  God,  as  reveal- 
ed in  both  the  Old  and  New  Testaments ;  and  as  taught 
by  Jesus  Christ  and  his  disciples  and  apostles. 

'  Mahomfetanism,  or  Is'lamism,  is  a  system  of  faith  and 
worship  composed  of  Pa'ganism,Ju'dai8m,rdnd  Christian' - 
ity.  Ma'homet  or  Moham'med,  a  celebrated  ;mpostor  of 
Arabia,  was  the  author  of  this  system.  His  followers 
are  called  Mahometans,  or  Mus'sulmen,  and  the  book, 
containing  their  religion,  is  Called  the  Koran  or  Alcoran. 
The  Christian  religion  is  divided  into  various  sects  or 
denominations. 

The  Roman  Catholic  religion,  or  Pofiery,  professes  to 
be  the  Christian  religion,  and  differs  from  other  de- 
nominations principally  in  the  belief  of  the  infallibility 


RELIGIONS.  195 

and  supremacy  of  the  Pofie,  in  Latin  fiafia^  signifying 
father. 

By  the  infallibility  of  the  Pope,  is  understood,  that 
the  Pope  cannot  err  in  ecclesiastical  matters  ;  and  by  his 
supremacy  is  meant,  his  power  or  authority  over  all  the 
churches,  the  kings,  and  princes  of  the  earth.  This  pow- 
er of  the  Pope  was,  for  ages,  actually  exercised  to  a  won- 
derful extent ;  but  for  many  years  past  it  has  been  di- 
minishing. 

In  consequence  of  the  corruptions  and  abuses  of  pope- 
ry, a  schism  or  rupture  was,  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
made  in  the  church  of  Rome  or  popery. 

The,  firotcstants  are  those,  who  separated  themselves, 
and  protested  against  the  authority  and  decrees  of  the 
Pope  and  his  adherents. 

All  denominations  of  Christians,  who  reject  the  Cath- 
olic religion,  are  called  firotestants  and  reformed ;  but, 
by  the  Roman  Catholics  they  are  called  her'etics.  The 
separation  itself  is  called  the  reformation* 

The  Protestants  are  again  divided  into  various  sects. 

The  Ca-vinists  and  Lutherans  are  those,  who  emy 
brace  the  opinions  of  the  two  most  eminent  reformer*) 
Calvin  and  I.uther. 

Efii&cofiacy,  or  the  Church  of  England^  does  not  differ 
materially  in  doctrines,  or  articles  of  belief,  from  Cal- 
vinism., but  principally  in  its  discipline  and  form  of  wor- 
ship. 

The  Church  of  England  maintains  a  diversity  of  rank 
among  its  pastors  or  teachers,  the  chief  of  whom  are 
called  bishofis  and  archbiahofitt.  This  form  of  church 
government  is  sometimes  called  prel'acy  or  Ki'erarchy. 

The  Presbyte'rians  are  generally  Calvinists,  and  al- 
low no  superiority  among  the  ministers  of  religion,  who 
are  called  fires' byters.  The  church  is  governed  bymeet- 
ings,  called  presbyt' eries  or  syn'ods^  consisting  of  minis- 
ters and  lay  members,  called  ruling  elders. 

When  a  religion  is  sanctioned  by  law,  and  its  teach- 
ers supported  by  the  public,  it  is  called  the  established, 


196  RELIGIONS. 

religion,  or  church  ;  as  Episcopacy  in  England,  and  Pre$« 
byte'rianism  in  Scotland. 

Those  who  differ  from  the  established  church  are  cal- 
led dissen'terS)  noji  con  for'  mists,  di&'sidents,  sece'ders, 
sec'taries,pu'ritans.  &c.  If  these  are  allowed  openly  to 
profess  their  religion,  they  are  said  to  be  tol'erated. 

Baptists  are  those  who  deny  the  efficacy  of  infant  bap- 
tism. 

Independents  or  Congr  ego!  tiona  lists  are  those,  who 
assert  that  there  is  no  authority  in  Scripture  for  a  national 
or  established  religion. 

Those  who  adhere  to  Calvinism,  or  the  established 
church,  are  called  or'thodox  ;  those  who  do  not,  het'ero- 


. 

JDe'ists  are  those,  vho  profess  to  believe  in  the  exis- 
tence of  a  Supreme  Being,  but  deny  all  revelation. 

dtheists  deny  the  existence  of  the  Supreme  Being,  and 
reject  all  religion. 


SUMMARY.  19f 

GE1N7ERAL  SUMMARY. 

The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  the  different  nations 
in  the  four  principal  divisions  of  the  earth,  showing,  at  one  view, 
the  capital,  population,  religion,  revenue,  and  government  of  each. 

SUMMARY  OF  AMERICA. 


Nations. 

Chief  Cities. 

'a 

c 

d 
c 
z< 

Religion. 

'e 

c 
> 

<U 

tf 

Government. 

JV".  America. 

United  States 

Washington. 

7 

Protestant 



Republic. 

Spanish     Do- 

Mexico. 

4 

Rom.  Cath. 

3 

Spanish  Vice- 

minions 

roy. 

British      Pos 
sessions 

Quehec 

1 

Rom.  Cath. 



British     Con- 
stitution. 

S.  America. 

Spanish      Do- 

Lima 

9 

Rom.  Cath. 

1 

Spanish  Vice- 

minions. 

roy. 

Portuguese 
Dominions 

Rio  Janeiro 

4 

Rom.  Cath. 



Portuguese 
Viceroy. 

SUMMARY  OF  EUROPE. 

Sweden 
Russia 

Stockholm 
Petersburg 

3  .Lutheran 
36  Greek  Church 

1 

10 

Mon'archy. 
Mon'archy. 

Denmark 

Copenhagen 

3  Lutheran 

11 

Mon'archy. 

Prussia 

Berlin 

8 

Protestant  & 
Rom,  Cath. 

4 

Mon'archy. 

Bata'via  or 
Holland. 

Amsterdam 

3 

Protestant 

4 

Repub'lic. 

German  stat. 

Dresden 

8 

Protestant 

4 

Aristoc'racy. 

Aus'tria 

Vienna 

23 

Rom.  Cath. 

10 

Mon'archy. 

Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope 

Constantino- 
ple 

8 

Mahometan- 
ism 

7 

Despotism. 

France 

Paris 

32 

Rom.  Cath. 

25   Monarchy. 

Switzerland. 

Berne 

2 

Protestant  & 
Rom,  Cath. 

1 

Aristoc'racy, 

Italian  Rep. 

Mil'an 

4 

Rom.  Cath. 

1  rRepub'Hc. 

Etru'ria 

Florence 

2 

Rom.  Cath. 

1    Monarchy. 

Pope's  States'Rome 

2 

Rom.  Cath. 

1    Hierarchy. 

Naples 

Naples 

2 

Rom.  Cath. 

2    Mon'archy. 

Portugal 

Lisbon 

4 

Rom.  Cath. 

2    Monarchy. 

Spain 

Madrid 

11 

Rom.  Cath. 

5   Mon'archy* 

Great  Britain 
&  Ireland 

London 

lo 

Protestant 

.-,«    Limited  mon'- 
^  \     arehy. 

198 


SUMMARY. 

SUMMARY  OF  ASIA. 


Nations. 

Chief  Cities. 

'§ 

c 

| 

Religion. 

1 

•  .S 

i 

Government. 

Turkey 

Alep'po 

10 

Mahom'etan 

— 

Des'potisrn. 

Rus'sia 

As'tracan 

5 

Greek  Church 

—  - 

Mon'archy. 

Chi'na 

Pekin  and 
Nankin 

333 

Sham'anism 

9 

Mon'archy. 

Japan' 

Jeddo 

30 

Polytheism 

28 

Des'potism. 

Bir'man    Em- 
pire 

Ava 

17 

Brahm'ins 



Des'potism. 

Siam 

Siam 

5 

Brahm'ins 



Des'potism. 

Hindos'tan 

Calcut'ta 

60 

Brahm'ins 

160 

Various. 

Persia 

Is'pahan 

10 

Maliom'etan 

5 

Des'potism. 

Tar'tary 

Samar'cand 

10 

Mahom'etan 

—  _ 

Ara'bia. 

Mec'ca  and 
Medi'na 

10 

Mahom'etan 



Hierarchy. 

SUMMARY  OF  AFRICA. 

Abyssin'ia 

Gon'dar 

2 

Christian 

— 

Mon'archy. 

Egypt 
Moroc'co 

Cai'ro 
Woroc'co 

n 
2 

Mahom'etan 
Mahom'etan 

1 

Aristoc'racy. 
Ues'potism. 

Algiers' 

Uga'ers' 

* 

Mahom'etan 

— 

Des'potism. 

Tu'nis 

Tu'nis 

* 

Mahom'etan 

— 

Des'potism. 

Trip'oli 

Trip'oli 

i 

Mahom'etan 

— 

Des'potism. 

Summary  of  the  population  of  the  World,  and  of  the 
principal  Religious  Denominations. 


Eurofie  contains 


Africa 

America          ..... 

The  World          -  .. 

GUTHRIE  makes  the  world  to  contain 
The  medium  may  be 
Christian  ?     -  .         - 


166,932,000 

387,884,500 

61,137,200 

.    116,621,410 

732575,110 

-      953,000,000 

800,000,000 

170,000,000 


NATURAL  CURIOSITIES.  199 

Jews  -  9,000,000 

Mahometans     -  -          140,000,000 

Pa'gans       -  -  481,000,000 

Total  800,000,000 

Subdivisions  among  Christians  may  be  thus  : 

Protestants  ....         50,000,000 

Greeks  and  Arme'nians     ....    30,000,000 

Cath'olics,&.c.       -  -    v    -  90,000,000 


Total  1 70,000,000 

Hence  it  appears,  that  about  one  fifth  part  only  of  the 
human  race  have  yet  embraced  the  Christian  religion  in 
any  of  its  forms. 

CURIOSITIES  OF  NATURE. 

Of  the  Earth;  its  Internal  Structure  ;  its  Caves^and 
Subterrafneous  Passages. 

WHEN  a  curious  survey  of  the  surface  of  our  globe 
is  taken,  a  thousand  objects  offer  themselves  which, 
though  long  known,  still  excite  curiosity.  The  most 
obvious  beauty  that  strikes  the  eye  is  the  verdant  cover- 
ing of  the  earth,  which  is  formed  by  a  happy  mixture  of 
herbs  and  trees  of  various  magnitudes  and  uses,  It  has 
been  often  remarked,  that  no  colour  refreshes  the  eye  so 
much  as  green;  and  it  may  be  added,  as  a  further  proof 
of  the  assertion,  that  the  inhabitants  of  those  places,  where 
the  fields  are  continually  white  with  snow,  generally  be- 
come blind  long  before  the  usual  decay  of  nature. 

The  beauty,  which  arises  from  the  verdure  of  the 
fields,  is  not  a  little  improved  by  their  agreeable  inequal- 
ities. There  are  scarcely  two  natural  landscapes,  that 
offer  prospects  entirely  resembling  each  other ;  their 
risings  and  depressions,  their  hills  and  vallies  are  never 
entirely  the  same,  but  always  offer  something  new  to  en- 
tertain ant]  enliven  the  imagination. 

To  increase  the  beauties  of  the  face  of  nature,  the 
landscape  is  greatly  improved  by  springs  and  lakes,  and 
intersected  by  rivulets.  These  lend  a  brightness  to  the 


200  NATURAL  CURIOSITIES, 

prospect,  give  motion  and  coolness  to  the  air,  and  fur 
nish  the  means  of  subsistence  to  animated  nature. 

Such  are  the  most  obvious  tranquil  objects,  that  every 
where  offer  themselves  ;  but  there  are  others  of  a  more 
awful  and  magnificent  kind  ;  the  mountains,  rising  above 
the  clouds,  and  topt  with  snow  ;  the  river,  pouring  down 
their  sides,  increasing  as  it  runs,  and  losing  itself  at 
last  in  the  ocean  ;  the  ocean,  spreading  its  immense 
sheet  of  waters  over  more  than  half  the  globe,  swelling 
and  subsiding  at  well  known  intervals,  and  forming  a 
communication  between  the  most  distant  parts  of  the 
earth. 

If  we  leave  those  objects,  that  seem  natural  to  our 
earth,  and  which  keep  the  same  constant  tenour,  we  are 
presented  with  the  great  irregularities  of  nature.  The 
burning  mountain ;  the  abrupt  precipice  ;  the  unfathom- 
able cavern  5  the  headlong  cataract,  and  the  rapid  whirl- 
pool 

In  descending  to  the  objects  immediately  below  the 
surface  of  the  globe,  we  find  wonders  no  less  surprising. 
For  the  most  part,  the  earth  lies  in  regular  beds  or  layers 
of  various  substances,  every  bed  growing  thicker  in  pro- 
portion as  it  lies  deeper,  and  its  contents  become  more 
dense  and  compact. 

We  shall  find  in  almost  all  our  subterranean  inquiries 
an  amazing  number  of  shells,  that  once  belonged  to 
aquatic  animals.  Here  and  there,  at  a  distance  from 
the  sea,  are  beds  of  oyster  shells>  several  yards  thick, 
and  many  miles  over.  These,  which  are  dug  up  by  the 
peasants  in  every  country,  are  regarded  wilh  little  cu- 
riosity, because  they  are  so  common  But  it  is  other- 
wise with  an  inquirer  into  nature  ;  he  finds  them,  not  on- 
ly in  shape,  but  in  substance,  every  way  resembling  those 
that  are  bred  in  the  sea,  and  he  is,  therefore,  at  a  loss  how 
to  account  .for  their  removal. 

Yet  not  one  part  of  nature  alone,  but  all  her  pro- 
ductions, and  varieties  become  objects  of  the  philoso- 
pher's inquiry ;  every  appearance,  however  common, 
affords  matter  for  his  contemplation.  He  inquires  how. 


NATURAL  CURIOSITIES.  201 

and  why  the  surface  of  the  earth  has.  come  to  have  those 
risings  and  depressions,  which  most  men  call  natural ; 
he  demands  in  what  manner  the  mountains  were  formed, 
and  in  what  their  uses  consist ;  he  asks  from  whence 
springs  arise  ;  and  hew  rivers  flow  round  the  convexity 
of  the  globe  ;  he  enters  into  the  examination  of  the  eb- 
bings  and  flowings,  and  the  othei  wonders  of  the  deep  ; 
he  acquaints  himself  with  the  irregularities  of  nature, 
and  endeavours  to  investigate  their  causes,  by  which* 
at  least,  he  will  become  better  acquainted  with  their  his- 
tory.  The  internal  structure  of  the  globe  becomes  an 
object  of  his  curiosity,  and  though  his  inquiries  can  reach 
but  little  way,  yet  his  imagination  will  supply  the  rest. 
He  will  endeavour  to  account  for  the  situation  of  the 
marine  fossils,  that  are  found  in  the  earth,  and  for  the 
appearance  of  the  different  beds,  of  which  it  is  composed. 
These  inquiries  have  of  late  years  employed  men  of 
splendid  talents,  indefatigable  in  their  pursuits,  zealously 
attached  to  the  investigation  of  truth,  and  whose  well 
directed  industry  merits  applause  and  gratitude. 

Men  have  penetrated  to  very  small  depths  below  the 
earth's  surface.  The  deepest  mine,  which  is  that  at 
Cot'teburg  in  Hungary,  reaches  not  more  than  two  thirds 
of  a  mile,  a  very  small  distance,  when  compared  with 
four  thousand  miles,  the  distance  from  the  surface  to  the 
centre  of  the  earth.  A  bee,  who  darts  his  sting  into  an 
ox  or  an  elephant,  does  more  in  proportion  towards  dis- 
covering the  internal  structure  of  those  animals,  than 
man  has  yet  done  in  his  endeavours  to  penetrate  the  body 
of  the  globe. 

Upon  examining  the  earth  where  it  has  been  open- 
ed to  any  depth,  the  first  coat,  that  is  commonly  found  at 
the  surface,  is  that  light  coat  of  blackish  mould,  which 
by  some  is  called  garden  earth,  which  has  been  probably 
formed  from  animal  and  vegetable  bodies,  decaying  and 
turning  into  this  substance.  This  coat  serves  as  a  store- 
house, from  whence  animal  and  vegetable  natures  are 
renewed  ;  and  thus  are  the  blessings  of  life  continued 


202  NATURAL  CURIOSITIES. 

with  unceasing  circulation.  This  external  covering  sup- 
plies man  with  all  the  true  riches  he  enjoys.  He  may 
bring  up  gold  and  jewels  from  greater  depths,  but  they 
are  merely  the  toys  of  a  capricious  being,  things  upon 
which  he  has  placed  an  imaginary  value,  and  for  which 
the  unwise  alone  pait  with  the  more  substantial  blessings 
of  life. 

The  earth,  says  Plin'y,  like  a  kind  mother,  receives 
us  at  our  birth,  and  sustains  us  when  born.  It  is  this 
alone  of  all  the  elements  around  us,  that  is  never  found 
the  enemy  of  man.  The  body  of  waters  deluges  him 
with  rains,  oppresses  him  with  hail,  and  drowns  him 
with  inundations  ;  the  air  rushes  in  storms,  prepares  the 
tempests,  or  lights  up  the  volcano  ;  but  the  earth,  gen- 
tle and  indulgent,  ever  subservient  to  the  wants  of  man, 
spreads  his  walk  with  flowers,  and  his  table  with  plenty  ; 
returns  with  interest  every  good  committed  to  her  care  ; 
and  though  she  produces  some  poisons,  she  also  furnish- 
es antidotes. 

If  from  this  external  surface  we  descend  deeper,  and 
view  the  earth  cut  perpendicularly  downwards  the  lay- 
ers will  be  found  regularly  disposed  in  their  proper  or- 
der, though  they  are  different  in  different  situations. 
These  layers  are  sometimes  very  extensive,  and  are  of- 
ten found  to  spread  over  a  space  of  some  leagues  in  cir- 
cumference. But  it  must  not  be  supposed,  that  they  are 
uniformly  continued  over  the  whole  globe,  without  any 
interruption  ;  on  the  contrary,  they  are,  at  small  inter- 
vals, interrupted  by  perpendicular  fissures ;  the  earth 
resembling,  in  this  respect,  the  muddy  bottom  of  a  pond, 
from  whence  the  water  has  been  dried  off  by  the  sun, 
and  thus  opening  in  several  chinks,  which  descend  in 
a  direction  perpendicular  to  its  surface.  These  fissures 
are  many  times  found  empty,  but  more  frequently  closed 
with  adventitious  substances,  which  the  rain,  or  some 
accidental  causes,  have  conveyed  to  fill  their  cavities. 
The  openings  are  not  less  different  than  their  contents., 
some  not  being  above  half  an  inch  wide,  some  a  foot,  and 


NATURAL  CURIOSITIES.  203 

some  several  hundred  yards  asunder.  These  last  form 
those  dreadful  chasms,  that  are  to  be  found  in  the  Alps, 
at  the  edge  of  which  the  traveller  stands,  dreading  to 
look  down  into  the  unfathomable  gulf  below. 

But  the  chasms  to  be  found  in  the  Alps  are  nothing 
to  what  may  be  seen  in  the  Andes.  These  amazing 
mountains,  in  comparison  with  which  the  former  are 
but  little  hills,  have  their  fissures  in  proportion  to  their 
magnitude.  In  some  places  they  are  a  mile  wide,  and 
deep  in  proportion  ;  and  there  are  others  that  run  under 
ground,  and  resemble  in  extent  a  province. 

Of  this  kind  also  is  the  cavern  called  Elden  Hole,  in 
Derbyshire,  in  England  which  was  sounded  by  a  line 
two  thousand  eight  hundred  feet  in  length,  without  find- 
ing the  bottom  or  meeting  with  water  ;  and  yet  the 
mouth  at  the  top  is  not  above  forty  yards  over.  This 
unmeasurable  cavern  runs  perpendicularly  downward  ; 
and  the  sides  of  it  seem  to  tally  so  plainly,  as  to  show 
that  they  were  once  united.  Those  who  visit  the  place 
generally  procure  stones  to  be  ihrown  down,  which, 
striking  against  the  sides  of  the  cavern,  produce  a  sound 
that  resembles  distant  thunder,  dying  away,  as  the  stone 
goes  deeper. 

Besides  these  fissures,  we  frequently  find  others  that 
descend  but  a  little  way,  and  then  spread  themselves  of- 
ten to  a  great  extent  below  the  surface.  Many  of  these 
caverns  may  be  the  production  of  art  and  human  indus- 
try, for  retreats  to  protect  the  oppressed,  or  shelter  the 
spoiler.  The  famous  labyrinth  of  Candia  is  supposed 
to  be  the  work  of  art  The  stone  quarry  of  Maes'tricht 
is  evidently  made  by  labour ;  carts  enter  at  its  mouth, 
and  load  within  and  return,  then  discharge  their  freight 
into  boats,  that  lie  on  the  biink  of  the  Maese.  This 
quarry  is  so  large,  that  forty  thousand  people  may  take 
shelter  in  it ;  and  it  in  general  serves  for  this  purpose, 
when  armies  march  that  way>  becoming  then  an  impreg- 
nable retreat  to  the  people,  that  live  in  the  neighbourhood. 
Nothing  can  be  more  beautiful  than  this  cavern,  when 
lighted  up  with  torches;  for  there  are  thousands  of 


204  NATURAL  CURIOSITIES. 

square  pillars  in  large  level  walks,  about  twenty  feet 
high,  and  all  wrought  with  much  neatness  and  regular!. 
ty.  To  add  to  its  beauty,  there  are  also  in  various  parts 
of  it  little  pools  of  water,  for  the  convenience  of  men  and 
cattle. 

The  salt  mines  in  Poland  are  still  more  spacious 
than  these.  Some  catacombs  in  Egypt  and  Italy  are 
said  to  be  very  extensive,  but  no  part  of  the  world  has  a 
greater  number  of  artificial  caverns  than  Spain,  which 
were  made  to  serve  as  retreats  to  the  Christians  from 
the  fury  of  the  Moors,  when  they  conquered  that  coun- 
try. 

There  is  scarcely  a  country  in  the  world  without  its 
natural  caverns,  and  many  new  ones  are  discovered  eve- 
ry day.  In  England  they  have  Oakley  Hole  and  Pen- 
park  Hole.  The  former  lies  on  the  south  side  of  Men'- 
dip  Hills,  within  a  mile  of  the  town  of  Wells.  To  con- 
ceive a  just  idea  of  this,  we  must  imagine  a  precipice  of 
more  than  a  hundred  yards  high  on  the  side  of  a  moun- 
tain, which  shelves  away  a  mile  above.  In  this  is  an 
opening,  into  which  you  enter,  going  along  upon  a  rocky, 
uneven  pavement,  sometimes  ascending  and  sometimes 
descending.  The  roof  in  some  places  is  fifty  feet  from 
the  floor,  and  in  others  it  is  so  low  that  a  man  must  stoop 
to  pass.  From  every  part  of  the  floor  there  are  formed 
sparry  concretions  of  various  figures  that  have  been 
likened  to  men,  lions,  &c.  At  the  farthest  part  of  this 
cavern  rises  a  stream  of  water  well  stored  with  fish.  It 
is  large  enough  to  turn  a  mill,  and  discharges  itself  near 
the  entrance. 

But  of  all  the  subterranean  caverns  now  known,  the 
grotto  of  Antiparos  is  fche  most  remarkable  ;  it  is  thus 
described  by  a  person  who  actually  visited  it.  *'  Having 
walked  about  four  miles,  through  the  midst  of  beautiful 
plains  and  sloping  woodlands,  we  at  length  came  to  a 
little  hill,  on  the  side  of  which  yawned  a  most  horrid  cav- 
ern, that  with  its  gloom  at  first  struck  us  with  terrour, 
and  almost  repressed  curiosity.  When  we  had  recov- 
ered our  surprise,  we  proceeded ;  we  found  a  sparry 


NATURAL  CURIOSITIES.  205 

concretion,  formed  by  the  water  dropping  from  the  roof 
of  the  cave,  and  by  degrees  hardening  into  a  figure  that 
the  natives  had  been  accustomed  to  look  at  as  a  giant. 
As  we  proceeded,  new  wonders  offered  themselves  ;  the 
spars,  formed  into  trees  and  shrubs,  presented  a  kind  of 
petrified  grove  ;  some  white,  some  green,  and  all  re- 
ceding in  due  perspective.  They  struck  us  with  the 
more  amazement  as  we  knew  them  to  be  mere  produc- 
tions of  nature,  who,  hitherto  in  solitude,  had  in  her 
playful  moments  dressed  the  scene,  as  if  for  her  amuse- 
ment. 

**We  then  descended  into  a   spacious  amphitheatre, 
in  which  we  lighted  our  flambeaux,  and  when  the  place 
was  completely  illuminated,  never  could  the  eye  be  pre- 
sented with  a  more   glittering  or  a  more  magnificent 
scene.     The  roof  all  hung  with  solid  icicles,  transparent 
us  glass,  yet  solid  as  marble.     The  eye  could  scarcely 
reach  the  lofty  and  noble  ceiling  ;   the  sides  were  regu- 
larly formed  with  spars  and  the  whole  presented  the  idea 
of  a  magnificent  theatre,  illuminated   with  an  immense 
profusion  of  lights      The  floor  consisted  of  solid  marble  ; 
and    in    several  places,  magnificent  columns,  thrones, 
altars,  and  other  objects  appeared,  as  if  nature  had  de* 
signed  to  mock  the  curiosities  of  art.     Our  voices,  upon 
speaking  or  singing,  were  redoubled  to  an  astonishing 
loudness  ;  and  upon  the  firing  of  a  gun,  the  noise  and 
reverberations  were  almost  deafening.     In  the  midst  ot 
this  grand  amphitheatre  arose  a  concretion  about  fifteen 
feet  high,  that  in  some  measure  resembled  an  altar,  from 
which,  taking  the  hint,  we  caused  mass  to  be  celebrated 
there.     The  beautiful  columns  that  shot  up  round  the  al- 
tar appeared  like  candlesticks  ;  and  many  other  natural 
objects  represented  the  customary  ornaments  of  this  sa- 
crament." 

On  another  account  the  grotto  Del  Cane,  near  Naples^ 
deserves  notice.  It  lies  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near  which 
a  peasant  resides,  who  keeps  a  number  of  dogs  for  the 
purpose  of  shewing  the  experiment  to  the  curious. 
Upon  entering  this  place,  which  is  a  little  cave,  the  otf- 
18 


206  MOUNTAINS. 

server  can  see  no  visible  marks  of  its  pestilential  vapour ; 
only,  to  within  a  foot  of  the  bottom,  the  wall  seems  to  be 
tinged  with  a  colour  resembling  that,  which  is  givdn  by 
stagnant  waters.  When  the  clog,  this  philosophical 
martyr,  as  some  have  called  him,  is  held  above  this  mark, 
he  does  not  seem  to  feel  the  smallest  inconvenience, 
but  when  his  head  is  thrust  down  lower,  he  for  a  moment 
struggles  to  get  free  ;  but,  in  the  space  of  four  or  five 
minutes,  he  appears  to  lose  all  sensation,  and  is  taken 
out  seemingly  without  life.  But  after  being  plunged  in- 
to a  neighbouring  lake,  he  quickly  recovers,  and  runs 
home  without  the  smallest  apparent  injury. 

MOUNTAINS. 

In  those  countries,  which  consist  only  of  plains,  the 
smallest  elevations  are  apt  to  excite  wonder.  In  Hol- 
land which  is  entirely  fiat,  a  little  ridge  of  hills  is  shown 
near  the  sea  side,  which  Boerhaave  generally  pointed  out 
to  his  pupils,  as  mountains  of  ro  small  consideration. 
What  would  be  the  sensations  of  such  an  auditory,  could 
they  at  once  be  presented  with  a  view  of  the  heights  and 
precipices  of  the  Andes  and  the  Alps !  Even  in  Eng- 
land, they  have  no  adequate  idea  of  a  mountainous  pros- 
pect ;  their  hills  are  generally  sloping  from  the  plain,  and 
clothed  to  the  very  top  with  vertlure  ;  they  can  scarcely, 
therefore,  lift  their  imaginations  to  those  immense  piles, 
whose  tops  peep  up  behind  intervening  clouds,  sharp, 
and  precipitate,  and  reach  to  heights,  that  human  curi- 
osity has  never  been  able  to  attain. 

Mountains  are  not  without  their  uses.  It  has  been 
thought,  that  the  aniraal  and  vegetable  part  of  the  crea- 
tion would  perish  for  want  of  convenient  moisture,  were 
it  not  for  their  assistance.  Their  summits  are  supposed 
to  arrest  the  clouds  and  vapours,  which  float  in  the 
regions  of  the  air  ;  their  large  inflections  and  channels 
are  considered  as  so  many  conduits,  prepared  for  the 
reception  of  those  thick  vapours  and  impetuous  rains, 
which  descend  into  them.  The  huge  caverns  beneath 


MOUNTAINS.  2Q7 

are  so  many  magazines  of  water  for  tr^e  peculiar  ser- 
vice of  man  ;  and  those  orifices,  by  which  the  water  is 
discharged  upon  the  plain,  are  so  situated  as  to  enrich 
and  render  them  fruitful,  instead  of  returning  through 
subterraneous  channels  to  the  sea,  after  the  performance 
of  a  tedious  and  fruitless  circul.Ation. 

It  is  certain,  that  almost  all  our  great  rivers  find  their 
source  among  mountains  ;  and,  in  general,  he  more 
extensive  the  mountain,  the  greater  the  river.  Thus  the 
river  Amazon,  the  greatest  in  the  world,  has  its  source 
among  the  Andes,  which  are  the  highest  mountains  on 
the  globe  ;  the  river  Niger  travels  a  long  course  of  sev- 
eral hundred  miles  from  the  mountains  oi  the  Moon,  the 
highest  in  Africa;  and  the  Dar/ube  and  the  Hhine  pro- 
ceed from  the  Alps,  which  are  probably  the  highest 
mountains  in  Europe. 

The  traveller,  as  he  ascends  a  mountain,  finds  the 
grass  become  more  mossy,  and  the  weather  more  mod- 
erate. Higher  up,  the  air  is  colder,  and  the  earth  more 
barren.  In  the  midst  of  his  dreary  passage,  he  is  often 
entertained  with  a  little  valley  of  surprising  verdure, 
caused  by  the  reflected  heat  of  the  sun,  collected  into  a 
narrow  spot  on  the  surrounding  heights.  But  it  more 
frequently  happens,  that  he  sees  only  frightful  precipi- 
ces beneath,  and  lakes  of  amazing  depth,  from  whence 
rivers  are  formed,  and  whence  springs  derive  their  or- 
igin. Near  the  summit  vegetation  is  scarcely  carried 
on';  here  and  there  a  few  plants  of  the  most  hat\iV  kind 
appear.  The  air  is  intolerably  cold  ;  the  ground  wears 
an  eternal  covering  of  ice,  and  snow  seems  constantly 
accumulating.  Upon  emerging  from  this  scene,  he  as- 
cends into  a  purer  and  serene r  region,  where  vegetation 
has  entirely  ceased  ;  where  the  precipices,  composed 
entirely  of  rocks,  rise  perpendicularly  above  him  ;  while 
he  views  beneath  him  all  the  combat  of  the  elements : 
clouds  at  his  feet,  and  lightnings  darting  upward  from 
their  bosoms  below.  A  thousand  meteors,  which  are 
never  seen  on  the  plains,  present  themselves;  circular 
i  ainbowsj  mock  suns,  the  shadow  of  the  mountain  pro- 


208  MOUNTAINS. 

Jected  upon  the  body  of  the  air ;  and  the  traveller's  GMHI 
image  reflected,  as  in  a  looking  glass,  upon  the  opposite 
Glouds.  Such  are,  in  general,  the  wonders  that  present 
themselves  to  a  traveller  in  his  journey  either  over  the 
Alps  or  the  Andes. 

To  enumerate  the  most  remarkable  mountains,  ac- 
cording to  their  size,  vie  must  begin  \vith  the  Andes,  of 
which  the  following  is  extracted  from  an  excellent  de- 
scription, given  by  Uiloa,  who  went  thither  by  command 
of  the  King  of  Spain 

"  After,"  says  he,  "  having  travelled  upwards  of  three 
days  through  boggy  roads,  in  which  the  mules  at  every 
step  sunk  up  tg  their  bodies,  we  began  at  length  to  per- 
ceive an  alteration  in  the  climate;  and  having  been  long 
accustomed  to  heat,  ivenow  began  to  feel  it  grow  sensi- 
bly colcier. 

"  At  Tarigua'gua  we  often  see  instances  of  the  ef- 
fects of  two  opposite  temperatures,  in  two  persons  hap- 
pening to  meet ;  one  of  them  leaving  the  plains  below, 
and  the  other  descending  from  the  mountain.  The  for- 
mer thinks  the  cold  so  severe,  that  he  wraps  himself  up 
in  all  the  garments  he  can  procure  ;  while  the  latter 
finds  the  heat  so  great,  that  he  is  scarcely  able  to  bear 
any  clothes  whatever.  The  one  thinks  the  water  so  cold, 
that  he  avoids  being  sprinkled  by  it ;  the  other  is  so  de- 
lighted with  its  warmth,  that  he  uses  it  as  a  bath.  This 
difference  only  proceeds,  from  the  change  naturally  felt 
at  leading  a  climate,  to  which  one  has  been  accustom- 
ed, and  coming  into  another  of  an  opposite  temperature. 

"  The  ruggedness  of  the  road  is  not  easily  described. 
In  «ome  parts  the  declivity  is  so  great,  that  the  mules 
can  scarcely  keep  their  footing,  and  in  others  the  accliv- 
ity is  equally  difficult.  There  are  some  places  where 
the  road  is  so  steep,  and  yet  so  narrow,  that  the  mules 
are  obliged  to  slide  down,  without  making  the  least  use 
of  their  feet.  On  one  side  of  the  rider,  in  this  situa- 
tion, rises  an  eminence  of  several  hundred  yards ;  and 
©n  the  other,  an  abyss  of  equal  depth  j  §o  that  if  he  in 


MOUNTAINS.  209 

tihe  least  check  his  mule,  they  must  both  unavoidably 
perish. 

«  After  having  travelled  nine  days  in  this  manner, 
slowly  winding  along  the  side  of  the  mountain,  we  be- 
gan to  find  the  whole  country  covered  with  frost.  At 
length,  after  a  journey  of  fifteen  days,  we  arrived  at  a 
plain,  on  the  extremity  of  which  stands  the  city  of  Qui- 
to, the  capital  of  one  of  the  most  charming  regions  upon 
earth.  Here,  in  the  centre  of  the  torrid  zone,  the  heat 
is  not  only  very  tolerable,  but  in  some  places  the  cold 
also  is  painful.  Here  they  enjoy  all  the  temperature 
and  advantages  of  perpetual  spring ;  their  fields  being 
always  covered  with  verdure,  and  enamelled  with  flowers 
of  the  most  lively  colours.  However,  although  this 
beautiful  region  be  higher  than  any  country  in  the  world, 
and  although  it  took  so  many  days  of  painful  journey,  in 
the  ascent,  it  is  still  overlooked  by  tremendous  moun- 
tains ;  their  sides  covered  with  snow,  and  yet  flaming 
with  volcanoes  at  the  top.  These  seem  piled  one  upon 
the  other,  and  rise  to  a  most  astonishing  height.  How- 
over,  at  a  determined  point  above  the  surface  of  the  sea, 
congelation  is  found  to  take  place  in  all  the  moun- 
tains. Those  parts,  which  are  not  subject  to  a  con- 
tinual frost,  have  growing  upon  them  a  sort  of  rush,  very 
soft  and  flexible.  Higher  up,  the  earth  is  entirely  bare 
of  vegetation,  and  seems  covered  with  eternal  snow. 
The  most  remarkable  mountains  are  the  Cotopax'i, 
Chimbora'zo,  and  Pachir/cha.  The  first  is  more  than 
three  geographical  miles  above  the  surface  of  the  sea  ; 
the  rest  are  not  much  inferior.  On  the  top  of  the  latter 
I  suffered  particular  hardships  from  the  intenseness  of 
the  cold  and  the  violence  of  the  storms  The  sky  around 
•was,  in  general,  involved  in  thick  fogs,  which  when  they 
cleared  away,  and  the  clouds  by  their  gravity  moved  near- 
er to  the  surface  of  the  earth,  appeared  surrounding  the 
foot  of  the  mountain,  at  a  vast  distance  below,  like  a  sea. 
encompassing  an  island  in  the  midst  of  it.  When  this 
happened,  the  horrid  noises  of  tempests  were  heard  from 
18* 


210  MOUNTAINS. 

beneath,  discharging  themselves  on  Quito,  and  tfls 
neighbouring  counlry.  1  sa^w  lightnings  issue  from  the 
elouds,  and  heard  the  launders  roll  far  beneath  me.  All 
this  time,  while  the  tempest  was  raging  below,  the 
mountain  top,  where  I  was  placed,  enjoyed  a  delightful* 
serenity ;  the  wind  was  abated,  the  sky  clear,  and  the 
>'ays  of  the  sun  moderated  the  severity  of  the  cold.  How- 
ever, this  was  of  no  long  duration,  tor  the  wind  returned 
•with  all  its  violence  ;  and  my  fears  were  increased  by 
the  dceadful  concussions  of  the  precipice,  and  the  fall  of 
enormous  rocks,  the  only  sound  that  was  heard  in  this 
dreadful  situation." 

If  we  compare  the  Alps  with  the  Andes,  we  shall 
£nd  them  but  little  more  than  half  their  height.  The 
j\lps  are  but  about  a  mile  and  a  half,  whereas  the  Andes 
are  more  than  three  miles  in  perpendicular  height  from 
the  surface  of  the  sea.  The  highest  mountains  of 
Asia  are  Mount  Tau'rus,  Mount  Cau'casus,  the  moun- 
tains of  Japan  and  of  Thibet' ;  of  these,  none  equals  the 
Andes  in  height,  except  those  of  Thibet7,  which,  accor- 
ding to  modern  travellers,  greatly  exceed  them.  In  Af- 
sica,  the  mountains  of  the  Moon,  famous  for  giving 
source  to  the  Niger  and  the  Nile,  are  more  celebrated 
than  accurately  known.  Of  the  Peak  of  TenerifTe'  we 
Siave  no  certain  information.  It  was  visited  by  a  com- 
pany of  English  merchants,  who  travelled  up  to  the 
top,  when  they  observed  its  height,  and  the  volcano 
on  its  very  summit.  They  found  it  a  heap  of  mountains, 
the  highest  of  which  rises  over  the  rest  like  a  sugar  loaf, 
and  gives  a  name  to  the  whole  mass. 

The  difficulty  and  danger  of  ascending  to  the  tops  ot 
mountains,  have  been  supposed  to  proceed  from  the  thin- 
ness of  the  air  ;  but  the  more  probable  reason  is  the  rug- 
ged and  precipitate  ascent.  In  some  places  they  appear 
like  a  wall  of  six  or  seven  hundred  feet  high ;  in  others, 
there  project  enormous  rocks,  that  hang  upon  the  brow 
of  the  steep,  and  every  moment  threaten  destruction  to 
the  traveller  below. 

In  this  manner,  almost  all  the  tops  of  the  highest 


RIVERS.  an 

mountains  are  bare  and  pointed,  which  proceeds  proba- 
bly from  their  being  so  continually  assaulted  by  thunder 
and  tempests.  All  the  earthy  substances,  with  which 
they  might  have  been  once  covered,  have  for  ages  been 
washed  away  from  their  summits,  and  nothing  is  left  ie- 
maining  but  immense  rocks,"  which  no  tempests  have 
hitherto  been  able  to  destroy* 

Nevertheless,  time  is  every  day  and  every  hour  mak- 
ing depredations  ;  and  huge  fragments  are  seen  tum- 
bling down  the  precipice,  either  loosened  by  frost,  or 
struck  by  lightning.  Nothing  can  exhibit  a  more  ter- 
rible spectacle,  than  one  of  these  enormous  rocks,  com- 
monly larger  than  a  house,  falling  from  its  height*  with 
a  noise  louder  than  thunder,  and  rolling  down  the  side 
of  the  mountain. 

In  the  month  of  June,  !714,  a  part  of  a  mountain  in 
the  district  of  Valais',  in  France,  suddenly  fell  down  be- 
tween two  and  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  the  weath- 
er being  calm  and  serene.  It  was  of  a  conical  figure, 
and  destroyed  fifty  five  cottages  in  the  fall.  Fifteen  per- 
sons, together  with  about  a  hundred  beasts,  were  also 
crushed  beneath  the  ruins,  which  covered  an  extent  of 
nine  square  miles.  The  dust  it  occasioned  instantly 
overwhelmed  all  the  neighbourhood  in  darkness.  The 
heaps  of  rubbish  were  more  than  three  hundred  feet 
high  ;  they  stopped  the  current  of  a  river,  that  ran  along 
the  plain,  which  is  now  formed  into  several  new  and  deep 
lakes.  In  the  same  manner,  the  entire  town  of  Pleurs, 
in  France,  was  buried  beneath  a  rocky  mountain,  at  the 
foot  of  which  it  was  situated. 

RIVERS. 

ALL  rivers  have  their  sources  either  in  mountains  or  el- 
evated  lakes ;  and  it  is  in  their  descent  from  these,  that 
they  acquire  that  velocity,  which  maintains  their  future 
current.  At  first  the  course  of  a  river  is  generally  rap- 
id ;  but  it  is  retarded  in  its  journey,  by  the  continual 
friction  against  the  banks,  by  the  many  obstacles  it 


212  RIVERS. 

meets  to  divert  its  stream,  and  by  the  surface  of  the  earfk 
generally  becoming  more  level,  as  it  approaches  the 
sea* 

The  largest  rivers  of  Europe  are,  first,  the  Wol'ga, 
which  is  about  2000  miles  in  length,  extending  from 
Res'chow  to  As'tracan. 

The  next  in  order  is  the  Dan'ube;  the  course  of  which 
is  about  1400  miles,  from  the  mountains  of  Switzerland 
to  the  Black  Sea.  The  Don  or  Tan'ais  is  1200  railes 
from  the  source  of  that  branch  of  it  called  the  Soi'na,  to 
its  mouth  in  the  Euxlne  Sea.  The  -Nzeper  rises  in 
Mus'covy,  and  runs  a  course  of  more  than  1000  miles 
to  empty  itself  into  the  Black  Sea.  The  Dwi'na,  which 
takes  its  rise  in  a  province  of  the  same  name  in  Russia, 
runs  a  course  of  900  miles,  and  fall's  into  the  White  Sea, 
a  little  below  Archangel. 

The  largest  rivers  of  Asia,  are  the  Ho'ang  Ho,  in  Chi- 
na, which  is  2500  miles  in  length ;  the  Enissey  of 
Tar'tary,  about  2400  miles  in  length  ;  the  Oby  of  I  SCO 
miles,  running  from  the  lake  of  Kila  into  the  Northern 
.Sea.  The  Amour,  in  Eastern  Tar'tary,  is  above  1700 
miles  from  its  source  to  its  entrance  into  the  sea  of 
Kamtschatka.  The  Kiam,  in  China,  is  about  1500  miles 
in  length.  The  Ganges,  one  of  the  most  noted  rivers  in 
the  world,  is  about  1650  miles  long.  It  rises  in  the 
mountains,  which  separate  India  from  Tartary  :  and 
running  through  the  dominions  of  the  Great  Mogul,  dis- 
charges itself  by  several  mouths  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
It  is  not  only  esteemed  by  the  Indians  for  the  depth  and 
pureness  of  its  stream,  but  for  a  supposed  sanctity,  which 
they  believe  its  waters  possess.  It  is  visited  annually  by 
several  hundred  thousand  pilgrims,  who  pay  their  devo- 
tions to  the  river,  as  to  a  god  ;  for  savage  simplicity  is 
always  known  to  mistake  the  blessings  of  the  Deity  for 
the  Deity  himself. 

Next  to  this  may  be  reckoned  the  still  more  celebrate 

ed  river  Euphrates.     Nor  must  the  Indus  be  forgotten. 

.  The  largest  rivers  in  Africa,  are  the  Senegal,  whose 

Course  is  said  to  be  3000  miles  in  length,  and  the  ccl-e- 


CATARACTS.  213 

bralcd  Nile,  which  from  its  source  among  the  rnoim- 
tains  of  the  Moon,  in  Upper  Ethio'pia,  to  the  MediterraV 
nean,  is  thought  to  extend  as  far.  The  annual  over- 
flowings of  this  river  arise  from  a  very  obvious  cause, 
-which  affects  almost  all  great  rivers,  that  have  their 
source  near  the  equator.  The  rainy  season,  which  is 
periodical  in  those  climates,  floods  the  rivers  ;  and  as 
this  always  happens  in  our  summer,  so  the  Nile  is  at 
that  time  overflowed.  From  these  inundations  the  in- 
habitants of  Egypt  derive  plenty  and  happiness. 

But  of  all  parts  of  the?  World,  America,  as  it  exhibits 
the  most  lofty  mountains,  so  it  supplies  the  largest  rivers. 
The  principal  of  these  is  the  great  river  Am'azon.  which, 
according  to  some,  performs  a  course  of  nearly  4000 
miles.  The  breadth  and  depth  of  this  river  are  answer- 
able to  its  vast  length,  and  where  its  width  is  most  con- 
tracted, its  depth  is  augmented  in  proportion.  So  great 
is  the  body  of  its  waters,  that  other  large  rivers  are  lost 
in  its  bosom.  It  proceeds  after  their  junction,  with  its 
usual  appearance,  without  any  visible  change  in  its 
breadth  or  rapidity,  and  remains  great  without  ostenta- 
tion. In  some  places  it  displays  its  whole  magnificence, 
dividing  Hnto  several  branches,  encompassing  a  multi- 
tude of  islands  ;  and  at  length  discharging  itself  into  the 
ocean,  by  a  channel,  which  is  an  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
broad. 

CATARACTS. 

THE  Nile  has  its  cataracts.  The  Veli'no  in  Italy  has 
one  more  than  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet  perpendicular. 
Near  the  city  of  Got'tenburg  in  Sweden,  a  river  rushes 
down  from  a  prodigious  precipice  into  a  deep  pit,  with  a 
terrible  noise,  and  such  dreadful  force  that  those  trees, 
designed  for  the  masts  of  ships,  which  are  floated  down 
the  river>  are  usually  thrown  over  endwise  in  their  fall, 
and  often  shattered  to  pieces,  by  falling  sideways,  and  be- 
ing dashed  against  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  pit ;  if 
they  fall  endwise,  they  dive  so  far  below  the  surface,  as 


214  CATARACTS. 

to  disappear  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour  or  more.  The  pit, 
into  which  they  are  thus  plunged,  has  been  sounded  with 
a  line  of  several  thousand  yards,  but  no  bottom  has  hith- 
erto been  found. 

Of  all  the  cat'aracts  in  the  world,  that  of  Nia'gara  in 
Canada  is  the  greatest  and  most  astonishing  This 
amazing"  fall  of  water  is  made  by  the  river  Nia'gara,  in 
its  passage  from  lake  E'rie  into  lake  Onta'rio.  The  out- 
let from  this  latter  forms  the  Saint  Law'rence,  one  of 
the  largest  rivers  in  the  world,  arid  the  whole  of  its 
waters  are  here  poured  down  a  fall  of  an  hundred 
and  fifty  feet  perpendicular.  It  is  not  easy  to  bring  the 
imagination  to  correspond  with  the  greatness  of  the 
scene  ;  a  river  extremely  deep  and  rapid,  and  that  serves 
to  drain  the  waters  of  almost  all  North  America  into  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  is  here  poured  precipitately  down  a 
ledge  of  rocks,  that  rise,  like  a  wall,  across  the  whole 
bed  of  the  stream.  The  width  of  the  river,  a  little  above, 
is  nearly  three  quarters  of  a  mile  ;  and  the  rocks,  where 
it  grows  narrower,  are  400  yards  over.  Their  direc- 
tion is  not  straight  across,  but  hollowing  inwards  like 
a  horse  shoe  ;  so  that  the  cataract,  which  bends  to  the 
shape  of  the  obstacle,  rounding  inwards,  presents  a  kind 
of  theatre  the  most  tremendous  in  nature.  Just  in  the 
middle  of  this  circular  wall  of  waters,  a  little  island,  that 
has  braved  the  fury  of  the  current,  presents  one  of  its 
points,  and  divides  the  stream  at  top  into  two,  but  it 
unites  again,  long  before  it  reaches  the  bottom.  The 
noise  of  the  fall  is  heard  at  several  leagues  distance  ;  and 
the  fury  of  the  waters  at  the  bottom  of  their  fall  is  incon- 
ceivable The  dashing  produces  a  mist  that  rises  to  the 
very  clouds,  and  that  produces  a  most  beautiful  rainbow 
when  the  sun  shines.  It  may  be  easily  conceived,  that 
such  a  cataract  wholly  destroys  the  navigation  of  the 
stream. 

Thus  to  whatever  quarter  of  the  globe  we  turn,  say 
Goldsmith,  we  shall  find  new  reasons  to  be  satisfied  with 
that  part,  in  which  we  ourselves  reside.  Our  rivers  fur- 
nish all  the  plenty  of  the  African  stream,  without  its  in- 


OCEANS.  213 

undations  ;  they  have  all  the  coolness  of  the  polar  rivu- 
let with  a  tnore^  constant  supply  ;  they  want  the  terrible 
magnificence  of  huge  cataracts,  and  extensive  lakes,  but 
they  are  more  navigable,  and  more  transparent ;  though 
less  deep  and  rapid,  than  the  rivets  of  the  ton  id  zone; 
they  are  more  manageable,  and  only  wait  the  will  of  man 
to  take  their  direction.  The  rivers  of  the  torrid  zone, 
like  the  monarchs  of  the  country,  rule  with  despotic  ty- 
ranny, profuse  in  their  bounties,  and  ungovernable  in 
their  rage.  The  rivers  of  Britain,  like  its  kings,  are  the 
friends,  not  the  oppressors  of  the  people ;  bounded  by- 
known  limits,  abridged  in  the  power  of  doing  ill,  and  on- 
ly at  liberty  to  distribute  happiness  and  plenty. 

THE  OCEAN. 

IF  we  look  upon  a  map  of  the  world,  we  shall  find  that 
the  waters  occupy  considerable  more  space,  than  the  land. 
Although  the  ocean  is  but  one  extensive  sheet  of  water, 
continued  over  every  part  of  the  globe  without  interrup- 
tion, yet  geographers  have  distinguished  it  by  ciifferent 
names,  as  the  Atlantic,  the  Northern,  Southern,  Pacif- 
ic, and  Indian  oceans. 

In  this  vast  receptacle,  almost  all  the  rivers  of  the 
earth  ultimately  terminate  ;  nor  do  such  great  supplies 
seem  to  increase  its  stores.  It  is  neither  apparently 
swollen  by  their  tribute,  nor  diminished  by  their  failure  ; 
it  continues  the  same.  What,  indeed,  is  the  quantity  of 
waters  of  all  the  rivers  and  lakes  in  the  world,  compared 
to  that  contained  in  this  great  receptacle  !  If  we  should 
offer  to  make  a  rude  estimate,  we  shall  find,  that  all  the 
rivers  in  the  world,  flowing  into  the  bed  of  the  sea.  with 
a^continuance  of, their  present  stores,  would  take  up  at 
least  800  years  to  fill  it  to  its  present  height. 

In  the  temperate  climates  the  sea  is  never  frozen,  but 
the  polar  regions  arc  embarrassed  with  mountains  of  ice 
that  render  them  impassable;  the  tiemendous  floats  of 
different  magnitudes,  sometimes  rising  more  than  a 
thousand  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water  ;  sometimes 
diffused  into  plains  of  some  hundred  miles  in  extent. 


'216  OCEANS. 

They  are  Usually  divided  by  fissures ;  one  piece  follow* 
ing  another  so  close,  that  a  person  may  step  from  one 
to  the  other.  Sometimes  mountains  are  seen  rising 
amidbt  these  plains,  and  presenting  the  appearance  of  a 
variegated  lands?  ype,  wiih  hills  and  vaiiies,  houses, 
churches,  and  u.-weis. 

It  is  said  that  there  are  two  sort!?,  of  ice  floating  in 
these  seas ;  the  flat  ice,  and  the  mountain  ice.  One  is 
formed  of  sea  \va».er,  the  other  of  fresh.  The  fkt,  or 
driving  ice,  is  entirely  composed  of  sea  water  ;  whichd 
upon  dissolution,  is  found  to  be  salt ;  and  is  readily  dis- 
tinguished from  the  other  by  its  whiteness  and  want  of 
^transparency.  This  ice  is  much  more  terrible  to  mari- 
ners, than  that  which  rises  up  in  lumps.  A  ship  can  a- 
void  one,  as  it  is  seen  at  a  distance  ;  but  it  often  gets 
among  the  other,  which  sometimes  closing,  crushes  it  to 
pieces. 

The  mountain  ice  is  often  incorporated  with  earth', 
stones,  and  brushwood,  washed  from  the  shore.  Uii 
these  also  are  sometimes  found,  not  only  earth,  but  nests 
\vith  bird's  eggs,  at  several  hundred  miles  from  land. 
These  mountains  are  usually  seen  in  the  spring,  and 
after  a  violent  storm,  driving  out  to  sea,  where  they  at 
first  terrify  the  mariner,  and  are  soon  after  dashed  to 
pieces  by  the  continual  washing  of  the  waves,  or  driven 
into  the  warmer  regions  of  the  south  to  bt  melted  away. 

In  the  ocean  there  are  many  dangerous  whirlpools. 
That  called  the  Macl-stroo?n<  upon  the  coast  of  Norway, 
is  considered  as  the  most  dreadful  and  voracious  in  the 
world.  A  minute  description  of  the  internal  parts  is  not 
to  be  expected,  since  none,  who  were  there,  ever  return- 
ed to  bring  back  information.  The  body  of  the  waters 
that  form  this  whirlpool,  is  extended  in  a  circle  about 
thirteen  miles  in  circumference.  In  the  midst  of  this 
stands  a  rock,  against  which  the  tide  in  its  ebb  is  dashed 
with  inconceivable  fury.  At  this  time  it  constantly  swal- 
lows up  every  thing,  that  comes  within  the  sphere  of  its 
violence  ;  trees,  timber,  and  shipping-  No  skill  in  the 
mariner,  nor  strength  of  rowing,  can  woik  an  escape  ; 
the  sailor  at  the  helm  finds  the  ship  at  first  go  in  a  cur- 


WINDS.  217 

rent  opposite  to  his  intentions ;  his  vessel's  motion 
though  slow  in  the  beginning,  becomes  every  moment 
more  rapid  ;  it  goes  round  in  circles  still  narrower  and 
narrower,  till  at  last  it  is  dashed  against  the  rocks,  and 
instantly  disappears.  Nor  is  it  seen  again  for  six  hours  ; 
till,  the  tide  flowing,  it  is  thrown  forth  with  the  same  vio- 
lence, with  which  it  was  drawn  in.  The  noise  of  this 
dreadful  vortex  still  further  contributes  to  increase  its 
terror,  which,  with  the  dashing  of  the  waters,  and  the 
dreadful  valley,  caused  by  their  circulation,  makes  one 
of  the  most  tremendous  objects  in  nature. 

WINDS. 

IF  we  ascend  above  the  surface  of  the  earth,  we  find 
a  thin,  invisible  fluid,  which  every  where  surrounds  it, 
and  which  we  cannot  perceive  but  by  its  motion,  or  by 
our  own  through  it ;  yet  it  is  so  thick  and  heavy  as  to  bear 
up  the  winged  tribes  of  the  earth,  and  allow  them  to 
sport  above  the  reach  of  man. 

This  fluid  is  called  the  air  or  atmosphere,  which,  put 
in  motion,  is  wind.  It  is  what  we  breathe,  and  is  the 
support  of  both  animal  and  vegetable  life,  and  also  of  fire. 
It  is  the  habitation  of  storms,  lightning,  and  thunder,  and 
the  furious  hurricane,  which  se  often  desolates  many 
parts  of  the  earth. 

Wind  is  supposed  to  be  caused  by  heat  and  electrici- 
ty, which,  as  they  prevail  in  any  part  of  the  earthj  cause 
the  air  to  rush  towards  them. 

The  velocity  of  wind  varies  from  the  slowest  motion 
to  that  of  fifty  or  sixty  miles  an  hour. 

The  winds  are  commonly  divided  into  three  classes  ; 
general*  jieriodical*  and  "variable  winds. 

General  or  permanent  winds  blow  always  nearly  in 
the  same  direction.  In  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans, 
under  the  equator,  and  to  the  distance  of  28  degrees  on 
each  side  of  it,  the  winds  are  almost  always  from  the  cast, 
following  the  course  of  the  sun.  These>  by  navigators, 
are  called  trade  winds. 
19 


218 

Periodical  winds,  also  called  monsoon 8?,  are  those 
which  blow  six  morths  in  one  direction,  then  change,  and 
blow  six  months  in  the  opposite  direction.  From  April 
to  September,  these  winds  blow  from  the  southward  over 
the  whole  length  of  the  Indian  ocean  between  the  28th 
degrees  of  north  and  south  latitude,  and  from  October 
to  March  vhey  blow  from  the  northward. 

For  some  days  before  and  after  they  change,  there 
are  calms,  variable  winds,  and  tremendous  storms,  with 
thunder  and  lightning. 

There  are,  in  many  countries,  especially  between  the 
tropics,  what  are  called  land  and  sea  breezes.  They 
change  daily,  and  blow  during  the  morning  and  forenoon 
from  the  land  to  the  water  ;  and  during  the  afternoon 
and  evening,  from  the  water  to  the  land. 

The  -variable  winds  are  those,  which  blow  in  every 
possible  direction,  and  whose  irregularity  and  change 
are  not  the  subject  of  calculation  or  prediction. 

There  are  several  other  winds  of  a  peculiar  character, 
which  are  singular,  and  worthy  attention. 

The  Hcrmattan  is  a  very  singular  wind,  which  blows 
periodically  from  the  interior  of  Africa  towards  the  At- 
lantic ocean.  It  continues  sometimes  only  a  clay  or  two, 
at  other  times  two  or  three  weeks.  It  is  attended  by  a 
thick  fog  or  haze,  which  obscures  the  sun,  except  a  short 
time  in  the  middle  of  the  day,  when  he  appears  of  so 
mild  and  faint  a  red,  that  the  eye  can  view  him  without 
pain.  This  fog  produces  a  whitish  appearance  on  the 
leaves  of  trees  and  the  skins  of  the  negroes.  The  wind 
is  so  extremely  dry,  that  vegetables  are  withered  by  it, 
and  the  grass  becomes  like  hay.  The  human  body  does 
not  escape  its  parching  effects.  The  eyes,  lips,  palate, 
Sec.  are  rendered  dry  and  uneasy  ;  and  though  the  air  is 
cool,  it  frequently  causes  the  outside  of  the  skin  to  crack 
and  peel  off  from  the  hands  and  face,  and  sometimes  from 
the  whole  body.  This  wind  however  is  conducive  to 
general  health  ;  it  stops  the  progress  of  many  diseases, 
and  effectually  cures  others. 

The  wind  called  Siroc'co  or  Sirocc'  in  Italy,  and  Le- 


CONCLUSION.  219 

yant'  in  France,  resembles  the  H 'ar  mat' tan  in  some  of  its 
effects,  but  it  is  extremely  hot  and  unhealthy.  During 
its  continuance  all  nature  appears  to  languish  ;  vegeta- 
tion withers  and  dies  ;  the  beasts  of  the  field  droop,  and 
the  animal  spirits  are  too  much  exhausted  to  admit  of 
bodily  exertion. 

The  wind,  called  Sarnie!,  which  sometimes  blows  in 
the  deserts  of  Eag'dad^  is  of  all  others  most  dreadful  in 
its  effects.  It  produces  almost  instantaneous  death,  and 
so  mortifies  the  limbs  of  the  body,  that  they  easily  come 
asunder.  Camels  seem  to  have  almost  an  instinctive 
notice  of  its  approach,  and  are  so  well  aware  of  it,  that 
they  make  an  unusual  noise,  and  to  avoid  breathing  it 
cover  their  noses  in  the  sand.  Travellers,  to  escape  its 
effects,  throw  themselves  close  to  the  ground,  and  wait 
till  it  has  passed  by,  which  is  commonly  in  a  few  min- 
utes. 

In  the  sandy  deserts  of  Africa,  there  is  a  singular 
wind,  known  by  the  name  of  Simoom'.  It  in  some  meas- 
ure resembles  the  Sirocc  and  Samiel*  It  is  preceded  by 
extreme  redness  in  the  air,  and  other  unusual  appear- 
ances. There  are  in  these  deserts  remarkable  whirl- 
winds, which  raise  the  dust  in  such  a  manner,  that  they 
appear  like  vast  moving  pillars  of  sand,  whose  tops  reach 
almost  to  the  clouds.  Several  of  them  sometimes  ap- 
pear in  company  at  no  great  distance  from  each  other. 
At  the  rising  of  the  sun,  when  his  rays  pass  through 
them,  they  appear  like  pillars  of  fire,  and  strike  the  spec- 
tator with  wonder  and  terror. 


CONCLUSION, 

Including  a  brief  View  of  the  Universe. 

HAVING  thus  gone  through  a  particular  description 
of  the  earth,  let  us  now  pause  for  a  moment,  to  contem- 
plate the  great  picture  before  us.  The  universe  may 
be  considered  as  the  palace,  in  which  the  Deity  resides, 
and  this  eaith  as  one  of  its  apartments.  Those  great 


220  CONCLUSION. 

outlines  of  nature,  to  which  art  cannot  reach,  and  where 
onr  greatest  efforts  must  have  been  ineffectual,  God 
himself  has  finished  with  amazing  grandeur  and  beauty. 
Our  beneficent  Father  has  considered  these  parts  of  na- 
ture as  peculiarly  his  own ;  as  parts  which  no  creature 
could  have  skill  or  strength  to  amend ;  and  therefore 
made  them  incapable  of  alteration,  or  of  more  perfect 
regularity.  The  heavens  and  the  firmament  shew  the 
wisdom  and  the  glory  of  the  Workman,  Astronomers, 
who  are  best  skilled  in  the  symmetry  of  systems,  can 
find  nothing  there,  that  they  can  alter  for  the  better. 
God  made  these  perfect,  because  no  subordinate  being 
could  correct  their  defects. 

When,  therefore,  we  survey  nature  on  this  side,  noth- 
ing can  be  more  splendid,  more  correct,  or  amazing. 
We  then  behold  a  Deity  residing  in  the  midst  of  an  uni- 
verse, infinitely  extended  every  way,  animating  all  and 
cheering  the  vacuity  with  his  presence  !  We  behold 
an  immense  and  shapeless  mass  of  matter  formed  into 
worlds  by  his  power,  and  dispersed  at  intervals,  to  which 
even  the  imagination  cannot  travel.  In  this  great  thea- 
tre of  his  glory,  a  thousand  suns,  like  our  own,  animate 
their  respective  systems,  appearing  and  vanishing  at  the 
divine  command.  We  behold  our  own  bright  luminary- 
fixed  in  the  centre  of  its  system,  wheeling  its  planets  in 
times,  proportioned  to  their  distances,  and  at  once  dis- 
pensing light,  heat,  and  motion.  The  eaith  also  is  seen 
with  its  twofold  motion,  producing,  by  the  one,  the 
change  of  seasons,  and  by  the  other,  the  grateful  vicissi- 
tudes of  day  and  night.  With  what  silent  magnificence 
is  all  this  pei  formed  !  With  what  seeming  ease  !  The 
works  of  art  are  exerted  with  an  interrupted  force;  and 
their  noisy  progress  discovers  the  obstructions  they  re- 
ceive ;  but  the  earth,  with  a  silent,  steady  rotation,  suc- 
cessively presents  every  part  of  its  bosom  to  the  sun  ; 
at  once  imbibing  nourishment  and  light  from  that  parent 
of  vegetation  and  felicity. 

But  not    only  provisions  of  heat  and  li^ht   are  thus 
supplied,  but  its  whole  surface  is  covered  with  a  trans- 


CONCLUSION.  221 

parent  atmosphere,  that  runs  with  its  motion,  and  guards 
it  from  external  injury.  The  rays  of  the  sun  are  thus 
broken  into  a  genial  warmth  ;  and  while  the  surface  is 
assisted,  a  gentle  heat  is  produced  in  the  bowels  of  the 
earth,  which  contributes  to  cover  it  with  verdure.  Wa- 
ters also  are  supplied  in  healthful  abundance,  to  support 
life  and  assist  vegetation.  Mountains  arise  to  diversify 
the  prospect,  and  give  a  current  to  the  stream.  Seas 
extend  from  one  continent  to  the  other,  replenished  with 
animals,  that  may  be  turned  to  human  support,  and  also 
serving  to  enrich  the  earth  with  a  sufficiency  of  vapour. 
Breezes  fly  along  the  surface  of  the  fields,  to  promote 
health  and  vegetation.  The  coolness  of  the  evening  in- 
vites to  rest ;  and  the  freshness  of  the  morning  invigo- 
rates for  labour. 

Such  are  the  delights  of  the  habitation,  that  has  been 
assigned  to  man ;  without  any  of  these,  he  must  have 
been  wretched  ;  and  none  of  these  could  his  own  indus- 
try have  supplied.  But  while  many  of  his  wants  are  thus 
kindly  furnished  on  the  one  hand,  there  are  numberless 
inconveniences  to  excite  his  industry  on  the  other.  This 
habitation,  though  provided  with  all  the  conveniences  of 
air,  pasturage,  and  water,  is  but  a  desert  place,  without 
human  cultivation.  The  lowest  animal  finds  more  con- 
veniences in  the  wilds  of  nature,  than  he  who  boasts  him- 
self their  lord.  The  whirlwind,  the  inundation,  and  all 
the  asperities  of  the  air,  are  peculiarly  terrible  to  mun> 
who  knows  their  consequences,  and  at  a  distance  dreads 
their  approach.  The  earth  itself,  where  human  art  has 
not  pervaded,  puts  on  a  frightful,  gloomy  appearance. 
The  forests  are  dark  and  tangled,  the  meadows  over- 
grown with  rank  weeds,  and  tke  brooks  su'ay  without  a 
determined  channel.  Nature,  that  has  been  kind  to  eve- 
ry lower  order  of  beings,  has  been  quite  negligent  to- 
wards man  ;  to  the  savige,  uncontriving  man,  the  earth 
Is  an  abode  of  desolation,  where  his  shelter  is' insuffi- 
cient, and  his  food  precarious. 

A  world,  thus  furnished  with  advantages  on  one  side 


222  VIEW  OF  THE  UNIVERSE. 

and  inconveniences  on  the  other,  is  the  proper  abode  oi 
reason,  and  the  fittest  to  exercise  the  industry  of  a  free 
and  thinking  creature.  These  evils,  which  art  can  rem- 
edy, and  prescience  guard  against,  are  a  proper  call  for 
the  exertion  of  his  faculties,  and  they  tend  still  more  to 
assimilate  him  to  his  Creator.  God  beholds  with  pleas- 
ure that  being  which  he  has  made,  converting  the  wretch- 
edness of  his  natural  situation  into  a  theatre  of  triumph  ; 
bringing  all  the  headlong  tribes  of  nature  into  subjec- 
tion to  his  will,  and  producing  that  order  and  uniformity 
upon  earth,  of  which  his  own  heavenly  fabric  is  so  bright 
an  example. 

To  convey  some  idea  of  the  immensity  of  creation, 
and  the  omnipotence  of  its  Author,  we  subjoin  the  fol- 
lowing 

BRIEF  VIEW  OF  THE  UNIVERSE. 

WHEN  the  shades  of  night  have  spread  their  veil  over 
the  plains,  the  firmament  manifests  to  our  view  its  gran- 
deur and  its  riches.  The  sparkling  points,  with  which  it 
is  studded,  are  so  many  suns  suspended  by  the  Almighty 
in  the  immensity  of  space,  to  worlds  which  roll  around 
them. 

The  heavens  declare  the  glory  of  God,  and  the  firma- 
ment showeth  his  handy  work.  The  royal  poet,  who 
expressed  himself  with  such  loftiness  of  sentiment,  was 
not  aware,  that  the  stars  he  contemplated  were  in  reality 
suns-  He  anticipated  these  times,  and  first  sang  that 
majestic  hymn,  which  future  and  more  enlightened  ages 
were  to  chant  forth  in  praise  to  the  great  Creator. 

The  assemblage  of  these  vast  bodies  is  divided  into 
different  systems,  the  number  of  which  probably  surpass- 
es the  grains  of  sand,  which  the  sea  casts  on  its  shores. 

Each  system  has  for  its  centre  a  star  or  sun,  which 
shines  by  its  native,  inherent  light;  and  round  which 
several  orders  of  opaque  globes  revolve,  reflecting,  xvitii 
more  or  less  brilliancy,  the  light  they  borrow  from  in 
and  which  renders  them  visible. 


VIEW  OP  THE  UNIVERSE.  223 

What  an  august,  what  an  amazing  conception  does 
this  give  of  the  works  of  the  Creator  ;  thousands  of  thou- 
sands of  suns,  multiplied  without  end,  and  ranged  all 
around  us,  at  immense  distances  from  each  other,  at- 
tended by  ten  thousand  times  ten  thousand  worlds,  all  in 
rapid  motion ;  yet  calm,  regular,  and  harmonious,  invari- 
ably keeping  the  paths  prescribed  them  ;  and  these 
worlds,  doubtless,  peopled  with  myriads  of  beings,  form- 
ed for  endless  progression  in  perfection  and  fertility  ! 

From  what  we  know  of  our  own  system,  it  may  be  rea- 
sonably concluded,  that  all  the  rest  are  with  equal  wis- 
dom contrived,  situated,  and  provided  with  accommoda- 
tions for  rational  inhabitants.  Let  us,  therefore,  take  a 
survey  of  the  system  to  which  we  belong,  the  only  one 
accessible  to  us  ;  and  from  thence  we  shall  be  the  better 
enabled  to  judge  of  the  nature  and  end  of  the  other  sys- 
tems of  the  universe. 

Those  globes  which  we  perceive,  as  wandering  among; 
the  heavenly  host,  are  the  planets ;  the  primary  or  prin- 
cipal ones  have  the  sun  for  the  common  centre  of  their 
periodical  revolution  ;  while  the  others,  which  are  called 
secondaries,  or  moons,  move  round  their  primaries,  ac- 
companying them  as  satellites  in  their  annual  revolu- 
tion. 

The  earth  has  one  satellite,  Jupiter  four,  Saturn  seven, 
and  the  Geor'gium  Si'dus,  or  Hcrschel,  six.  Saturn  is 
also  encompassed  by  a  luminous  andbeautiful  broad  ring. 

We  know  that  our  sohr  system  consists  of  twenty 
nine  planetary  bodies  ;  we  are  not  certain,  but  there  may 
be  more.  Their  number  has  been  considerably  aug- 
mented since  the  invention  of  telescopes  ;  more  perfect 
instruments,  and  more  accurate  observers,  may  further 
increase  their  number.  The  discovery  of  the  Geor'gium 
Si'dus,  or  the  Herschel  and  his  satellites,  and  the  still 
more  recent  discoveries  of  the  small  planets,  Ce'rcs, 
Pal'las*  Ju'nO)  and  Ves'ta,  called  Jls'teroidS)  may  be 
considered  a  happy  presage  of  future  success. 

Modern  astronomy  has  n«>t  only  enriched  our  heavens 


224  VIEW  OF  THE  UNIVERSE. 

with  new  planets,  but  it  has  also  enlarged  the  boundaries 
of  the  solar  system  The  comets,  which  from  their  fal- 
lacious appearance,  their  fiery  trains, theit  beard,  the  di- 
versity of  their  directions,  their  sudden  appearance  and 
disappearance,  have  been  considered  as  meteors,  lighted 
up  in  the  air  by  an  irritated  power,  are  found  to  be  a  spe- 
cies of  planetary  bodies,  whose  long  routes  are  now  cal- 
culated by  astronomers.  They  also  foretel  their  distant 
return,  determine  their  place,  and  account  for  their  ir- 
regularities. Many  of  these  bodies  at  present  acknowl- 
edge the  empire  of  our  sun,  though  the  orbits  they  trace 
round  him  are  so  extensive^  that  many  ages  are  neces- 
sary for  the  contemplation  of  a  revolution. 

In  a  word,  it  is  from  modern  astronomy,  that  we  learn 
that  the  stars  are  innumerable,  and  that  the  constellations, 
in  which  the  ancients  reckon  but  a  few,  are  now  known 
to  contain  thousands.  The  heavens  of  Tha'les  and  Hip- 
par'chus  were  very  poor,  when  compared  to  those  of  la- 
ter astronomers,  of  Tycho  Brahe.  Flamstead,  de  la  Cail- 
le,  and  Herschel.  The  diameter  of  the  great  orbit, 
which  our  earth  describes,  is  more  than  190  millions  of 
miles  ;  yet  this  vast  extent  vanishes  into  nothing,  and  be- 
comes a  mere  point,  when  the  astronomer  wishes  to  use 
it  as  a  measure,  to  ascertain  the  distance  of  the  fixed 
stars. 

How  great  then  is  the  real  bulk  of  these  luminaries, 
which  are  perceptible  by'  us  at  such  an  enormous  dis- 
tance !  The  sun  is  a  million  of  times  greater  than  the 
earth,  and  539  times  greater  than  all  the  planets  taken 
together.  If  the  stars  are  suns,  as  we  have  every  rea- 
son to  suppose,  they  must  be  either  equal  to  or  exceed 
it  in  size. 

Proud  and  ignorant  mortal !  lift  up  now  thine  eyes  to 
heaven,  and  answer  me.  if  one  of  those  luminaries,  which 
adorn  the  starry  heaven,  should  be  taken  away,  would 
the  nights  become  darker  ?  Say  not  then,  that  the  stars 
are  made  for  thee  ;  that  it  is  for  thee,  that  the  firma- 
ment glitters  with  effulgent  brightness  Feeble  mortal  1 
thou  wert  not  the  sole  object  of  the  liberal  bounties  of 


VIEW  OF  THE  UNIVERSE.  225 

the  Creator,  when  he  appointed  Sir'ius,  and  encompass* 
ed  it  with  worlds. 

Whilst  the  planets  perform  their  periodical  revolu- 
tions round  the  sun,  by  which  the  course  of  their  year  is 
regulated,  they  turn  round  their  axes  ;  a  motion  by  which 
they  obtain  the  alternate  succession  of  day  and  night. 

But  by  what  means  are  these  vast  bodies  suspended 
in  the  immensity  of  space  ?  What  secret  power  retains 
them  in  their  orbits,  and  enables  them  to  circulate  with 
so  much  regularity  and  harmony?  Giavity,  or  attrac- 
tion, is  the  powerful  agent,  the  universal  principle  of  this 
equilibrium,  and*.of  these  motions.  It  penetrates  inti- 
mately all  bodies.  By  this  power  they  tend  towards  each 
other  in  a  proportion  relative  to  their  quantities  of  mat- 
ter and  distance  from  each  other.  Thus  the  planets 
tend  towards  the  sun,  the  centre  of  the  system,  into 
which  they  would  soon  have  been  precipitated,  if  the 
Creator,  when  he  formed  them,  had  not  impressed  upon 
them  a  projectile  or  centrifugal  force,  which  continually 
keeps  them  at  a  proper  distance  from  it. 

The  planets,  by  obeying  at  the  same  instant  each  of 
these  motions,  are  made  to  describe  a  curve.  This  curve 
is  an  oval  of  different  eccentricity,  according  to  the  com- 
bination of  the  active  poweis. 

Thus  the  same  force,  which  determines  the  fall  of  a 
stone,  is  the  ruling  principle  of  the  heavenly  motions, 
Wonderful  mechanism  i  whose  simplicity  and  energy 
give  us  unceasing  tokens  of  the  profound  wisdom  of  its 
Author. 

Our  earth  or  globe,  which  seems  so  vast  in  the  eyes 
of  the  emmets*  who  inhabit  it,  and  whose  diameter  is 
above  8000  miles,  is  yet  nearly  a  thousand  times  smaller 
than  Jupiter,  who  appears  to  the  naked  eye  as  little  more 
than  a  shining  atom 

A  rare  transparent  and  elastic  substance  surrounds 
the  earth  to  a  certain  height.  This  subtance  is  the 
air  or  atmosphere,  the  habitation  of  the  winds,  an  im- 
mense reservoir  ef  vapours,  which,  when  condensed  in 


226  VIEW  OP  THE  UNIVERSE. 

to  clouds,  either  embellish  our  sky  by  the  variety  of  their 
figures,  and  the  richness  of  their  colouring,  or  astonish 
us  by  the  rolling  thunder  or  flashes  of  lightning,  that  es- 
cape from  them  ;  sometimes  they  melt  away  ;  at  oth- 
ers, are  condensed  into  rain  or  hail,  supplying  the  defi- 
ciencies of  the  earth  with  the  superfluity  of  heaven. 

The  moon,  the  nearest  of  all  the  planets  to  the  earth, 
is  likewise  that,  of  which  we  have  the  most  knowledge. 
Its  globe  always  presents  to  us  the  same  face,  because 
it  turns  round  upon  its.axis  precisely  in  the  same  space 
of  time,  that  it  revolves  round  the  earth. 

It  has  its  fiha'ses,  or  gradual  and  periodical  increase 
and  decrease  of  light,  according  to  its  position  in  respect 
to  the  sun,  which  enlightens  it,  and  the  earth,  on  which 
it  reflects  the  li^ht,  that  it  has  received. 

The  face  of  the  naoon  is  divided  into  luminous  and 
obscure  parts.  The  former  seems  analogous  to  land, 
and  the  latter  to  resemble  our  seas. 

In  the  luminous  spots,  there  have  been  observed  some 
parts,  which  are  brighter  than  the  rest;  these  project  a 
shallow,  whose  length  has  been  measured,  and  their 
track  ascertained.  These  parts  are  mountains,  much 
higher  than  ours,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  moon, 
whose  tops  may  be  seen  gilded  by  the  rays  of  the  sun, 
at  the  quadratures  of  the  moon,  and  the  light  gradually 
descending  to  their  feet,  till  they  appear  entirely  bright. 
Some  of  these  mountains  stand  by  themselves,  while  in 
ether  places  there  are  long  chains  of  them. 

Mr.  Herschel,  with  his  telescope,  discovered  several 
luminous  spots  in  the  moon,  which  for  several  days  reg- 
ularly increased  in  splendour,  and  then  gradually  disap- 
peared They  were  in  his  opinion  burning  mountains. 

Venus  has,  like  the  moon,  her  phases  or  changes  of 
increase  and  decrease,  her  spots  and  mountains  The 
telescope  discovers  to  us  also  spots  in  Mars  and  Jupiter; 
those  in  Jupiter  form  belts ;  considerable  changes  have 
been  seen  among  these,  as  if  of  the  ocean's  overflowing 
She  land,  and  again  leaving  it  dry  by  its  retreat. 
Mercury,  Saturn,  and  the  Geor'gium  Si'dus,  are  com- 


VIEW  OF  THE  UNIVERSE.  227 

paratively  but  little  known  ;  the  first,  because  he  is  to© 
near  the  sun  ;  the  two  last,  because  they  are  so  remote 
from  it. 

Lastly,  the  sun  himself  has  spots,  which  seem  to  move 
with  regularity,  and  whose  size  equals,  and  very  often 
exceeds  our  globe  itself. 

Every  thing  in  the  universe  is  systematical,  all  is  com- 
bination, affinity,  and  connexion. 

From  the  relations,  which  exist  between  all  parts  of 
the  world,  and  by  which  they  conspire  to  one  general 
end,  results  the  harmony  of  the  world. 

The  relations,  which  unite  all  the  worlds  to  one  anoth- 
er, constitute  the  harmony  of  the  universe. 

The  beauty  of  the  world  is  founded  in  the  harmonious 
diversity  of  the  beings,  that  compose  it ;  in  the  number, 
the  extent,  and  the  quality  of  their  effects,  and  in  the 
sum  of  happiness,  which  it  is  capable  of  affording. 


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DEFINITIONS. 
GEOMETRICAL  DEFINITIONS, 

Prefatory  to  the  use  of  the  Globes. 


229 


A  right  or  straight  line  is  the  short- 
est distance  between  two  points. 


A   curve  line  is   continually 
changing  its  direction. 


Parallel  lines  are  always  equal- 
ly distant  from  each  other. 


Oblique  lines  change  their  dis- 
tance, so  as  on  one  end  to  ap- 
proach, and  on  the  other  to  re- 
cede from  each  other* 


Afierfiendicutar  line  stands  on 
another,  or  on  a  surface,  so  as  not 
to  incline  on  either  side. 


230 


DEFINITIONS. 


A  tangent  is  aline,  that  touch- 
es a  circle,  or  part  of  a  circle, 
without  cutting  it  when  produc- 
ed. 


An  angle  is  the  opening  of 
two  lines,  having  different  direc- 
tions, and  meeting  in  a  point. 


A  right  angle  is  that,  which  is 
made  jy  a  line  perpendicular  to 
apother. 


An  oblique  angle  is  one,  that 
is  either  greater  or  less  than  a 
right  angle.  If  greater  it  is  an 
obtuse  angle,  if  less  it  is  anacwre 
angle. 

A  circle  is  a  figure  bounded 
by  a  curve  line,  called  the  cir~ 
eumference* which  is  every  where 
equally  distant  from  the  centre. 
But  a  circle  more  frequently 
denotes  the  circumference  itself. 


Every  circle,  whether  a  great  or  less  circle,  is,  for 
the  purpose  of  measuring  distances  between  places  on 
die  earth,  and  bodies  in  the  heavens,  divided  into  369 


DEFINITIONS 


231 


equal  parts,  called  degrees ;  each  degree  is  subdivided 
into  60  minutes,  and  each  minute  into  60  seconds. 

These  divisions  are  marked  by  the  following  charac- 
ters, placed  over  the  right  hand  of  the  last  of  each  ;  a 
degrees, '  minutes,  and  "  seconds,  Thus 
15'  35ft  reads  24  degrees,  15  minutes,  35  seronds. 

The  filwK  of  a  circle  is  the  space,  that  lies  within  the 
circumferelce,  and  exactly  even  or  level  with  it.  This 
may  be  Ululated  by  drawing  a  silk  handkerchief  over 
a  wire  circle,  and  it  will  represent  the  plane. 


&  .,. 

-ter  or  a  circle  is  a 
straigliTTBpS  drawn  through  the 
centre  frpra  one  side  of  the  cir- 
cumference to  the  other. 

\ 


A  semidiameter,  6r  radius ,  is 
half  of  the  diameter,  or  a  straight 
line  drawn  from  the  centre  to  the 
circumference. 


A  semicircle  is  half  a  circle. 


232  O£  THE  GLOBES. 


A  quadrant  is  a  quarter  of  a   f 
circle. 


An  arc  of  a  circle  is  any  part 
of  a  circle,  either  less  or  more 
fhajn  a  quadrant. 


All  angles  are  measured  by  arcs  of  circles,  or  by  the 
number  of  degrees  they  contain.  This  may  easily  be 
understood  by  drawing  several  angles,  so  as  to  unite  in 
the  centre  of  a  circle.  It  will  then  appear,  that  a  right" 
angle  is  always  equal  to  a  quadrant,  or  90°*  and  that  ev- 
ery smaller  angle  must  contain  a  smaller  arc,  or  less 
portion  of  the  circumference,  and  of  course  a  less  num- 
ber of  degrees. 

The  axis  of  a  circle  is  an  imaginary  right  line  pass 
ing  through  its  centre 'perpendicularly  to  its  plane. 

The  fioles  of  a  circle  are  the  extremities  of  its  axis. 

OF  THE  GLOBES. 

An  artificial  globe  is  a  round  body,  whose  surface  is 
every  where  equally  distant  from  its  centre.  Half  a 
globe  is  called  a  hemisfihere. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  globes,  the  terrestrial  and 
t»he  celestial. 


OF  THE   GLOBES.  233 

The  terrestrial  globe  shows  an  exact  delineation  or 
picture  of  all  parts  of  the  sea  and  land,  in  their  just  pro- 
portion and  situation  as  they  are  in  nature. 

The  celestial  globe  shows  an  exact  delineation  or  pic- 
ture of  all  the  visible  stars  hi  the  heavens,  their  relation^ 
distances,  and  magnitudes,  and  the  images  or  figures  of 
the  constellations,  into  which  these  stars  are  arranged, 

Each  globe  consists  of  several  parts. 

The  axis  ot  the  globe,  or  earth,  is  an  imaginary  line, 
passing  through  its  centre  from  north  to  south,  around 
which  it  performs  its  diurnal  or  daily  revolution,  in  24 
hours  from  west ftpMMJtyeto  east,  which  causes  the  heav- 
enly bodies  to  afifiear  to  move  round  the  earth,  in  the 
same  length  of  time  from  east  to  west. 

The  fiotes  of  the  earth  are  the  extremities  of  its  ax- 
is, terminating  at  the  earth's  surface.  One  is  the  nonh 
pole,  the  other  the  south  pole. 

The  axis  of  the  earth  extended  to  the  heavens,  is  the 
axis  of  the  heavens,  and  the  extremities  of  it  are  the 
poles  of  the  heavens. 

Artificial  globes  are  surrounded  by  several  circles,  of 
which  there  are  two  kinds,  great  cirfes  and  less  circles. 

Great  circles  divide  the  globe  into  two  equal  parts  ; 
these  are  the  equator  or  equinoctial,  the  horizon,  the  me* 
ridians,  the  ecliptic,  and  the  two  colurcs. 

Less  circles  divide  the  globe  into  two  unequal  parts* 
They  are  the  two  tropics,  and  the  two  polar  circles. 

The  equator  is  an  imaginary  great  circle,  passing 
round  the  centre  of  the  globe  from  east  to  west,  and  di- 
viding it  into  northern  and  southern  hemispheres. 

The  equator  is  divided  into  two  equal  parts,  of  5  80° 
each,  by  the  principal  meridian,  which  on  our  globes  is 
generally  the  meridian  of  London. 

The  horizon  is  an  imaginary  great  circle,  encom- 
passing the  globe  round  the  middle,  and  dividing  it  into 
upper  and  lower  hemispheres* 

The  ^(M^on  is  divided  into  four  equal  parts  of  90° 
each,  by  tlfef&wTcardinal  points^  east,  west,  north,  antf 
south. 

9,0* 


234  OF  THE  GLOBES. 

A  line  passing  perpendicularly  through  the  centre  of 
the  horizon  is  called  its  axis,  the  extremities  of  which 
are  ihefioles  of  the  horizon. 

The  upper  pole  of  the  horizon,  or  the  point  exactly 
over  head,  is  called  the  zenith;  and  the  lower  pole, 
which  is  opposite,  and  under  our  feet,  is  called  the  na- 
dtr. 

The  horizon  is  represented  on  the  globe  by  a  broad 
wooden  circle,  in  which  the  globe  stands  or  turns.  The 
upper  surface  of  the  horizon  is  divided  by  circles  into 
three  principal  parts  ;  the  inner,  expressing  the  32  points 
of  the  mariner's  compass  ;  theMMUdMP'bne  shows  the  i2 
signs  of  the  zodiac,  divided  into  30  degrees  each ;  and 
the  outer  part  shows  the  months  in  the  year,  divided  in- 
to days,  and  their  correspondence  with  the  signs. 

There  are  two  horizons ;  the  real  and  rational  horizon, 
which  encompasses  the  globe  in  the  middle,  and  divides 
it  into  upper  and  lower  hemispheres;  and  the  sensible 
horizon,  which  is  an  imaginary  great  circle,  touching  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  and  dividing  the  -visible  part  of  the 
heavens  from  the  invisible.  This  is  the  circle,  which 
from  an  eminence  we  see  around  us,  where  the  heavens 
and  the  earth  appear  to  meet. 

There  are  drawn  on  the  artificial  globe  12  meridians, 
which  divide  it  into  2*  equal  parts,  each  containing  15°, 
and  being  so  much  of  the  earth's  surface,  as  revolves  in 
one  hour ;  so  that  those,  who  live  as  far  east  and  west 
of  each  other,  as  from  one  of  these  meridian  lines  to 
another,  have  a  variation  of  one  hour  in  time. 

The  brass  circle  which  represents  the  firincifial  me- 
ridian on  the  artificial  globe,  divides  it  into  eastern  and 
western  hemispheres.  It  is  graduated  or  divided  into  four 
equal  parts  of  90°  each,  two  numbered  from  the  equator 
to  the  poles,  and  two  from  the  poles  to  the  equator.  \^ 

The  eclifitic  is  an  imaginary  great  circle  in  the  heav- 
ens, in  the  plane  of  which  the  earth  performs  her  annual 
revolution  round  the  sun. 

The  eclifitic  is  drawn  on  the  artificial  globe  obliquely 
to  the  equator,  and  crosses  it  in  opposite  points,  so  as  to 


OF  THE  GLOBES.  235 

make  angles  of  23°  28'.  It  is  divided  into  12  equal 
parts  called  signs,  and  at  the  beginning  of  each  is  placed 
the  character,  denoting  the*  sign.  The  signs  are  divid- 
ed into  thirty  degi-ees  each. 

This  circle  is  called  the  ecliptic,  because  all  the 
eclipses  of  the  sun  and  moon  necessarily  happen,  when 
the  moon  is  either  in,  or  near  it. 

The  zodiac  is  a  space  in  the  heavens  166  broad,  8« 
on  each  side  of  the  ecliptic,  and  contains  those  J2  con- 
stellations or  clusters  of  stars,  which  are  called  the  12 
signs. 

The  divisions  of  the  zodiac  and  the  ecliptic  are  the 
same. 

The  names  and  characters  of  the  12  signs,  and  the 
time  of  the  sun's  entering  them,  are  as  follows. 

Aries  <Y*     the  Ram  ;  March  20th. 

Taurus          8      the  Bull ;  April    20th. 

.Gemini          n     the  Twins ;  May      21st 

4.  Cancer          53     the  Crab;  June      21st. 

5.  Leo  SI     the  Lion ;  July        23d. 

6.  Virgo  -HE     the  Virgin;          Aug.       23d. 

7.  Libra  =&     the  Scales ;  Sept.      23d. 
8  Scorpio          !TL     the  Scorpion  ;        Oct.        23d. 
9.  Sagittarius     X      *he  Archer ;          Nov.       22d. 

5jl  10.  Capricornus  V?     the  Goat ;  Dec.       2£d. 

£  >  II.  Aquarius      &y     the  Waterman;  Jan.        20th. 
£5  J  12.  Pisces  x     the  Fishes ;  Feb.       19th. 

These  signs-)  the  six  first  of  which  are  called  north* 
ern,  and  the  six  la»t  southern  signs^  refer  to  constellations 
or  clusters  of  stars,  among  which  the  sun  in  his  annual 
course  seems  to  pass,  j__ 

The  two  colures  are  two  meridians,  passing,  one 
through  the  equatorial  fioints,  which  are  in  the  first  de- 
grees of  Aries  and  Libra,  called  the  equinoctial  colure  ; 
the  other  passing  through  the  solstitial  points^  which  are 


236  OF  THE  GLOBES. 

in  the  first  degree's  of  Capricorn  and  Cancer,  and  there- 
fore called  the  soistitial  colure. 

The  two  colures  are  drawn  only  on  the  celestial 
globe. 

The  two  tropics  are  less  circles,  drawn  parallel  to 
the  equator  at  the  distance  of  2ci°  28'  on  each  side  of  it. 
The  northern,  from  passing  through  the  beginning  of 
Cancer,  is  called  the  tropic  of  Cancer  ;  the  southern^ 
from  passing  through  the  beginning  of  Capricorn,  is 
called  the  trofiic  of  Cafiricorn. 

The  twofiolar  circles  are  less  circles,  described  round 
the  poles  at  the  distance  of  23°  28'  The  northern,  from 
passing  through  the  constellation  Arctos,  or  the  Bear,  is 
called  the  arctic  circle  ;  the  southern,  from  its  being  op- 
posite to  it,  is  cal»ed  the  antarctic  circle. 

The  hour  circles  are  described  round  the  poles,  and 
divided  into  twice  twenty- four  hours.  They  are  some- 
times expressed  by  a  brass  circle  round  the  poles,  at- 
tached to  the  meridian,  and  sometimes  described  on  the 
globe  itself. 

The  quadrant  of  altitude  is  a  thin  slip  of  brass,  di- 
vided into  90°.  corresponding  exactly  in  extent  with 
those  on  the  equator.  It  is  for  the  purpose  of  measur- 
ing the  distance  from  one  place  to  another. 

The  mariner's  compass,  which  is  frequently  fixed  un- 
der the  globe,  is  a  box,  containing  a  magnetic  needle, 
and  the  32  points  of  the  compass. 

Each  degree  of  the  circumference  of  the  earth,  con- 
tains 60  geographical  miles,  or  69  J  English  miles  ;  so 
that  by  multiplying  the  degrees  between  the  two  places 
by  60,  will  give  the  distance  in  geographical  miles  ;  and 
multiplying  by  69j  will  give  the  English  miles, 

ff,  for  instance,  the  distance  from  Guinea  to  Brazil  be 
required ;  extend  the  dividers,  or  a  thread,  from  one  to 
the  other,  and  apply  the  distance  to  the  equator,  and  it 
will  be  found  to  contain  25°,  which,  being  multiplied  by 
60,  the  miles  in  a  degree,  give  1500  geographical  miles : 
and  being  multiplied  by  69^,  give  I737|  English  miles 


OP  THE  GLOBES.  237 

The  latitude  of  a  place  is  an  arc  of  the  meridian  con- 
tained between  the  equator  and  the  place  ;  or  the  lati± 
tude  of  a  place  is  its  distance  from  the  equator,  either 
north  or  south  reckoned  in  degrees  on  the  meridian. 

The  longitude  of  a  place  is  an  arc  of  the  equator,  con- 
tained between  the  principal  meridian  and  a  meridian 
passing  through  the  place  ;  or  the  longitude  of  a  place 
is  its  distance  from  the  principal  meridian,  either  east 
or  west,  reckoned  in  degrees  on  the  equator. 

With  regard  to  h>at  and  cold,  the  earth  is  divided  into 
five  unequal  parts,  called  zone's  ;  one  torrid  or  burning 
zone,  two  temperate,  and  two  frigid  or  frozen  zones. 

The  torrid  zone  is  that  part  of  the  earth*  which  lies 
between  the  tropics. 

The  sun  is  always  -vertical,  or  directly  over  some  part 
of  this  zone;  that  is,  on  the  2ist  of  June  the  sun  passes 
perpendicularly  over  the  northern  tropic  ;  from  this  time 
he  is  daily  revolving  farther  and  farther  south,  till  on 
the  2Sd  of  December  he  reaches  the  southern  tropic  ; 
thence  he  returns  to  the  northward,  passing  over  the 
whole  torrid  zone  twice  in  a  year.  This  zone  being 
more  directly  under  the  sun,  is  one  cause  of  its  being 
the  hottest. 

The  two  temperate  zones  lie  between  the  two  tropics 
and  the  polar  circles  ;  one  being  nortlv  and  the  other 
south,  of  the  torrid  zone  ;  and  having  a  moderate  degree 
of  heat  and  cold,  are  therefore  called  the  northern  and 
southern  temperate  zones. 

The  two  frigid  zones  are  included  within  the  polar 
circles,  each  spreading  23°  28'  in  eveiy  direction  from 
the  pole. 

These  zones  are  called  frigid  or  frozen  from  the  ex- 
sessive  cold,  that  prevails  in  them- 

In  the  temperate  and  frigid  zones  the  rsys  of  the  sun 
always  fall  obliquely  upon  the  earth  ;  und  the  nearer  we 
approach  the  poles  the  greater  will  be  the  obliquity 
of  the  rays.  Whence  it  appears,  that  thoBe  who  live 
north  of  the  torrid  zone,  always  see  the  sun  south  of 
them  at  noon  ;  and  those,  whe  live  south  of  the  torrid 
zone,  always  see  tke  sun  north  of  them  at  noon?  which 
to  us  would  be  a  very  singular  appearance; 


23S  PROBLEMS. 

PROBLEMS. 

PROBLEM  I.      To  find  the  latitude  of  any  place. 

Rule.  Bring  the  place  to  the  graduated  side  of  the 
brass  meridian,  and  the  degree  on  the  meridian,  imme- 
diately over  it,  shows  the  latitude  of  the  place,  or  the 
number  of  degrees  the  place  is  either  north  or  south  of 
the  equator. 

Example.  Bring  Boston  to  the  graduated  side  of  the 
meridian,  and  it  will  be  found  under  about  42£°  north 
of  the  equator,  or  42°  24'  N.  lat. 

What  is  the  lat  of  New  Orleans?  —  of  Savannah  ?— 
of  Charleston  ?  —  of  Philadelphia  ?—  of  New  York  ?  —  of 
London  ?  —  of  Pans  ?  —  of  Madrid  ?  —  of  Jerusalem  F  —  of 
Calcutta? 

PROB.  II.      To  find  the  longitude  of  any  place. 

Rule.  Bring  the  place  to  the  meridian,  and  the  de- 
gree on  the  equator  under  the  meridian  is  the  longitude, 
either  east  or  west  from  London. 

Ex,  Bring  Madrid  to  the  meridiar,  and  the  merid- 
ian will  cross  the  equator  a  little  more  than  3°  W.  of 
the  meridian  of  London  ;  Madrid  is  therefore  3°  W. 
longitude. 

What  is  the  long  of  Rome  ?—  of  Cairo  ?—  of  Ben- 
gal ?  —  of  Dublin  ?  —  of  Quebec  ?—  -of  Boston  ?  —  of  Ispa- 
han ?—  of  Petersburg  ?  —  of  Constantinople  ? 

PROB.  III.      The  longitude  and  latitude  of  a  place  being 
to  find  that  place  - 


Rule.  Look  for  the  longitude  on  the  equatoi.  and 
bring  it  to  the  brass  meridian,  then  under  the  given  de- 
gree of  latitude  on  the  meridian  will  be  the  place  re- 
quired. 

Ex.  The  place  whose  longitude  is  30°  10'  east, 
and  lat.  31°  11'  north,  is  Alexandria;  and  the  plare 
which  has  nearly  6°  west  long,  and  10°  south  lat.  is 
St.  Hefena. 

What  places  are  nearly  in  the  following  latitudes  and 
longitudes  ? 


PROBLEMS.  239 


Lat.  341°  S,  Long.  18J°.  E. 
Lat.  56      N  Long.     3      W. 
Lat.  47     N.Long.  69|    W. 


Lat.  60°  N.  Long,  5^°  E. 
Lat.  51  N.  Long.  13£E. 
Lat.  18  N.Long  76£W% 


PROS.  IV.     To  find  the  difference  of  latitude  between 
two  places. 

Pule.  If  the  places  are  on  the  same  side  of  the  equator, 
bring  each  to  the  meridian,  and  subtract  the  latitude  of 
the  less  from  that  of  the  greater ;  if  on  opposite  Mes  add 
the  latitude  of  one  to  that  of  the  other. 


Examples. 


London  51°  30'  N.  lat. 
Madras   iS      5    N.  lat. 


Difference  38    25 


Boston  42°  24' 

Philadelphia   39    57 


Difference  2 


PROB.  V.      Tojlnd  the  difference  in  longitude  between 
two  places. 

Pule.  Bring  one  of  the  places  to  the  meridian,  and 
mark  its  longitude  on  the  equator  ;  then  bring  the  other 
to  the  meridian,  and  the  number  of  degrees  on  the  equa- 
tor between  its  longitude  and  the  first  mark  is  the  dif- 
ference. 

Ex.  The  difference  in  longitude  between  London 
and  Constantinople  is  28°  55'  ;  between  Constantino- 
ple ar.d  Madras  is  5  i°  33'. 

What  is  the  difference  in  longitude  between  the  fol- 
lowing placeb? 


Naples  and  Batavia  ? 
Brest  and  Cape  Horn  ? 
Charleston  and  Cork  ? 


Rome  and  Cape  Finisterre  ? 
Canton  and  Orkney  Isles  ? 
Boston  and  Mexico  ? 


PROB.  VI.     Tojind  the  distance  between  two  places  on 
the  globe. 

Pule.  Lay  the  graduated  edge  of  the  quadrant  of 
altitude  over  both  places,  to  find  the  number  of  degrees 
between  them  ;  or,  which  will  answer  the  same  purpose, 
extend  a  thread  from  one  place  to  the  other,  and  apply 


PROBLEMS. 

-it  to  the  equator,  and  the  number  of  degrees  between 
them,  multiplied  by  69£,  will  give  the  distance  in  Eng- 
lish miles. 

Ex.  The  distance  between  Lizard's  Point  and  the 
Islands  of  Bermuda  is  46°,  or  3147  miles;  between 
London  and  Jamaica  is  4691  miles. 

What  is  the  distance  between 

Samarcand  and  Pekin  ?  j  Lisbon  and  Ispahan  ? 

Warsaw  and  Ascension  Island?  I  Palermo  and  Cyprus? 
North  Cape  and  Gibi altar  ?        |  Portsmouth  &  N.York? 

PROB.  VII.     The  hour  of  any  filace  being  given,  to  find 
what  hour  it  is  at  any  other  filace. 

Rule,  Bring  the  place,  where  the  hour  is  given,  to 
the  brass  meridian,  and  set  the  index  of  the  hour  circle 
to  that  hour,  then  turn  the  globe  till  the  proposed  place 
comes  under  the  meridian,  and  the  index  will  point  to 
the  present  hour  at  that  place. 

Ex.  When  it  is  twelve  o'clock  at  noon  in  London, 
it  is  about  four  in  the  afternoon  at  Mauritius,  or  the  Isle 
of  France  ;  at  Jamaica  it  is  about  seven  in  the  morning. 

Or  which  perhaps  is  more  intelligible ;  find  the  dif- 
ference of  longitude  between  the  two  places,  and 
change  it  into  time  by  allowing  one  hour  to  every  '5° 
and/our  minutes  to  1°;  remembering,  that  when  the 
place  required  is  east  of  the  one  given,  the  time  requir- 
ed will  be  as  much  later  in  the  day,  as  the  degrees  and 
minutes  give  hours  and  minutes  ;  and  when  west  of  the 
given  place,  it  will  be  so  much  earlier. 

Ex.  Boston  is  71°  3'  W.  long,  and  Washington  is 
77°  45'  W.  long,  the  difference  is  6°  40';  that  is, 
Washington  is  about  6^°  west  of  Boston ;  thence  by 
allowing  4  minutes  to  a  degree,  the  difference  between 
the  two  places  is  2ft  minutes  ;  or,  Washington  being 
farthest  west,  when  it  is  12  o'clock  at  Boston,  it  is  34 
minutes  after  1 1  at  Washington. 

More  problems  for  solution  might  be  given,  and  in- 
deed generally  are  given,  but  it  is  well  known  to  those, 
are  acquainted  with  astronomy,  that  previous  to  a 


MAPS.  .  ~a 

knowledge  of  that  science,  little  or  no  benefit  can  be 
derived  from  them. 

MAPS. 

A  MAP  is  the  representation  or  picture  of  the  earth's 
surface,  or  some  part  of  ii,  on  a  plane. 

Latitude  and  longitude  are  the  same  on  maps,  as  on 
the  globe. 

The  latitude  of  places  is  expressed  by  the  figures^ 
which  run  up  and  down  the  sides  of  the  map. 

If  the  figures  increase  ufiward,  the  latitude  is  north  ,- 
if  they  increase  downward*  the  latitude  is  south. 

The  longitude  of  places  is  expressed  by  the  figures 
which  run  along  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  map. 

If  the  figures  increase  from  right  to  left,  the  longitude 
is  west ;  if  they  increase  from  left  to  right,  the  longitude 
is  cast. 

The  tofi  of  maps  is  north)  the  bottom  is  south)  the 
right  hand  is  cast,  and  the  left  hand  is  west. 

The  lines  drawn  across  the  map  from  right  to  left- 
are  called  parallels,  or  lines  of  latitude  ;  and  the  figures 
on  their  extremities  express  the  degrees  they  are  dis- 
tant from  the  equa'or. 

The  lines  drawn  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the 
map  are  called  meridians,  or  lines  of  longitude  :  and  the 
figures  on  their  extremities,  the  degrees  they  are  dis- 
tant from  the  firincifial  meridian,  which  in  general  is  that 
of  London ;  but  on  American  maps  it  is  sometimes 
that  of  Philadelphia. 

Towns  are  represented  on  maps  by  a  small  °  ;  cities 
bv  a  small  figure  somewhat  resembling  a  house  with  a 
steeple  ;  rivers  by  black  lines  bonding:  irregularly,  and 
increasing  in  size  towaf d  the  ocean  or  sea;  depth  of 
water  in  harbours  by  figures  expressing  the  fathoms  or 
feet ;  roads  are  represented  by  double  lines ;  mountains 
by  continued  dark  shades  ;  forests  by  small  shrubs  5 
and  sandy  deserts  and  sand  banks  by  clusters  of  extreme* 
ly  small  dots. 

Distances  are  measured  by  a  scale  ofmile^  generally 
21 


£42  MAPS. 

placed  in  one  corner  of  the  map,  especially  if  it  be  a 
map  of  any  small  portion  of  the  earth,. 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  DRAWING  MAPS. 


v     Introductory  Geometrical  Problems. 

PROB.  I.      To  bisect  or  divide  a  given  line  AB 
z?z£o  two  equal  parts. 

1.  From  the  points  A  and 

B  as  centres  with  any  distance  * •••.?/*X 

in  the  compasses  greater  than 
half  A  B,  describe  arcs  of  cir- 
cles, cutting  each  other  in  m  • 
and  n.  

2,  Through  the  points  of        ^ 
intersection,  m  and  rc,  draw  the 

line  m  C  TZ,  and  it  will  divide 
the  given  line  A  B  into  two 
equal  parts,  in  the  middle 
point  C< 

PROB  II.  To  erect  a  perpendicular  from  a  given, 
point  A  in  a  given  line  BC,  or  which  is  the  same 
thing)  to  draw  a  line  at  right  angles  to  BC  at  the 
point  A. 

f  1.  On  each  side  of  the  point  A, 
take  any  two  equal  distances  Am, 
An. 

2.  From  the  centres  m  and  n> 
with  any  dis'ance  greater  than  Am 
or  ATZ,  desciibe  two  arcs,  inter- 
secting in  r. 

3.  Through  A  and  r,  draw  the       j> 
line  Ar,  and  it  will  be  peipendicu-      3-1 1 
lar,  or  at  right  angles  to  BC. 


MAPS. 


243 


PROB.  IIL  From  a  given  fioint  A,  out  of  a  given  tin? 
BC,  to  let  fall  a  perpendicular. 


1.  From  the  given  point  A, 
at  any  distance,  describe  an  are, 
cutting  BC  in  m  and  n. 

2.  From  the  points  m  and  n, 
and  the   same  or  any  othier  dis- 
tance, describe  the  two  arcs,  cut- 
ting each  other  in  r. 

3.  Draw  ADr  for  the    per- 
pendicular required. 


B 


-A. 


PROB.  IV".     To  draw  a  line  parallel  to  a  given 
line  AB. 

From  any  two  points  nt 

and  72,  in  the  line  AB,  with — ~J£~r^ -,...£..:.... —  -^ 

a  radius  equal  to  the  dis-  <•'''<&  ''\/'" 

tance  required,  suppose  C, 

describe  the  arcs  r  and  o.  A 1 ~ r         & 

D-aw  CD  so  as  to  touch  m  n 

these  arcs  without  cutting     C -•— 

them,  and  it  will  be  the 
parallel  required; 

PROB.  V.     To  divide  a  given  line  AB  into  a  pro* 
posed  number  of  equal  parts. 

From   A  draw  any  line  , 

AC  at  random,  and  from  B 
draw  BD  parallel  to  it. 
On  each  of  these  lines,  be- 
ginning at  A  and  B,  set  off 
ss  many  equal  parts  of  any 
length,  as  AB  is  to  be  divid- 
ed into.  Join  the  opposite 
paints  of  division  by  the  lines  A  5?  1  4, 2  3,  8cc.  and  they 

""divide  AB  as  required. 


244  *  MAPS. 

PROB,  VI.      To  describe  a  circle  through  three  give 
points  ABC,  which  are  not  in  a  right  line. 

1.  From  the  middle  point 
B  draw  right  or  straight  lines 
to  the  other  points. 

2.  Bisect  these  right  lines 
perpendicularly  by  jines  meet- 
ing in  O,  which  will  be  the 
centre. 

3«     From  the  centre  O  at 
the  distance   OA,   or   OB,  ov 
OC,  describe  the  circle. 

N.  B.  In  the  same  manner  may  the  centre  of  an  arc 
of  a  circle  be  found, 

When  the  pupil  can  perform  these  problems  with 
accuracy  and  facility,  he  may  proceed  to  the  projection 
or  the  drawing  of  maps. 

Maps  are  constructed  by  drawing  the  lines,  which 
are  on  the  globe,  on  a  plane  surface. 

To  draw  a  map  of  the  earth,  according  to  the  stereo- 
graphical  projection. 

Upon  a  sheet  of  paper,  considerably  larger  than  the 
map  is  intended  to  be,  draw  a  circle  NQSE  of  any 
convenient  size,  representing  one  half  of  the  earth's  sur- 
face. See  Plate  I,  page  248. 

Draw  the  diameters  NS  and  EQ  intersecting  each 
other  at  right  angles  ;  E  Q  will  represent  the  equator, 
and  NS  the  axis*  This  divides  the  whole  circle  into 
quarters,  which  should  be  done  with  the  nicest  accuracy. 

Divide  each  quarter  into  9  equal  parts,  which  will 
contain  10°  each.  This  is  most  easily  done  by  dividing- 
each  quarter  into  3  equal  parts,  and  then  each  of  these 
parts  into  three  more,  extending  the  dividers  from  Q  \o 
C,  and  setting  off  the  distance  from  Q  towards  N,  which 
will  reach  to  60,  two  thirds  oi  the  quadrant,  and  the  same 
distance  set  off  from  N  towards  Q  will  reach  to  30, 
which  will  trisect  the  quadrant,  or  divide  it  into  three 
equal  parts  ;  in  the  same  manner  divide  each  quadrant, 


MAPS.  245 

Then  by  trial  set  the  dividers,  so  that  three  steps 
\vill  reach  from  Q  to  30,  which  will  divide  it  into  three 
«qual  parts,  as  in  10  and  20,  and  this  extent  applied  to 
the  other  divisions  will  divide  them  each  inj.o  three  parts ; 
or  each  quadrant  into  nine  equal  parts. 

To  draw  the  circles  of  latitude. 

Draw  a  line  from  E  to  20,  and  bisect  the  part  «20  ia 
2,  and  from  the  point  of  bisection  i,  raise  a  perpendicular, 
and  produce  it,  till  it  cut  NS,  produced,  in  x  ;  the  point 
x  will  be  the  centre,  from  which  the  circle  z  a  209  is  to 
be  described,  which  is  the  true  representation  of  the  par- 
allel of  20°  south.  In  the  same  manner  draw  z  a  50  ; 
z  a  70,.  and  indeed  all  the  parallels  in  both  north  and 
south  latitude. 

NOTE.  As  one  of  the  greatest  difficulties  in  drawing 
maps  is  to  find  the  centres,  whence  to  describe  the  par- 
allels and  meridians,  the  business  would  be  greatly  facil- 
itated by  using  a  wooden  square,  which  might  be  obtain- 
ed of  any  joiner  or  cabinet  maker  for  a  few  cents.  The 
-square  should  be  made,  one  part  about  a  foot,  and  the 
other  about  three  feet  long. 

Lay  the  shortest  part  of  the  square  on  the  centre  C, 
and  let  the  corner  or  angular  part  fall  exactly  on  20,  on 
r,  or  on  any  other  division  of  the  quadrant,  and  the  long- 
er part  will  cross  NS  produced,  in  points,  which  will  be 
centres  for  the  several  parallels  :  Or,  lay  a  rule  so  as  to 
touch  the  circle  exactly  in  the  point  20,  making  a  tan- 
gent to  that  point ;  which  may  very  accurately  be  done 
by  observing,  that  the  next  divisions,  10  and  30.  20  and 
40,  30  and  50,  Sec.  on  each  side  of  20,  be  equally  distant 
from  the  rule;  then  the  rule  will  cross  NS  produced, 
in  the  centre  of  that  parallel.  In  the  same  manner  all 
the  centres  may  be  found. 

To  draw  the  circles  of  longitude. 

With  one  end  of  the  rule  on  S,  and  the  other  on  10, 
50,  50,  and  70,  in  the  quadrant  QNF,  divide  the  equator 
from  Q  to  C  in  80,  60,  40  and  20,  which  will  be  thft 
centres,  from  which  the  circles  of  longitude  SzyN  are  to 
be  drawn. 

21* 


246  MAPS. 

For  the  remaining  circles  produce  the  diameter  EQ, 
and  lay  one  end  of  a  rule  on  N,  and  the  other  on  10, 
30,  50,  and  70°  in  the  quadrant  NQ,  and  it  will  cross 
the  diameter  EQ  produced,  in  points,  which  are  centres 
of  the  remaintng  circles  of  longitude. 

In  the  same  manner  proceed  to  fill  up  the  other  side 
ef  the  equator. 

By  this  construction  the  dimensions  of  the  map  will 
not  be  correctly  drawn  ;  for  every  part-  from  the  outline 
to  the  centre,  is  gradually  contracted  ;  therefore  those 
countries  alone,  which  lie  on  the  border  of  the  map,  are 
truly  exhibited  ;  and  of  course  equal  spaces  on  the  earth 
are  represented  by  unequal  spaces  on  the  map. 

To  correct  this  error,  another  projection  of  the  meri- 
dians is  made,  called  globular  projection,  which  is  used  by 
most  modern  geographers,  and  especially  by  Mr.  Ar* 
row  smith,  whose  maps  are  the  raoat  celebrated  for  neat- 
ness and  accuracy. 

To  draw  a  maji  of  the  earth  according  to  the  giobrfr 
lar  projection. 

In  this  projection  the  process  is  the  same,  as  in  the 
stereographic,  except  as  it  respects  the  meridians,  whicn 
are  to  be  drawn  in  the  following  manner. 

Divide  the  radius  or  semidiameter  EC  into  nine  equal 
parts  by  Prob.  5th,  or  by  trial,  first  dividing  EC  into 
three  equal  parts,  then  each  cf  these  parts  into  three 
"more ;  then  by  Prob.  6th,  connect  by  an  arc  of  a  circle 
the  three  points  Ny  10  S,  Na/  20  S,  &c.  Proceed  in 
this  manner  to  draw  the  meridians  from  E  to  Q.  and 
the  projection  will  be  completed. 

In  this  process  the  use  of  the  wooden  square  will  shor- 
ten the  labour ;  for  connect  by  a  straight  line  y  with  N. 
or  with  S,  and  after  bisecting  it,  lay  the  shorter  part  of 
the  square  on  N,  or  S,  and  the  corner,  or  angle  of  it  ex- 
actly on  the  point  of  bisection,  the  longer  part  will  cross 
EQ,  or  the  same  line  produced,  in  the  cenUe,  whence 
to  draw  that  particular  meridian.  In  the  same  manner 
all  the  centresuHTtev  be 


MAPS.  247 

Or,  the  centres  may  be  found  mechanically,  and  very 
readily,  by  the  following  table.  Let  the  radius  EC,  (or 
which  perhaps  would  be  equally  as  well,  a  line  drawn  on 
a  separate  piece  of  paper,  exactly  equal  to  EC,  PL  I. 
Fig.  2.)  be  divided  into  100  equal  parts  by  a  scale,  or 
otherwise  ;  .then  the  radius  of  the  circle  of  longitude, 
distant  from  E  towards  C 
10'  will  be  equal  to  ,r\  of  ^  10Q  parts 


*       C  to  2u,  40,  Sec.  towards  Q,  or 
62  I  on  the  same   line  produced  if 
[necessary,   added  to   the   dis- 
,  „     I  tanee  between  C   and  the  sev- 
"  *;:  !  eral  points  10,  20.  30,   See.  in 

BO  ".".".  JiJJ  *«  «*<»  EC- 

Thus  the  radius  of  the  first  circle  of  longitude  10°9 
from  E,  is  equal  to  the  distance  between  the  point  z/iO, 
corresponding  to  10°  from  E5  and  a  point  in  CQ  set  off 
from  C,  equal  to  12  of  the  100  parts,  into  which  EC  was 
divided. 

Or,  extend-  the  dividers  from  1  to  12  of  the  equal 
parts  of  EC,  and  set  the  distance  off",  from  C  towards  Q, 
(which  will  be  somewhere  near  20  between  CQ,  Plate 
I.  Fig,  1  )  and  this  will  be  the  point  or  centre,  whence 
to  describe,  with  the  dividers  extended  from  this  point 
to  N  or  S,  the  circle  of  longitude  Ny  10  S. 

So  likewise  for  .the  next  circle  of  longitude,  or  the 
second  meridian  from  E,  take  in  the  dividers  25  of  the 
100  equal  parts  of  EC,  and  set  them  oil*  from  C  towards 
Q,  and  it  will  be  the  centre,  whence  to  describe,  at  the 
distance  N  or  S,  the  second  circle  of  longitude,  reckoned 
from  E,  viz.  N?/  20  S. 

In  the  same  manner  set  off  from  C  towards  Q,  or, 
when  necessary,  on  the  same  line  extended,  42,  62,  90, 
Sec.  of  the  100  equal  parts  of  EC,  and  it  will  give  the 
centres  of  each  circle  of  longitude  to  be  drawn  between 
E  and  C.  Proceed  in  the  same  manner  on  the  ot  her- 
side  to  draw  the  meridians  between  C  and  Q. 

As  it  requires  very  great  accuracy  to  continue  tlte 


248  MAPS. 

meridians  quite  from  pole  to  pole,  or  from  N  to  S,  with- 
out blotting  or  blending  them  together,  they  may  be- 
drawn  only  from  the  parellel  of  latitude  80°  near  N,  to 
the  same  parallel  near  S,  leaving  a  blank  of  10°  round 
each  pole. 

It  maybe  observed  with  respect  to  the  parallels  of 
latitude,  that  a  rule  with  one  end  on  E,  and  the  other  on 
the  divisions  10,  20,  30,  Sec.  in  the  arc  QS,  or  QN,  will 
cross  the  line  CS,  or  CN,  exactly  in  the  points,  through 
which  the  parallels  of  latitude  are  to  be  drawn. 

So  that,  after  finding  the  centres  xx,  if  the  dividers 
with  one  foot  in  any  centre,  and  the  other  extended  to 
the  parallel  of  that  centre,  do  not  likewise  expend  to  the 
point  in  SC,  viz.  «,  corresponding  to  the  latitude,  it  will 
show  that  the  true  centre  is  not  found,  and  another  trial 
must  be  made.  Attention  to  this  will  prevent  many 
mistakes. 

It  may  likewise  be  obJjnred,  that  when  the  centres 
are  at  a  great  distance  from  the  parallel,  in  order  to  des- 
cribe the  circle,  n.  straight  rod,  or  an  unyielding  cord 
may  be  used.  Fasten  one  end  with  a  pin  to  the  centre 
.r,  and  with  the  other  guide  the  pen  to  describe  the  par- 
allels za  50,  za  20,  &c. 

In  completing  the  map,  all  places  representing  land 
are  filled  up  with  such  objects  as  the  several  countries 
contain ;  as  mountains,  forests.  See.  but  the  seas  are  left 
blank  or  white.  The  shores  adjoining  the  sea  are  to  be 
shaded.  Rivers  are  marked  by  strong  lines,  or  by  dou- 
ble lines  drawn  winding  in  the  form  of  the  rivers  they 
represent,  and  smaller  rivers  are  expressed  by  smaller 
lines.  Different  countries  are  best  distinguished  by  dif- 
ferent colours.  Forests  are  represented  by  bushes  or 
trees,  and  mountains  by  continued  shades,  somewhat 
resembling  clou-Is.  Sands  are  denoted  by  small  points 
or  specks,  and  rocks  under  water  by  a  small  cross. 

To  draw  a  map  of  any  particular  part  r>f  the  earth. 

Suppose  it  be  required  to  draw  a  map  of  a  portion  of 
the  earth's  surface,  containing  six  degrees  of  latitude, 
viz.  from  the  39  to  the  45°  (Plate  11.  Fig.  1.) 


PI.  I. 


CONSTRUCTION    OF 


Fip.l. 


tl,.ii:i'n:/i  the  mode  ty  which  the  Para  11  ? 
.Latitude  and  Longitude  art  drawn 


MAPS,  249 

Draw  the  line  EF,  and  in  the  middle  raise  the  per- 
pendicular DC,  which  divide  into  six  equal  parts,  OF 
degrees  of  latitude,  and  through  C  draw  a  line  parallel 
to  EF. 

Divide  a  cj^gree  into  10,  or  if  large  enough,  into  60 
equal  parts,  and  in  the  annexed  table  (page  255)  find  ihe 
number  of  miles,  which  a  degree  of  longitude  contains, 
in  the  latitude  of  39°,  viz,  46^t ,  and  from  any  scale  of 
equal  parts,  set  off  one  half  of  the  same,  viz.  23^^,  on- 
each  side  of  D. 

Find  in  the  table  the  number  of  miles  contained  in  a 
degree  of  longitude  in  the  latitude  of  43d,  viz.  4-2-^g-, 
and  from  the  same  scale  set  off  one  half  of  it,  viz.  Sl-jV^r' 
on  each  side  of  G.  Draw  the  straight  lines  from  I  to  E, 
and  from  K  to  F  5  divide  thefu  into  the  same  number  of 
parts,  as  the  line  CD  contains  ;  and  through  the  points 
draw  parallel  lines.  Thus  IKEF  is  a  projection  for  one 
degree  of  longitude,  including  six  degrees  of  latitude. 

Since  the  degrees  must  be  so  drawn  that  the  two  di- 
agonal lines  in  each  must  be  equal  to  each  other,  they 
are  to  be  projected  in  the  following  manner. 

First,  Take  the  distance  from  E  to  K,  or  from  F  to  I9 
and  setting  one  foot  of  the  compasses,  first  in  E  and  then, 
in  Fj  describe  the  arcs  L  and  M  ;  then  set  one  foot?  first 
in  I  and  then  in  K,  and  with  the  sa.me  extent  draw  the 
arcs  N  and  O. 

Secondly,  Take  the  distance  between  E  and  F,  and 
set  it  off  in  the  arcs  described  from  E  to  N,  and  from  F 
to  O  ;  then  take  the  distance  between  I  and  K,  and  sej 
it  off  from  I  to  L,  and  from  K  to  M. 

Thirdly,  Draw  the  lines  between  L  and  N,  and  M 
and  O ;  divide  them  into  degrees,  and  draw  parallels 
from  those  points  to  the  corresponding  ones  in  the  me- 
ridians IE  and  KF.  The  same  method  must  be  pursued 
in  drawing  all  the  other  meridians  and  parallels,  which 
the  map  is  to  contain. 

If  tne  map  be  so  large,  that  the  compasses  will  not 
extend  to  the  farthest  degree,  or  from  F  to  I  ;  draw  one 
or  more  diagonals  at  once,  and  afterwards  proceed  with 
the  rest. 


250  MAPS. 

Thus  when  the  squares,  PGNE  and  HQFO  are  de- 
scribed, LIPG  and  KHMQ  may  be  done. 

Number  the  degrees  of  latitude  up  both  sides  of  the 
map,  and  the  degrees  of  longitude  at  the  top  and  bottom. 
Then  make  the  proper  divisions  and  subdivisions  of  the 
country ;  and  having  the  latitude  and  longitude  of. the 
principal  places,  it  will  be  easy  to  set  them  down  in  the 
map  ;  for  every  town,  city,  Sec.  must  be  placed  where  its 
latitude  and  longitude  intersect,  Thus,  should  the  map 
contain  that  part  of  Europe,  which  lies  between  39°  <k  43Q 
of  N.  latitude,  and  between  7°  and  16°  of  E>  long.lude-, 
then  Florence  must  be  placed  at.  A,  (PI.  II,  Fig.  1.) where 
43°  46'  SO'7  N.  latitude,  and  1 1°  3'  30"  E.  longitude  cross 
each  other  \  and  Naples  must  be  placed  at  B  on  the  sea- 
shore, at  40°  5-O'  15"  N.  lat  and  i.4°  17'  30''  E.  long 

In  like  manner  the  mouth  of  a  liver,  as 'of  the  Tiber 
for  instance,  must  be  set  down  ;  but  to  describe  the  whole 
river,  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  every  turning  must 
be  marked  down ;  and  the  towns  and  bridges,  by  which 
it  passes. 

In  delineating  any  country,  which  is  bounded  by. 
ocean's*  seas,  guifs?  8cc.  the  coast  may  be  traced  from  an- 
other map  by  accurately  observing  where,  and  in  what 
direction  the  coast  crosses  the  parallels  and  meridians  ; 
and  any  one,  with  a  little  practice,  will  be  aDle  to  d^y 
the  outlines  with  ease  end  correctness. 

When  the  place  is  but  small,  of  which  a  map  is  to-be 
made,  as  of  a  country  for  instance,  or  of  any  portion  of 
the  earth  of  not  more  than  one  hundred  miles  in  length 
and  breadth,  the  meridians,  as  to  appearance,  are  parallel. 
to  each  other,  and  may  be  represented  by  straight  lines. 
The  whole  indeed  will  differ  so  little  from  a  plane,  that 
it  will  be  sufficient  to  measure  the  distances  of  places  in 
miles,  and  s.o  lay  them  down  in  a  plane  right  lined  map. 

In  the  projection  of  a  quadrant  of  an  hemisphere,  ac- 
cording to  this  method,  the  parallels  of  latitude  are  all 
eoncentric  circles,  and  the  only  difficulty  is  to  find  the 
Common  centre. 

In  projecting  the  map  of  Asia,  (PI.  II.  Fig.  2.  )  the 


MAPS.  251 

centre  of  the  parallel  of  60°  of  latitude  is  found  to  be  30* 
beyond  tne  north  pole,  or  at  the  same  distance  north  of 
the  parallels  ot  60°,  as  the  equator  is  south  of  it  ;  and  the 
centre  for  this  parallel  is  the  centre  ibr  all  the  others; 
and  it  is  evident,  that  in  this  map  the  two  diagonals  of 
each  little  figure,  ate  equal  to  one  anotner,  so  that  all  the 
parts  are  of  their  proper  magnitude. 

Iu  projecting  the  map  of  Europe,  Mr.  Arrowsmith 
has  found,  that  the  common  centre  of  all  the  parallels  of 
latitude  is  at  6  degrees  and  7  tenths  beyond  the  pole. 

N.  B.  For  the  purpose  of  drawing  maps  mathemat- 
ically exact,  schools  should  be  iurnished  with  a  Bow 
Rule,  commonly  called  a  Shipwright's  Drawing  Rule, 
and  also  a  Beam  Compass  ;  but  a  Gunter's  Scale  and  a 
pair  of  dividers  will  answer  a  good  purpose.  In  draw- 
ing circles  of  very  large  radii,  it  will  be  found  convenient 
to  wafer  or  pin  the  paper  on  a  smooth  floor,  or  a  smooth 
wide  board,  prepared  for  the  purpose. 

Suppose  it  is  required  to  draw  the  meridians  and 
parallels  for  a  map  of  Great  Britain.  This  island  lies 
between  50  arid  60  degrees  north  latitude,  and  between 
two  degrees  east  and  six  west  longitude.  Having  there- 
fore chosen  the  length  of  the  degrees  of  latitude,  the  de- 
grees of  longitude  must  be  proportioned  to  it.  By  the 
table,  it  appears,  that  in  latitude  50°,  the  length  of  a  de- 
gree of  longitude  is  to  one  of  latitude,  as  38-^-  is  to  60  5 
that  is,  the  length  of  a  degree  of  longitude  is  something 
more  than  half  the  length  of  a  degree  o  Platitude.  The 
exact  proportion  may  be  had  by  a  diagonal  line  ;  after 
which  seven  or  eight  of  these  degrees  are  to  be  marked 
out  upon  a  right  liue  for  the  width  of  the  intended  map. 
On  the  extremities  of  this  line  raise  two  perpendiculars, 
upon  which  mark  out  ten  degrees  of  latitude  for  the 
height  of  it.  Then  having  completed  the  parallelo- 
gram, consult  the  table  for  the  length  of  a  degree  of  lon- 
gitude, in  latitude  60°,  which  is  found  to  be  very  nearly 
one  half  the  length  of  a  degree  of  latitude.  It  will  al- 
ways be  necessary  however  to  draw  a  vertical  meridian 
exactly  in  the  middle  of  the  parallelogram,  to  which  the 


252       .  MAPS. 

meridians  on  each  side  may  converge ;  and  from  this 
you  are  to  set  off  the  degrees  of  longitude  on  each  side  ; 
then  having  divided  the  lines  bounding  the  map  into  as 
many  parts,  as  can  conveniently  be  done,  to  serve  for  a 
scale,  the  longitudes  and  latitudes  niay,  by  this  means,  be 
set  off  with  much  less  trouble,  than  where  curve  lines 
are  used.  This  method  may  be  always  followed,  where 
a  particular  kingdom  is  to  be  delineated,  and  will  repre- 
sent the  true  figure  and  situation  of  the  places  with  tol- 
erable exactness-  This  is  the  only  kind  of  maps,  to 
which  a  scale  of  miles  can  be  truly  adapted. 

Or.  a  map  of  any  particular  part  of  the  earth  may 
very  easily  be  drawn  in  the  following  manner.  Suppose 
the  portion  of  the  earth  be,  as  before,  contained  between 
39°  and  45°  of  N.  lat.  and  between  7°  and  16°  E.  long. 
Draw  the  line  DC,  and  set  off  the  parallels  of  latitude 
from  39°  to  45°,  of  any  equal  distance,  suppose  it  to  be 
half  an  inch  for  each  degree. 

Find  in  the  table  the  number  of  miles  and  parts,  which 
a  degree  of  longitude  contains  in  the  latitude  of  39°,  viz. 
46-j^j-  miles,  and  likewise  the  number  of  miles  in  a  de- 
gree on  the  parallel  of  4o°v  viz.  42-j^  miles. 

Subtract  the  less  from  the  greater,  and  the  difference 
is  4-ffa  miles.  Subtract  likewise  the  two  extreme  lati- 
tudes, viz.  39°  and  45°,  and  the  difference  is  6°,  which 
change  into  geographical  miles  by  multiplying  by  60, 
which  will  give  3rO. 

Then  by  the  Rule  of  Three,  say — As  the  difference 
between  the  miles  and  parts  in  the  extreme  degrees  of* 
latitude,  is  to  the  distance  between  said  parallels  in  de- 
grees, miles,  or  inches;  so  are  the  miles  and  parts  in 
either  of  the  extreme  degrees  of  lat.  to  the  distance  in  de- 
grees, miles,  or  inches,  of  the  centre  of  the  concentric 
circle,  from  the  parallel  answering  to  the  miles  and  parts 
taken  in  the  third  term  of  the  proportion  5  thus, 

Kils.  &  Lurid* 

Less         42.43  found  in  the  table  against  45° 
Greater    46.63  39 


4.20  Difference 


MAPS.  253 

Then 

cliff,  in  nils*  geog.  mis.  mis,  in  45*        geo?.  mis. 

As  4.20     :     6°X60=36Q     ::     42.43     :     oo36. 

Now  since  1  degree,  or  60  miles  in  the  example,  is 
equal  to  a  half  inch,  divide  3636  by  60,  and  it  will  give 
60  half  inches  and  ||  of  a  half  inch,  which  are  equal  to 
30T^-  inches. 

Now  produce  DC,  and  from  C  the  45th  degree,  set 
off  SOT3^  inches,  and  it  will  reach  the  common  centre  of  all 
the  latitudes ;  then  from  this  centre  at  the  distance  C, 
30^  inches,  describe  the  parallel  45°  through  RL  Sec* 
Extend  the  dividers,  (or  lengthen  the  rod,  cord,  or  what- 
ever the  circle  may  be  described  with,)  half  an  inch,  and 
describe  44  A  ;  and  so  on  through  all  the  parallels. 

After  drawing  the  parallels,  find  by  the  table  the 
number  of  miles  and  parts,  which  a  degree  of  longitude 
in  one  extreme  parallel,  the  39th,  contains,  viz.  16.62 
and  from  a  scale  of  equal  parts,  (on  which  scale  the  dis- 
tance between  ine  parallels,  viz.  1°  asunder,  is  60  equal 
parts,)  set  off  the  distance,  46.62,  with  the  dividers  on 
each  side  of  D,  so  as  to  divide  the  parallel  into  as  many 
degrees  of  longitude,  as  the  map  is  designed  to  contain  ; 
then  find  the  number  of  miles  and  parts  which  a  degree 
of  longitude  in  the  other  extreme  parallel,  the  45th,  con- 
tains, viz.  42.43,  and,  in  like  manner,  by  the  same  scale 
set  them  off  on  each  side  of  C.  Connect  the  correspond- 
ing points  of  division  at  top  and  bottom  by  straight  lines, 
and  the  projection  will  be  completed. 

It  should  be  remembeied,  that  when  the  parallels  of 
latitude  are  drawn  at  the  distance  of  1°,  2°,  3°,  4°,  or  5°, 
the  meridians  should  likewise  be  drawn  at  correspondent 
distances,  viz.  at  once,  twice,  three,  four-  or  five  times 
the  number  of  miles,  found  in  a  degree  in  the  parallel, 
on  which  the  distance  is  laid  off,  taken  from  the  same 
scale,  on  which  the  distance  between  the  parallels  1°,  2°, 
3°,  4°,  or  5°,  asunder,  contains  60,  120, 180,  240,  300,  Sec. 
equal  parts.  So  when  the  distance  between  the  parallels 
of  latitude  is  expressed  by  any  one  scale,  the  same  scale 
should  be  used  for  the  distance  between  the  meridians. 

If  it  be  required  to  draw  a  map  of  Asia;  which  should 
extend  from  the  equator  to  about  70°  N,  latitude, 
22 


254  MAPS. 

Draw  the  lines  NS,  of  any  convenient  length,  and  from 
S  set  off  the  70°  towards  N.  Let  every  degree,  or  eve-, 
ry  ten  degrees  be  equal  to  some  definite  distance,  or  por- 
tion of  a  scale  of  equal  parts  ;  for  example,  10°  to  an  inch  ; 
then  the  distance  from  the  equator,  to  the  70th  degree 
will  be  7  inches*  The  two  extreme  degrees  are  0°,  or 
the  equator  and  70°  5  then  the  number  of  miles  and  parts, 
contained  in  a  degree  of  long,  on  these  extreme  latitudes 
will  be  60  miles  on  0°,  or  on  the  equator,  and  20-^^  miles 
in  the  70th  degree  of  lat.  as  found  in  the  table.  TJius, 

20.52  found  in  the  table  against  70  degrees. 
60.00  0 

39.43  Difference        .        .          70,  which  multiplied  by  60 
gives  4200  geographical  miles.     Then  state  the  question, 
mls.&pts.       geog.  mis*          mis.  &  pts.       geog.mb. 

As  39.48  :  4200  ::  20.52  :  2182.97,  of  which 
600  are  equal  to  an  inch;  therefore  divide  2182.97 
by  600,  and  it  gives  36T^  inches  for  the  distance  of  the 
centre  of  all  the  parallels,  from  the  70th  degree  of  lati- 
tude. Then  from  this  centre  at  the  distance  of  70°, 
which  will  be  36-j^  inches,  describe  the  parallel  70°, 
and  at  the  distance  of  1,  2,  3,  &c.  inches  more,  describe 
the  other  parallels  down  the  equator.  Then  from  NS 
on  each  side  of  it,  set  off  on  the  equator  and  on  the  70th 
degree  of  latitude,  the  miles,  Sec.  contained  in  10  degrees 
of  long,  on  the  equator,  and  on  the  70th  degree  of  lat. 
viz  600  equal  parts  for  every  10  degrees  on  the  equator, 
and  205.20  on  the  70th  degree  of  latitude,  which  is  thus 
found ;  look  in  the  table  (page  255)  for  70  under  de- 
grees of  latitude  at  the  top,  and  at  the  right  hand  of  it 
stand  20.52,  which  multiplied  by  10  gives  205.20,  which 
must  be  taken  from  the  same  scale,  from  which  the  de- 
grees of  latitude  were  set  off,  viz  600  to  an  inch.  This 
gives  342  thousandths,  or  a  fraction  more  than  -|  of  an 
inch,  for  the  extent  of  10°  of  longitude  on  the  70th  de- 
gree of  latitude  to  be  set  off  on  each  side  of  N  so  many 
times,  as  the  map  is  to  contain  portions  of  ten  degrees 
each  way  from  N.  Connect  these  points  of  division 
with  those  corresponding  with  them  at  the  bottom?  and 
the  projection  v/ill  be  completed. 


QUESTIONS.  265 

Where  is  Novaya  Zemlia,  or  Nova  Zembla  ? 

Between  what  seas  are  Circassia,  Georgia,  &  Armenia  ? 

Which  way  from  Aral  sea  is  Samarcand  ? 

Into  what  sea  does  the  river  Oural  flow  ? 

Between  what  seas  is  Natolia  or  Asia  Minor  ? 

Which  way  is  Cyprus  from  the  sea.pf  Marmora  ? 

Which  way  is  Smyrna  from  Aleppo  ? 

Which  way  is  it  from  Jerusalem  to  Tripoli  ? 
j  Which  way  is  it  from  Damascus  to  Gaza  ? 

Which  way  from  Suez  to  C  >iro  in  Egypt  ? 

Which  is  most  northerly,  Mecca,  Medina,  or  Mocha  ? 

On  what  rivers  are  Bagdad  and  Bassora  ? 

What  river  is  between  Hindostan  and  Persia  ? 

What  large  island  is  sourh  of  Hindostan  ? 

What  mountains  in  Hindostan  P 

Where  are  the  islands  Laccadivas  and  l^ldivas  ? 

In  what  sea  or  bay  are  Andaman  k  Nicobar  islands  ? 

Which  way  is  it  from  Bombay  to  Goa  ? 

On  what  river  are  Calcutta  and  Delhi? 

On  what  river  is  Lassa,  the  capital  of  Thibet  ? 

Which  way  is  it  from  Ava  to  Pegu  ? 

Vrhich  is  most  northerly,  Pekin,  Nankin,  or  Canton  ? 

Which  are  the  two  piincipal  Philippine  islands? 
On  which  of  them  is  Manilla  ? 
Where  are  Formosa  and  Leoo  Keoo  isles  ? 
Which  most  notherly,  the  Carolinas  or  the  Ladrone  isl- 
I          ajids  ?  / 

'  "Which  way  are  the  Pelew  from  the  Philippine  islands  ? 
Through  what  island  does  the  equator  pass  P 
Which  side  of  the  equator  is  Gilolo  ? 
Of  what  islands  are  Bencoolen  &  Batavia  the  capitals  ? 
What  strait  separates  Borneo  from  Celebes  ? 
What  strait  separates  Malaya  from  Sumatra  ? 

t  islands  does  the  strait  of  Sunda  separate  ? 
What  wall  separates  China  from  Chinese  Tartary  ? 
Near  what  Cape  and  Strait  is  the  island  Socotra  ? 
Near  the  mouth  of  what  river  is  Astracan  ? 
Which  wny  is  Ispahan  from  Gambron  in  Persia  ? 
Which  is  most  northerly,  Madras,  or  Pondicherry  f . 
£3  / 


266  QUESTIONS. 

Which  way  from  Tanjore  to  Seringapatam  r 

What  part  of  Asia  lies  in  the  torrid  zone  ? 

What  cities  are  nearly  on  the  tropic  of  Cancer  ? 

Near  what  sea  is  Pekin  ? — Where  is  Cape  Comorin  ?  % 

How  is  Sakalin  island  situated  ? 

What  are  the  principal  towns  in  Ceylon  ? 

Into  what  sea  does  the  river  Amour  or  Sakalin  fall 't 

On  what  river  is  the  town  of  Tatta  ? 

On  what  tropic  is  the  island  of  Formosa  ? 

Where  is  the  island  of  Hainan  ? 

Where  are  the  islands  Bourbon  and  Mauritius? 

Which  the  most  northerly,  Almirante  or  Mahe  isles  ? 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  AFRICA. 

/What  are  the  northerly  states  of  Africa  ? 
How  is  the  coast  of  Guinea  divided  ? 
How  aie  Loango,  Congo,  and  Angola  situated  r 
In  what  part  of  Africa  do  the  Hottentots  live  ? 
What  town  is  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 
In  what  part  of  Africa  are  Egypt,  Nubia,  and  Abyssinia  ? 
Where  are  Adel,  Ajan,  and  Zanguebar  ? 
Where  are  Monomotapa,  Sofala,  and  Natal  ? 
In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Ethiopia  ? 
Which  is  the  most  westerly,  Benin,  Dahomy,  or  Biafra  ? 
What  river  is  between  Nigritia  and  Sahara  ? 
What  are  the  N.  S.  E.  and  W.  Capes  of  Africa  ?| 
What  island  is  east  of  Cape  Gardefan  ? 
What  large  island  east  of  Caffraria  ? 
Which  is  most  northerly,  Zanzibar,  or  Comoro  isles  ? 
Where  is  Table  bay  ? — Where  is  lake  Maravi  ? 
Where  is  Sierra  Leone  ?- Where  the  Mts.  of  the  Moon? 
Into  what  sea  does  the  river  Nile  flow  r 
What  strait  connects  the  R.  Sea  with  the  Indian  Ocean  r 
Which  are  the  principal  towns  in  Egypt  ? 
Where  are  Fernando  Po  &  Prince  Islands  ? 
Which  is  most  northerly,  St.  Thomas'  or  Annabon  ? 
What  island  southwest  of  the  gulf  of  Guinea  ? 
How  is  Africa  separated  from  Asia 


QUESTIONS.  267 

'  What  gulfs  on  the  northern  coast  of  Tripoli  ? 

In  what  desert  are  Derna  and  Barca  ? 

Which  way  is  it  from  Tripoli  to  Tunis  ? 
s?Which  the  most  northerly,  Algiers  or  Morocco  I 

Which  way  is  it  from  Fez  to  Tafilet  P 

What  mountains  are  south  of  Barbary  ? 

What  lake  is  there  in  Abyssinia  ? 

Is  Gondar  or  Sennaar  the  most  northerly  ? 

What  rivers  run  into  the  Atlantic  N.  Sc  S  of  Cape  Verd  ? 

What  rivers  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 

How  are  the  Canary  islands  situated  ? 

Which  are  the  principal  Canary  islands  ? 

What,  islands  north  of  the  Canaries  ?    •' 
/  What  are  the  principal  Cape  Verd  islands  ? 

What  islands  west  of  Spain  and  Portugal  ? 

How  are  Alexandria  and  Rosetta  situated  ? 

Which  is  most  northerly,  Damietta  or  Cairo  ? 

What  channel  separates  Madagascar  from  Africa  ? 

Through  what  part  of  Africa  does  the  equator  pass  ? 

What  separates  Egypt  from  Arabia  ? 

What  isthmus  is  between  the  Red  Sc  Mediterranean  seas  ? 

What  island  between  the  Gulf  of  Ca'bes  and  Italy  I 

What  separates  Greece  from  Natolia  ? 

What  is  the  capital  of  Turkey  ? 

QUESTIONS    ON    T£E    MAP    OF  BRITAIN. 

What  channel  and  strait  are  between  England  Sc  France  ? 

What  town  in  France  is  opposite  to  Dover  ? 

"Which  is  nearest  Scilly  Is.  Land's  End  or  Lizard  Pt.  ? 

What  point  is  southwest  of  Torbay  ? 

What  island  lies  northeast  of  St.  Alban's  Head  ? 

What  island,  bay,  and  point,  south  ot  Bristol  channel  ? 

Which  way  is  Mijford  Haven  from  St.  David's  Head  ? 

What  part  of  England  b  Wales  ? 

What  bay  west  of  Montgomery  in  Wales  ? 

Which  is  most  northerly,  the  Isle  of  Man  or  Anglesea  ? 

Where  is  Holy  Head  ?— Where  is  Holy  island  ? 

Near  what  frith  are  Dumfries  and  Carlisle  ? 


26S  QUESTIONS. 

In  what  frith  are  the  islands  Bute  and  Arran  ? 

Which  way  is  it  from  Glasgow  to  Stirling  ? 

On  what  frith  is  Greenock? — On  what  is  Edinburgh? 

Which  is  most  northerly,  St.  Andrews  or  Aberdeen  ? 

On  what  frith  or  canal  is  Inverness  ? 

What  are  some  of  the  Western  islands? 

Which  is  most  northerly,  Lewis,  Sky,  or  Rum  island  ? 

What  islands  north  of  Pentland  Frith  ? 

Which  way  is  it  from  Kinnaird's  Hd.  to  St.  Abb's  Hd.  ? 

On  what  river  is  Berwick  ? — On  what  is  New  Castle  ? 

Where  is  the  Wash  ? — Where  is  Yarmouth  ? 

What  rivers  unite  in  the  Humber  ? 

On  what  rivers  are  Leeds  and  Wakefield  ? 

On  what  river  is  York  ? — On  what  is  Nottingham  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Clear  ? — Where  is  Dublin  ? 

On  what  river  is  Cork  ? — On  what  is  Limerick  ? 

W^ich  is  most  northerly,  Waterford  or  Wicklow? 

Wnich  way  is  it  from  Wexford  to  Galway  ? 

Through  what  lakes  does  the  river  Shannon  run  ? 

Near  what  lake  are  Belfast  and  Antrim  ? 

Into  what  four  provinces  is  Ireland  divided  ? 

In  which  province  is  Londonderry  ? 

Which  way  is  Armagh  from  Elphin  ? 

On  what  river  are  London  and  Oxford  ? 

Which  is  most  northerly,  Newcastle  or  Sunderland  ? 

In  what  part  of  England  is  Cambridge  I 

What  river  between  England  and  Scotland  ? 

What  river  flows  into  Bristol  channel  ? 

Are  there  many  lakes  in  Scotland  and  Ireland  ? 

Which  is  most  northerly,  the  river  Dee  or  the  Mersey  ? 

On  what  river  is  Liverpool  ? 

Which  is  most  northerly,  Manchester  or  Birmingham? 

On  what  island  is  Beaumans  ? 

What  river  runs  through  the  takes  Rea  and  Derg  ? 

North  of  what  bay  is  the  mouth  of  the  river  Shannon  ? 

Into  what  ocean  does  the  river  Shannon  flow? 

What  three  prinrip?!  towns  are  on  the  Severn  ? 

On  what  river  is  Stockton  ? — Where  is  Swansev  ? 


QUESTIONS.  269 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
J 

'  What  river  separates  Maine  from  New  Brunswick  ? 
Wnat  is  the  capital  of  Nova  Scotia  ?~Where  isC.  Sable  ? 
Where  the  Bay  of  Fundy  r— Where  St.  George's  Bank  ? 
What  capes  are  north  and  south  of  Massachusetts  bay  ? 
What  does  St.  Mary's  river  separate  from  Georgia  ? 
What  rivers  are  between  St.  Mary's  and  Savannah  ? 
Which  way  is  Cape  Malabar  from  Cape  Cod  ? 
Which  way  from  Boston  is  Nantucket  island  ? 
What  island  between  Rhode  L  and  Montauk  Point  ? 
What  large  island  is  south  of  Connecticut  ? 
What  river  takes  its  rise  near  the  White  Hills,  and 

runs  between  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont,   and 

through  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  into  Long 

Island  Sound  r 

What  are  the  two  principal  rivers  in  New  Hampshire  ? 
What  Island  is  east  of  Charleston  in  South  Carolina  ? 
What  are  the  rivers  between  the  Savannah  and  the 

Great  and  Little  Pedee  ? 
What  three  Capes  east  of  North  Carolina  ? 
What  two  rivers  run  into  Albermarle  sound  I 
What  two  rivers  run  into  Pamlico  sound  ? 
In  what  part  of  North  Carolina  is  Cape  Fear  river  ? 
On  the  boundary  of  what  states  is  the  Dismal  swamp  ? 
Between  what  Capes  does  Chesapeak  Bay  open  into  the 

ocean  ? 

On  what  river  are  Washington  and  Alexandria  ? 
What  river  between   the   Blue    Ridge   and  Jackson's 

mountain,  runs  into  the  Potomac  ? 
Between  what  rivers  are  the  Laurel  mountains  ? 
What  part  of  the  great  chain  of  mountains,  that  pervades 

the  United  States,  is  called  the  Apaiachian  ? 
Where  are  they  called  Allegany  ? 
What  are  the  mountains  in  Tennessee  ? 
What  mountains  in  Vermont  ? 
What  hills  in  New  Hampshire  ? 
What  rivers  in  Virginia  run  into  Chesapeak  Bay  ? 
What  rivers  meet  at  Pittsbarg  and  form  the  Ohio  ? 
23* 


210  QUESTIONS, 

Into  what  does  Ohio  river  flow  ? 

Into  what  do  the  Cumberland,  Green,   and  Tennessee 

rivers  run  ? 

Into  what  does  the  river  Wabash  run  ? 
What  river  rises  near  the  source  of  the  Wabash,  and 

runs  into  Lake  Erie  ? 
What  river  rises  near  lake  Michigan,  and  runs  into  the 

Mississippi  ? 
What  river  from  Louisiana  runs  into  the  Mississippi 

just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  ? 
On  what  river  is  Viricennes,  the  capital  of  the  Indiana 

Territory  ? 

Of  what  territory  is  Detroit  the  capital  ? 
On  what  river  is  Chilicothe,  the  capital  of  Ohio  ? 
On  what  river  is  Marietta  ?— On  what  Galiopolis  ? 
What  town  and  fort  in  Upper  Canada  between  lake  St. 

Clair  and  lake  Erie,  nearly  opposite  Detroit  ? 
What  towns  on  the  Canada  side,  and  on  the  United  States 

side  of  Niagara  river,  are  between  lake   Erie  and 

lake  Ontario  ? 

Between  what  lakes  is  the  Strait  Michilimakinak  ? 
Which  of  the  great  lakes  is  roost  northerly? 
From  which  of  the  lakes  issues  the  St.  Lawrence  ? 
Which  is  the  most  easterly  town  in  Upper  Canada, 

Kingston,  York,  or  London  r 
Which  is  most  northerly,  Quebec  or  Montreal  ? 
What  river  carries  the  waters  of  lake  George  and  lake 

Champlain  into  the  river  St.  Lawrence  ? 
On  which  side  of  lake  Champlain  are   Plattsburg  and 

Ticonderoga  ? 

At  what  part  of  lake  Ontario  is  Sacket's  harbour  ? 
On  what  river  are  Greenbush  and  Albany  ? 
On  what  river  are  Utica  and  Schenectady  ? 
Which  is  the  most  northerly,  Hudson  or  Kingston  ? 
Which  way  is  Poughkeepsie  from  Albany  ? 
What  separates  N.  York  from  Newaik  in  New  Jersey  ? 
What  four  towns  are  southward  of  Newark  ? 
What  river  unites  with  the  Delaware  at  Philadelphia  ? 
How  are   Philadelphia,   Lancaster,  Carlisle,  and  Pitts- 

burg  situated  with  respect  to  each  other  ? 


QUESTIONS.  271 

On  what  bay  are  Baltimore  and  Annapolis  ? 

What  are  the  towns  in  Delaware  ? 

What  bay  opens  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  between  Cape 

May  and  Cape  Henlopen  ? 
What  are  the  principal  towns  in  Kentucky  ? 
On  what  river  is  Knoxville  ? 
On  what  river  are  Nashville  and  Clarkesville  ? 
On  what  river  is  Natches,  the  capital  of  Mississippi  ? 
jLOflL  what  river  js  J&$ys. -Orleans,  the  capital  of  Louisiana  ? 
WhiciTis  in  East  Florida,  St.  Augustine  or  Pensacola  ? 
What  rivers  run  south  through  the  Floridas  ? 
Near  the  mouth  of  what  river  is  Brunswick  ? 
On  what  river  is  Darien  ?— -On  what  is  Sunbury  ? 
On  what  river  are  Louisville  and  Elberton  ? 
What  two  principal  towns  on  the  Savannah  river  ? 
Which  is  the  most  northerly,  Beaufort  or  Chaileston? 
Near  what  harbour  is  Georgetown  ? 
On  what  river  is  Columbia  in  South  Carolina  * 
Which  way  is  Camden  from  Charleston  ? 
In  what  part  of  N,  Carolina  is  Raleigh? 
On  what  river  are  Fayetteviile  and  Wilmington  ? 
On  what  river  is  Newbern  ? 
On  what  sound  is  Edenton  ? 
What  two  rivers  form  the  Roanoke  ? 
Near  the  mouth  of  what  river  is  Norfolk  ? 
/  On  which  side  of  Appomattox  river  is  Petersburg? 
On  what  river  are  Fredericksburg  and  Leeds  ? 
On  what  river  is  Richmond  ?  ^    V  W 
On  what  river  is  York  or  York  town  ? 
Into  what  do  Gennessee  and  Oswego  rivers  flow  ? 
What  are  the  three  principal  towns  in  Connecticut  ? 
Which  town   in  Delaware  is  most  northerly,  Wilming- 
ton or  Newcastle  ? 

Which  town  in  New  Jersey  is  most  northerly,  Bruns- 
wick, Trenton,  or  Burlington  ? 

Which  is  the  most  northerly.  Providence  or  Newport  ? 
What  towns  are  in  the  western  part  of  Massachusetts  ? 
What  towns  in  the  eastern  part  of  Massachusetts  ? 
At  the  mouth  of  what  river  is  Newburyport  ?  -    s  >v 


2/2  QUESTIONS. 


On  what  river  is  Windsor  in  Vermont  ? 
I   Which  side  of  the  Green  mountains  is  Rtft-lancH,  ^ 
On  what  lake  is  Burlington  ?  4,    ^>          j  «" 

In  what  part  of  Vermont  is  Bennington  ?*  ' 
In  what  part  of  New  Hampshire  are  Hanover,  Charles-s, 

town,  Walpole,  and  Keene  r  /  X^v 

*  Which  is  most  northerly,  Concord  or  Exeter  ? 
At  the  mouth  of  what  river  is  Portsmouth  ? 
On  what  bay  is  Portland  ?  ^ 

Which  side  of  Saco  river  is  Wells  ? 
On  what  river  is  Brunswick  ?  —  On  what  is  Hallowell  ? 
Which  side  of  Penobscot  river  ii'^achias  ? 
Winch  the  most  northerly,  BelfastoNJValdoborough  ? 
Which  way  is  Wiscasset  from  Hallowell  ?   . 


What  is  geography  ?  —  What  is  the  earth  ? 

How  many  miles  through  it  ?  —  How  many  round  it  ? 

How  is  the  earth  known  to  be  round  ? 

How  far  is  it  from  the  sun  ? 

What  does  it  receive  from  the  sun  ? 

How  often  docs  it  revolve  round  the  sun  ? 

How  often  does  it  turn  on  its  axis?/ 

What  is  the  first  natural  division  of  the  earth? 

What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?  —  By  what  is  it  inhabited  ? 

What  part  of  the  ear,th*s  surface  is  water  ? 

How  is  the  land  divided  ?  —  -How  is  the  water  divided  ? 

What  is  a  continent  ?  —  What  is  an  island  ? 
What  is  a  peninsula  ?  —  What  is  an  isthmus  ? 
What  is  a  promontory  ?  —  What  is  a  cape  ? 
What  is  a  mountain  ?  —  What  is  a  shore  ? 

What  is  an  ocean  ?  —  What  is  a  se'a  ?  \f 


What  is  a  lake  ?  —  What  is  a 
What  is  a  strait  r  —  What  is  a  channel? 
What  is  a  creek  r  —  What  is  a  haven  P 
What  is  a  road  r  —  What  is  an  estuary  ? 
What  is  a  sound  r-^Vhat  is  a  river  ? 

How  many  grancRtvisions  of  the  earth  are  there  ? 


QUESTIONS.  273 

What  is  said  of  Europe  ?— of  Asia  ? — of  Africa  ^/ 
I  For  what  is  America  remarkable  ? 
By  whom  is  a  great  part  of  it  inhabited  ? 
What  is  it  frequently  called  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  American  Continent  ? 
Give  its  extent  and  boundaries. 
|   When  and  by  whom  was  it  discovered  I 
"  What  countries  were  first  discovered  ? 

What  induced  the  Spaniards  to  conquer  the  country  ? 

What  is  its  length  and  breadth  ? — How  is  it  divided? 

What  are  some  of  the  mountains  in  N.  America? 

What  are  the  lakes  ? 

What  does  N»  America  include  ? 

What  part  of  America  is  called  Danish  I 

What  is  said  of  the  country  ? 

What  is  Russian  America  ?-Where  is  the  N.  W.  coast  ? 

What  are  the  rivers? — What  are  the  islands?  / 
XJVhat  is  known  of  this  country  ?  ' 

vFor  what  principally  has  it  been  visited  ? 

Where  are  the  Indian  nations  ? 

What  is  the  stature  of  American  Indians? 

What  is  their  complexion  ? — Give  an  account  of  them* 

What  success  in  attempts  to  civilize  them  ? 

Into  what  is  British  America  divided  ? 

What  does  N.  Britain  comprise  ? 

What  are  the  principal  forts,  or  trading  houses  ? 

What  river  do  you  find  on  the  map? 

What  is  the  climate  of  N.  Britain  ?*  / 

What  is  the  name  of  the  Indians  of  this  country  ? 

How  may  the  United  States  be  considered? 

What  college  in  the  District  of  Maine  ? 

What  college  in  New  Hampshire  ? 

Where  is  the  principal  academy  ? 

What  two  colleges  in  Vermont? 

What  university  and  college  in  Massachusetts  ? 

What  institution  at  Andover  ? 

W  hat  college  in  Rhode  Island  ? 

What  college  in  Connecticu   ? 

What  colleges  in  New  York  ? 


? 


274  QUESTIONS. 

What  celebrated  springs  in  New  York  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  land  in  Pennsylvania  ? 

What  abounds  in  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania  ? 

How  is  the  Michigan  territory  situated  ?  4 

What  were  Indiana  and  Illinois  territories  formerly  ? 

What  springs  in  Kentucky  ? — What  curiosity  ? 

What  curiosity  in  Tennessee  ? 

AVhere  is  the  District  of  Columbia  ? — How  large  is  it  ? 

To  which  states  did  it  formerly  belong  ? 

What  is  the  situation  of  Washington  ? 

or  what  is  Yorktown  celebrated  ? 
Where  is  Mount  Vernon  ? — For  what  is  it  celebrated  ? 
What  arc  some  of  the  curiosities  in  Virginia  ? 
For  what  is  Cape  Hatteras  remarkable  ? 
Where  is  mount  Ararat,  and  what  is  said  of  it? 
What  is  the  Misseltoe,  and  where  is  it  found  ? 
What  is   observed  of  the  country,  through  which  the 

Mississippi  flows  ? 

Wito  are  the  inhabitants  of  New  Or'leans  ? 
What  are  the  principal  mountains  in  the  U.  States  ? 
W  hat  is  the  extent  of  the  whole  chain  ? 
How  do  they  run  along  the  coast  ?~ Describe  them. 
What  is  said  of  the  lakes  in  the  United  States  ? 
What  remarkable  cataracts  in  the  U.  S.  ? Where  is  each  ? 
Describe  the  falls  of  Niagara. 
What  is  the  Gulf  stream  ? 
What  are  the  principal  bays  in  the  U.  States  ? 
What  are  the  sounds  ? 
What  principal  islands  on  the  coast  ? 
What  -ire  some  of  the  principal  capes  ? 
What  is  the  face  of  the  country  in  the  United  States  ? 
How  are  the  U.  S.  watered,  and  what  do  they  produce  ? 
What  is  the  climate  of  the  United  States  ? 
How  do  the  northern  and  southern  states  differ  ? 
What  are  the  mineral  produc  tions  of  the  U.  States  ? 
What  are  the  vegetable  ? — What  are  the  animals  ? 
How  is  the  mammoth  known  to  have  existed  ? 
How  large  is  it  supposed  to  have  heen  ? 
What  is  said  ot  the  forests  and  rivers  of  the  U.  States  P 


QUESTIONS.  275 

What  is  the  disposition  of  the  American  animals  ? 
Who  first  explored  the  shores  of  the  U.  States  ? 
When  &  where  was  the  first  permanent  settlement  made  ? 
When  and  where  did  our  ancestors  first  land  ? 
What  was  their  number  ? 
What  occasioned  their  sufferings  ? 
How  many  of  them  died  within  the  first  six  months  ? 
Who  established  the  first  settlements  in  the  U.  States  ? 
Under  whose  jurisdiction  were  they  ? 
What  where  the  States  then  called  ? 
What  was  the  increase  of  the  colonies  ? 
Why  did  they  become  dissatisfied  with  England  ? 
What  increased  the  dissatisfaction  ? 
What  did  the  dissatisfaction  at  length  produce  ? 
When  did  hostilities  commence  ? 
When  did  the  colonies  declare  their  independence  ? 
What  title  did  they  assume  ? 

When  did  Great  Britain  allow  their  independence  ? 
What  is  the  separation  of  the  colonies  from  England 

called  ? 

'What  government  was  formed  in  '  788  ? 
What  are  the  articles  of  this  confederation  called? 
Of  what  does  the  government  consist  ? 
How, are  its  officers  elected  ? 
When  assembled,  what  do  they  compose  ? 
Who  was  the  first  President  ? 

Name  the  number,  succession,  Sec.  of  the  Presidents. 
What  ^  said  of  the  happiness  and   prosperity  of  the 

Uifited  States? 

When  did  their  commerce  become  obstructed  ? 
When  was  the  war  declared  ? 

What  is  the  religion  of  the  United  States  ? 
How  is  religion  supported  in  New  England  ? 
How  is  religion  supported  in  the  other  states? 
What  was  the  population  of  the  United  States  in  1810? 
What  is  the  state  of  learning  in  the  United  States  ? 
What  are  the  principal  colleges  ? 
What  number  of  students  does  each  contain  ? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  people  of  the  U,  States? 


are  QUESTIONS. 

What  are  the  Spanish  dominions  in  N.  America  ? 
What  is  the  face  of  the  country  in  the  Floridas  ? 
What  is  the  climate?-— What  are  the  productions? 

What  is  said  of  Mexico  or  New  Spain  ? 
What  does  Guatimala  comprise? 
What  is  the  population  of  Mexico  ? 
When  was  the  city  of  Mexico  founded  ? 
What  great  monarch  resided  there  ? 
When  and  why  did  Cortez  attack  his  capital? 
How  did  he  induce  Montezuraa  to  visit  his  camp  ? 
What  other  arts  did  he  use  to  succeed  in  his  attempt  ? 
What  became  of  Montezuma  ? 
Wbo  succeeded  to  the  throne  ? 
What  are  the  mountains  of  Mexico  ? 
Are  any  of  them  volcanic  ? 
What  remarkable  incident  happened  in  1759  ? 
What  is  the  face  of  the  country,  climate,  &c.  ? 
What  are  the  soil  and  productions? 
What  knowledge  have  we  of  the  Spanish  dominions  ? 

Of  what  do  the  West  Indies  consist? 
How  are  they  divided  ? 

Which  are  the  largest  and  most  important  of  the  W.  I.  ? 
To  what  are  the  West  Indies  subject? 
What  is  said  of  the  climate,  soil,  and  productions  ? 
Why  are  they  called  West  Indies  ? 

To  whom  does  South  America  belong  ? 
How  is  South  America  divided  ? 
What  is  the  general  name  of  the  mountains  in  S.  A.  ? 
How  high  are  the  mountains  above  the  sea  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  seasons  in  Peru  ? 
Where  is  Amazonia  situated  ? 
From  what  does  the  country  receive  its  name  ? 
By  whom  is  it  inhabited  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  river  Amazon  ? 
What  animals  infest  the  shores  of  this  river  ? 
What  are  the  climate,  soil,  and  productions  of  Brazil? 
How  far  is  Rio  de  la  Plata  navigable  ? 
What  are  the  fields  of  grass  in  this  country  called  ? 
How  far  do  they  extend,  and  for  what  are  they  useful? 


QUESTIONS.  srr 

In  what  manner  do  the  hunters  kill  their  game  ? 
What  are  the  climate,  soil,  8cc.  of  this  country  ? 

What  is  observed  of  the  mountains  in  Chili  ? 
What  are  the  climate  and  soil  of  Chili  ? 

By  whom  is  Patagonia  inhabited  ? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  inhabitants  ? 
Is  it  much  known  ? — What  are  the  mountains  ? 
How  far  do  they  extend  ? 
Where  are  their  chief  summits  ? 
Which  is  the  highest? 
What  forms  the  base  of  these  mountains  ? 
How  far  is  the  plain  of  Quito  elevated  above  the  sea  ? 
What  are  the  other  principal  peaks  or  elevations  ? 
For  what  is  South  America  best  known  ? 

How  is  Lapland  divided  ? 
What  is  the  government  of  the  Laplanders  ? 
Describe  their  habitations,  and  the  manner  in  which  they 

assemble  round  their  food. 
What  is  the  climate  of  Lapland  ? 
How  long  is  the  sun  absent  in  winter  ? 
How  long  does  it  continue  in  summer  ? 
What  are  the  mountains,  metals,  St  animals  of  Lapland  ? 
What  use  do  the  Laplanders  make  of  the  rein  deer  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  vortex  on  the  coast  of  Norway  ? 
What  is  the  climate  and  face  of  the  country  ? 
How  do  the  inhabitants  subsist  P 
What  are  the  chief  sources  of  wealth  in  Norway  ? 

Of  what  does  Denmark  Proper  consist  ? 
What  countries  belong  to  Denmark  ? 
What  is  said  of  Iceland  ? — What  is  mount  Hecla  ? 

For  what  is  Greenland  celebrated  ? 
To  whom  do  Greenland  and  the  Faro  Islands  belong  ? 
What  is  the  climate  of  Denmark  ? 
What  was  the  character  of  the  ancient  Danes  ? 
Do  they  still  retain  that  character  ? 
What  kingdom  is  Denmark,  and  how  governed? 
What  are  the  islands,  gulfs,  and  straits  in  Sweden  ? 
What  is  the  capital  ? — How  is  it  built  ? 
For  what  is  Upsal  noted  ? 
What  is  the  climate  of  Sweden  ? 

24  X:.: 


2?S  QUESTIONS. 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Swedes  ? 

What  does  Russia  include  ? 

What  forms  the  boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia  ? 
What  variety  is  there  in  the  soil  and  climate  of  Russia  ? 
What  is  the  government  of  Russia  ? 
For  what  is  Russia  noted  ? 

W"hat  is  said  of  the  inland  navigation  of  Russia  ? 
What  are  the  towns,  mountains,  and  rivers  of  Poland  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  Carpathian  mountains  ? 
Describe  the  salt  mines  ? 
Is  Prussia  a  large  or  a  small  kingdom  ? 

What  do  the  British  dominions  include  ? 
How  large  is  the  island  of  Great  Britain  ? 
How  is  it  divided  ?— What  the  number  of  its  inhabitants  ? 
For  what  are  Leeds  and  Wakefield  celebrated  ? 
For  what  are  Birmingham  and  Sheffield  ? 
For  what  goods  is  Manchester  distinguished  ? 
What  is  the  second  city  in  England  ? 
What  is  said  of  Oxford  and  Eton  P 
For  what  is  Cambridge  celebrated  ? 
What  is  the  metropolis  of  the  British  Empire  ? 
Where  is  it  situated  ? — How  large  is  it  ? 
How  many  inhabitants  does  it  contain  ? 
How  may  it  be  considered  ? 
What  are  the  large  dockyards  r 
What  are  the  soil  and  climate  of  England  ? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  English  ? 
What  is  the  government  ? 
What  have  rendered  the  English  great  and  powerful  ? 

From  whom  are  the  Welsh  descended  ? 
How  is  Scotland  separated  from  England  ? 
For  what  are  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  &  Aberdeen  not    I 
What  is  the  character  of  the  Scotch  ? 
How  long  have  England  and  Scotland  been  united  ? 

How  is  Ireland  divided  ? 
For  what  is  Lough  Nengh  remarkable  ? 
What  is  the  capital  of  Ireland  ? — How  is  it  situated  ? 
How  many  inhabitants  does  it  contain  ? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  Irish  ? 
Which  way  are  the  United  Provinces  from  England  ? 


QUESTIONS.  279 

What  is  icmarkable  in  the  streets  of  Holland  ? 

What  number  of  inhabitants  does  Amsterdam  contain? 

In  what  manner  are  the  houses  built? 

What  is  the  climate  of  Holland  ? — What  is  the  soil  ? 

AVhat  is  the  face  of  the  country  ? 

For  what  purpose  are  the  canals  used  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Dutch  ? 

Of  what  art  do  they  claim  the  invention  ? 

What  are  the  principal  curiosities? 

What  were  the  Dutch  before  the  late  revolution  I 

What  is  said  of  Antwerp  ? 

How  did  the  Dutch  ruin  its  commerce  ? 

How  is  Germany  divided  ? 

Where  does  the  Danube  take  its  rise? 

What  course  does  it  run  ? — Into  what  does  it  run  ? 

Where  has  the  Rhine  its  source  ? 

Through  what  lake  does  it  pass  ? 

What  two  countries  does  it  divide  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Germans  ? 

What  countries  compose  the  Austrian  dominions .? 

What  are  the  mountains  and  rivers  of  Austria  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Hungarians  ? 

How  is  France  situated  ?-For  what  is  it  distinguished? 
What  is  the  capital  ? — How  is  it  situated  ? 
How  many  inhabitants  are  there  in  Pai  is  ? 
What  part  of  France  is  nearest  to  England  ? 
What  are  the  climate,  soil,  and  productions  of  France  ? 
How  many  inhabitants  does  France  contain? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  French?* 
What  is  said  of  their  language  ? 
What  was  formerly  the  government  of  France? 
When  did  the  massacre  take  place  in  Paris  ? 
Who  was  the  reigning  king  ? 
When  was  the  constitution  of  France  declared  repub- 

lican  ? 

What  sentence  did  the  convention  pass  upon  the  king  ? 
When  was  it  executed  ? 

To  whom  does  Gibraltar  belong  ? 
How  is  it  considered  ? 
What  are  the  air  and  soil  of  Spain  ? 


280  QUESTIONS. 

What  are  the  persons  and  character  of  the  Spaniards  ? 
What  is  the  religion  of  Spain? — What  is  the  government? 
When  was  Lisbon  destroyed  by  an  earthquake? 
How  is  Switzerland  divided  ? 
*>  hat  are  the  mountains,  lakes,  and  rivers? 
How  is  Switzerland  situated? — What  is  the  capital? 
What  is  the  largest  town  in  Switzerland  ? 
What  art  is  said  to  have  been  invented  here  ? 
What  are  the  climate  and  soil  of  Switzerland  ? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  Swiss  ? 
What  was  the  government  till  conquered  by  France  ? 

How  is  Italy  at  present  divided? 
What  are  the  mountains  of  Italy  ? 
Is  it  in  as  flourishing  a  state,  as  it  formerly  was  ? 
What  is  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  Venetian  States  ? 
How  is  Venice  built  ? 
What  are  the  islands  belonging  to  Italy  ? 
What  is  the  capital  of  Sardinia  ?— What  of  Corsica? 
For  what  are  Corsica  and  Elba  famous  ? 
For  what  is  Malta  memorable  ? 
What  are  the  air  and  soil  of  Italy  ? 
In  what  do  the  Italians  excel  ? 
What  are  the  curiosities  of  this  country  ? 
What  countries  does  Turkey  in  Europe  include? 
What  forms  the  Turkish  empire  ? 
What  is  the  capital  of  the  grand  Seignior's  dominions  ? 
Why  is  Adriano'ple  now  in  a  miserable  state  ? 
Wnat  were  the  southern  provinces  anciently  called  ? 
What  is  Athens  in  its  present  state  ? 
Where  are  the  Dardanelles  ? 
What  are  the  air  and  soil  of  Turkey  ? 
What  is  the  religion  ?— What  are  the  curiosities  ? 
What  is  the  commerce  of  Turkey  ? 
What  is  the  government  ? 

From  whom  were  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Europe 

supposed  to  have  descended  ? 
For  what  were  Greece  and  Rome  distinguished  ? 
What  has  Europe  been  in  modern  times  ? 
What  has  recently  been  the  state  of  Europe  ? 


QUESTIONS,  281 

To  whom  did  the  nations  of  Europe  fall  a  prey  ? 
Who  have  checked  the  French  in  their  progress  towards 
universal  dominion  ? 

Where  is  Georgia  situated  ? 
Is  Circassia  a  part  of  this  country  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  Georgians  ? 
By  whom  is  the  country  peopled? 
Between  what  rivers  does  Diarbeck  lie  ? 
Of  what  was  Jerusalem  the  capital  ? 
When  was  it  destroyed,  and  by  whom  ? 
What  are  the  curiosities  in  Turkey  ? 
Where  is  Palmyra  situated  ? 
What  was  it  called  by  the  ancients  ? 
Who  is  thought  to  have  built  Balbeck  and  Palmyra  ? 
From  what  does  Mecca  derive  its  support  r 
For  what  is  Medina  celebrated  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  mosque  at  Medina? 
What  is  said  of  Arabia  Felix  ? 
Where  are  Mocha  and  Aden  ? 
Where  are  the  mountains  of  Horeb  and  Sinai  ? 
For  what  are  these  mountains  memorable  ? 
By  whom  are  these  mountains  inhabited  ? 
What  are  the  climate  and  soil  of  Arabia  ? 
What  are  the  most  useful  animals  ? 
What  are  the  person  and  manners  of  the  inhabitants  £ 
What  is  the  religion  of  Arabia  ? 
What  is  said  of  learning  among  the  Arabians? 
prom  whom  are  the  Arabs  descended  ? 
With  whom  did  their  conquests  and  religion  begin  ? 
When  did  Mahomet  die  ? 

What  are  the  air  and  soil  of  Persia  ? 
What  are  the  productions  ? —What  the  curiosities? 
For  what  is  Persia  remarkable  ? 
What  does  India  within  the  Ganges  include  ? 
How  many  inhabitants  does  it  contain  ? 
How  many  inhabitants  are  there  in  the  British  possessions* 
What  countries  does  the  Binnan  empire  contain  ? 
How  are  the  Birmans  separated  from  the  Hindoos  ? 
Are  the  Birmans  and  Hindoos  similar  ? 
24* 


282 

For  what  is  Malacca  noted  ? 

How  is  the  kingdom  of  Siam  situated  ? 

What  is  remarkable  of  the  trees  on  the  river  Meinam? 

For  what  is  Cambodia  celebrated? 

What  are  the  air  and  soil  of  China  ? 

How  is  the  tea  plant  cultivated  and  prepared  for  use  ? 

What  do  the  Barbary  states  in  Africa  include? 

What  are  the  productions  of  the  Barbary  slates  ? 

For  what  are  the  inhabitants  remarkable  ? 

How  is  Egypt  situated  ? 
What  does  lower  Egypt  comprehend  ? 
What  are  the  chief  towns  or  cities  of  Egypt  ? 
What  has  been  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  the  world? 
By  whom  was  Alexandria  built  ? 
Are  any  remains  of  it  ROW  to  be  seen  ? 
What  are  the  soil  and  climate  of  Egypt  ? 
What  animals  are  natives  of  this  count!  y  ? 
For  what  was  Egypt  distinguished  in  early  ages? 
For  what  were  the  ancient  Egyptians  remarkable  ? 
What  was  their  religion  ? 
What  is  now  the  state  of  Egypt  ? 
What  is  the  principal  article  of  trade  in  Ethiopia? 
What  are  the  productions  of  Guinea  ? 
How  has  the  misery  of  the  human  race  been  aggravat* 

cd  in  Africa? 

QUESTIONS    IN    AN6IENT    GEOGRAPHY. 

N.  B.  The  best  method  of  examination  with  respect  to  arv 
cient  and  modern  names  is  to  allow  the  pupil  a  modern  map,  and 
to  require  him  at  the  same  time  that  he  sees  the  modern  name, 
to  give  the  ancient,  corresponding1  to  it ;  and  when  the  pupils 
sure  old  enough,  a  good  method  of  learning  this  correspondence 
would  be  to  draught  maps,  and  fill  them  up  with  both  the  an- 
eient  and  modern  names  of  the  principal  countries,  towns,  and 
natural  objects  :  us  rivers,  oceans,  seas,  islands,  &c. 

Romanum  Imficrium^  or  Map,  of  the  Roman  JZmfiire. 
What  ocean  was  west  of  Eurofia  or  Europe  ?* 

*Whenthe  ancient  and  modern  names  are  nearly  similar  they 
are  in  these  questions  used  promiscuously. 


QUESTIONS.  283 

What  mare  or  sea  east  of  the  Pontus  Euxinus  ? 

What  part  of  Europe  was  called  Sarmatia? 

Which  way  was  Gallia  from  Hispania  ? 

Wnat  peninsula  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Pontus  Eux- 
inus? 

With  what  sea  did  the  Maeotis  Palus  communicate  ? 

Between  what  seas  was  the  Propontis  ? 

What  separated  Scandia  or  Scandinavia  from  Sarmatia  ? 

What  ocean  was  between  the  Cimbri  and  Caledonia? 

What  sea  separated  Hibernia  from  Britannia? 

Which  was  most  northerly,  Eboracum  or  Londinum  ? 

What  Freetum  or  strait  separated  Britain  from  Gaul? 

What  were  the  four  principal  divisions  of  Gaul  ? 

What  were  the  three  principal  divisions  of  Hispania  ? 

Wriich  of  these  divisions  is  now  called  Portugal  ? 

Waat  part  of  Gallia  was  called  Belgae  ? 

What  river  separated  Belgas  from  Frisii  and  Fianci? 

Between  what  rivers  was  Lugdunensis  ? 

Which  division  was  between  the  Ligoris  Sc  Garumna*? 

Wiiat  river  runs  south  through  Narbonensis  ? 

On  what  river  was  Lutetia  Parisiorum  ? 

On  what  river  was  Lugdunum  ? 

What  small  Ins  or  islands  were  a  little  south  of  Massilia  ? 

What  small  island  between  Tuscia  and  Corsica  ? 

Which  way  was  Rome  from  Capua  ? 

Which  way  was  Ravenna  from  Brundusium? 

What  sea  between  Sicilia  and  Greece  ? 

Wiial  separated  Italy  from  Illyricum  ? 

What  three  countries  were  immediately  north  of  Italy 
and  Illyricum? 

In  what  part  of  Germany  were  the  Alemanni  and  Quadi? 

In  what  part  were  the  Frisii,  Franci,  and  Catti  ? 

What  river  separated  the  Chauci  and  Saxones  ? 

What  large  river  was  between  Dacia  and  Moesia  ? 

Wnat  mountain  separated  Mcesia  from  Thrace  and 
Macedonia  ? 

Which  was  the  most  northerly,  Thessalonica  or  Bereea  ? 

What  part  of  Greece  was  Peloponnesus  ? 

Which  was  the  most  northerly,  the  island  of  Eubeea  or 
the  Cyclades  ? 

Which  way  was  Thebes  from  Sparta  ? 


284,  QUESTIONS 

Which  way  from  Athenae  to  Corinthus  ? 

Which  way  was  Delphi  from  Olympia? 

What  separated  Greece  from  Asia  Minor  ? 

Which  was  the  most  easterly,  Scythia  or  Sarmatia  ? 

What  countries  between  the  Caspian  and  Eux'ine  seas? 

What  mountains  between  the  Alani  and  Colchis  ? 

Wflich  was  the  most  westerly,  Armenia  or  Media  ? 

Between  what  rivers  was  Mesopotamia  ? 

What  were  the  four  southern  divisions  of  Asia  Minor  ? 

What  were  the  two  northern  divisions  ? 

What  the  three  western  ? 

Which  was  most  easterly,  Cappadocia  or  Phrygia  ? 

Which  was  most  northerly,  Phoenicia  or  Paleestina? 

On  what  river  was  Babylon  ? 

On  what  was  Ninus  or  Nineveh  ? 

What  was  the  situation  of  Arabia  Petrjea  ? 

What  separated  Mount  Sinai  from  Madian  or  Midian  ? 

Which  way  was  Idumsea  from  Damascus  ? 

What  lake  near  Hierosolyma  or  Jerusalem  ? 

O:i  what  coast  were  Gaza,  Joppa,  Caesarea,  Tyrus,  and 
Sidon  ? 

Which  way  was  it  from  Egypt  to  Mauritania  ? 

Which  way  was  Numidia  from  Libya? 

Wnat  mountains  were  in  the  western  part  of  Africa? 

Which  way  was  Sicilia  from  Carthago  ? 

Ne  tr  the  mouth  of  what  river  was  Utica  ? 

Waich  was  farthest  up  the  river  Nile,  Thebfe  or  Alex- 
andria ? 

QUESTIONS*  ON  THE  MAP  OF  ITALIA. 

Around  what  gulf  or  sinus  was  Liguria  situated? 
What  part  of  Italia  was  Gallia  Cisalpina,  and  Venetia? 
In  what  part  of  Italia  were  Lucania  and  Brutii  ? 
Which  was  the  most  northerly,  Tuscia  or  Etruria? 
W;iich  was  the  most  easterly,  Picenum  or  Umbria  ? 
Wnich  was  the  most  northerly,  Latium  or  Samnium  ? 
What  part  of  Italy  were  Apulia  and  Calabri? 
Which  was  most  northerly,  Tarentum  or  Regium  ? 
On  what  rivers  were  Cannse,  and  Capua  ? 


QUESTIONS.  285 

In  what  part  of  Italy  was  the  river  Rubicon  ? 

Which  way  was  Ravenna  from  Ariminum  ? 

Which  was  most  northerly,  Mutina  or  Mantua? 

Which  the  most  northerly,  the  Alpes  or  Apenninus  ? 

Which  was  most  westerly,  Rhgetia  or  Noricura  ? 

Which  way  was  Briindusium  from  Hyclruntum? 

What  mountain  a  little  southeasterly  of  Neapolis  ? 

In  what  part  of  Sicilia  were  Leontium  and  Syracuse  ? 

Which  wasthe  most  northerly,  Panormus  or  Agrigentum? 

Which  way  was  Messana  from  Mount  J£tna  ? 

In  what  part  of  Sicilia  was  Catana  ? 

Which  way  was  Carthago  or  Carthage  from  Sicilia  ? 

Which  way  was  Utica  from  Carthage  ? 

What  are  the  small  islands  north  and  south  of  Sicilia? 

What  separated  Italia  from  Dalmatia? 

Which  way  was  Epidaurus  fiom  Brundusium  ? 

What  large  river  passes  through  Gallia  Cisalpina  ? 

QUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP    OF    GREECE, 

What  part  of  Peloponnesus  was  Achaia  and  Elis  ? 

What  part  was  Messenia  and  Laconia  ? 

Which  was  most  westerly,  Arcadia  or  Argolis  ? 

Which  was  the  most  southerly,  Attica  or  Ilceotia  ? 

What  large  island  east  of  Phocis  and  Boeotia?     * 

Which  was  the  most  easterly,  Thessalia  or  Epirus  ? 

What  large  island  west  of  Epirus  ? 

Which  was  the  most  northerly,  Ithaca  or  Cephallenia? 

Which  most  northerly,  Zacynthus  or  the  Strophades? 

How  was  the  island  Cythera  situated  ? 

What  gulf  or  sinus  between  Achaia  and  Phocis  ? 

What  gulf  between  Argolis  and  Attica  ? 

Which  island  was  nearest  Athens,  Salamis  or  jftgina? 

Which  way  was  Marathon  from  Athens  ? 

Which  way  from  Athens  to  Eleusis  ? 

On  which  side  of  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth  was  Meg  ara  ?* 

W  hich  way  was  Sicyon  from  Corinth  ? 

Which  was  most  northerly,  Mycenae  or  Argos  % 

On  what  river  was  Sparta  or  Lacedeemon  ? 


286  QUESTIONS. 

On  which  side  of  mount  Taygetus  was  Gythium  '.' 

Which  wits  most  northerly,  Mitho'ne  or  Pylus? 

Which  was  most  southerly,  Messe'ne  or  Itho'me  ? 

On  what  river  were  Olympia  and  Megalopolis? 

Which  was  the  most  northerly,  Elis  or  Cylle'ne  ? 

Which  way  is  Tegea  from  Mantinea  ? 

Near  what  sinus  or  gulf  were^gira  and  j£gium  ? 

On  which  side  of  the  Corinthian  gulf  was  Naupactus  ? 

What  mountain  north  of  Delphi  r 

Which  way  were  Cheronaea  and  Lehadaea  from  Thebae  1 

Which  way  from  mount  Helicon  were  Thespiae  and 

Plataea  ? 

Which  was  most  northerly,  Thermopylae  or  Opus? 
Which  is  most  northerly,  mount  Pindus  or  (Eta  ? 
Which  way  was  Melibcea  from  Melitaea  ? 
Which  was  most  northerly,  mount  Pelion  or  Ossa  ? 
What  river  between  mount  Ossa  and  Olympus? 
Which  way  was  Pharsalus  from  Pherae  ? 
On  what  river  were  Gomphi,  Larissa  and  Tein'pe  ? 
In  what  part  of  Epirus  was  Buthrotum  ? 
Which  was  most  northerly,  Aulon  or  Apollonia  ? 
On  what  river  were  Edessa  and  Pclla  ? 
Near  what  river  was  Beraea  ? 
Which  most  northerly,  Thessalomca  or  Potidaea  ? 
Which  most  easterly,  Stagira,  Chalcis,  or  Olynthus? 
Between  what  bays  or  gulfs  was  mount  Athos  ? 
On  what  river  was  Amphipolis  ? 
Which  way  from  Phiiippi  were  the  CWnz,  or  camps,  of 

Brutus  and  Cassius  ? 

What  island  was  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Nestus  ? 
Which  most  northerly,  Samothrac©  or  Lemnos? 
Which  was  nearest  Troja,  Tenedos  or  Lemnos  ? 
Which  was  nearest  Eulx&a,  Lesbos  or  Chios  ? 
In  what  part  of  the  island  Euboea  was  Eretria  ? 
What   were  the  principal  islands  between  Chios  and 

Greta  ? 
On  what  island  were  Gortyna,  Gnossus,  and  Cydonia  ? 


QUESTIONS.  287 

Which  way  was  Thracia  from  Macedonia  ? 
Near  the  mouth  of  what  river  was  Enos  ? 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  ASIA  MINOR. 

What  separated  Bithynia  from  Thracia  ? 

On  what  river  were  JEnos  and  Adrianopolis  ? 

Which  was  nearest  the  Bosphorus,  Byzantium  or  Perin- 

thus  ? 

What  strait  separated  the  Chersonesus  from  Troas  ? 
Which  way  was  mount  Ida  from  Ilium  or  Troy  ? 
Into  what  did  the  river  Granicus  flow  ? 
In  what  division  of  Asia  Minor  were  Adramyttium  and 

Pergamus? 

In  what  division  were  Thyatira  and  Philadelphia  ? 
On  what  river  was  Sardes  ? 
In  what  division  were  ColossaB  and  Laodicea  ? 
In  what  were  Smyrna,  Ephesus,  and  Miletus  ? 
In  what  division  w^re  Halicarnassus  and  Cnidus  ? 
What  large  island  was  south  of  Caria  ? 
What  river  separated  Caria  from  Lydia  ? 
In  what  part  of  Lycia  were  Patara  and  Myra  ? 
What  mountain  was  between  Lycia  and  Pamphylia  ? 
On  what  river  were  Atali'a,  Perga,  and  Antiochia? 
What  mountain  between  Pisidia  and  Phrygia  ? 
Which  most  northerly,  Lycaonia  or  Isauria  ? 
Which  way  from  Iconium  to  Lystra,  and  thence  to  Der- 

be? 

Which  way  was  Taurus  from  Seleucia  ? 
Which  way  was  Cyprus  from  Cilicia  ? 
In  what  parts  of  Cyprus  were  Salamis  and  Paphos  ? 
Which  way  from  Cappadocia  to  Bithynia  ? 
Which  way  from  Prusa  to  Nicsea,    (memorable  for  the 

Jirst  ecclesiastical  council  held  there  ?) 
On  what  river  was  Gordium,  (whither  Alexander  went 

to  cut  the  Gordian  knot  ?  ) 
What  mountain  separates  Bithynia  from  Mysia  ? 
Which  way  was  Galatia  from  Paphlagonia? 
In  what  part  of  Paphlagonia  was  Sinop£  ? 


238  QUESTIONS. 

What  river  between  Paphlagonia  and  Pontus  I 
Which  the  most  noitherly,  Trapezus  or  Cerasus? 
On  which  side  of  the  river  Euphrates  was  Armenia  Mi- 
nor? 

What  river  between  Syria  and  Mesopotamia  ? 
On  what  river  were  Apamea  and  Antiochia  ? 
On  what  sinus  or  gulf  was  Alexandria  ? 

QUESTIONS  TO  BE  ANSWERED  FROM  THE  GEOGRAPHY. 

What  were  the  opinions  of  the  ancients  concerning  the 

figure  of  the  earth  ? 

In  what  year  of  the  world  was  the  deluge  ? 
Who  survived  the  destruction  of  the  old  world? 
Where  did  Noah  settle  after  leaving  the  ark  ? 
How  was  the  world  shared  among  the  sons  of  Noah  ? 
What  knowledge  of  the  earth  had  the  ancients  ? 
What  was  culled  the  world  by  heathen  writers  ? 
What  are  the  ancient  names  of  the  principal  mountains 

in  Europe  ? 

Into  what  five  parts  was  Greece  anciently  divided  ? 
In  what  part  of  Greece  was  Peloponnesus  ? 
In  what  part  were  Macedonia  and  Thessalia  ? 
Which  way  is  Epirus  from  Athens,  the  chief  city  in 

Graecia  Propria  ? 

How  did  the  Romans  divide  Greece  ? 
What  is  said  of  Peloponnesus  with  respect  to  mountains  ? 
For  what  was  Arcadia  celebrated  ? 
What  were  the  principal  rivers  of  Peloponnesus  ? 
What  was  the  Corinthian  gulf  anciently  called  ? 
For  what  was  the  Island  of  Crete  celebrated  ? 
Into  what  kingdoms  was  Peloponnesus  subdivided  ? 
What  city  was  first  established  in  Greece  ? 
What  was  the  situation  of  Sicyon? 
What  was  the  situation*  of  Corinth  ? 
What  is  related*  of  this  ancient  city? 
For  what  was  Olympia  memorable  ? 

*  Let  these  two  questions  be  asked  concerning  each  of  the 
cities  hereafter  mentioned. 


QUESTIONS.  289 

How  many  solemn  games  among  the  Greeks  ? 
Which  were  the  principal  ? — How  often  celebrated  ? 
In  what  did  they  consist  ? — What  was   the  tendency  of 

them? 

How  were  the  victors  rewarded  ? 
What  were  exhibited  at  these  games  ?— Who  attended 

them? 

"What  is  the  situation  of  Mantinea  ? — Of  Messene  ? 
What  was  the  capital  of  Laconia  ? — What  its  situation  1 

Where  was  mount  Parnassus  ? 
Where  was  the  strait  or  pass  of  Thermopylae  ? 
What  memorable  event  took  place  there  ? 
What  large  island  east  of  Phocis  and  Bceotia  ? 
What  were  the  subdivisions  of  Graecia  Propria  ? 
What  was  the  capital  of  Attica  ?~~ Wnere  situated  ? 
What  particulars  are  related  of  Athens  ? 
What  was  the  capital  ofBeeotia? — By  whom  built  ? 
Who  introduced  letters  into  Greece  ? 
What  celebrated  persons  were  natives  of  Thebes  ? 
For  what  was  Delphi  celebrated  ? — Where  situated  ? 
What  is  related  of  the  Delphic  temple  and  oracle  ? 

What  were  the  mountains  in  Epirus  ? 
What  were  some  of  the  riveis  and  islands  ? 
What  is  said  oi  Ithaca  ? — What  of  Leucadia  ? 
For  what  was  Corcyra  celebrated? 
What  were  the  subdivisions  of  Epirus  ? 
For  what  was  Actium  famous  ? 

What  were  the  mountains  in  Thessalia  ? 
Where  was  the  vale  of  Tempe  ? 
For  what  were  the  plains  of  Pharsalia  celebrated  ? 
What  is  observed  of  the  country  of  Thessaly  ? 
Where  was  mount  Athos  ? — Describe  it. 
Which  was  most  southerly,  the  river  Strymon.  or  Ha- 

liacmon  ? 

What  part  of  Macedonia  was  Illyricum  ? 
Where  was  Augustus  Caesar  educated  ? 
For  what  was  Epidaurus  celebrated  ? 
What  was  the  capital  of  Macedonia  ? 
Which  way  was  Pella  from  Thessalonica? 

what  was  Thessalonica  remarkable  ? 
25 


290  QUESTIONS. 

What  is  said  of  Stagira  ?-— What  of  Methone  ? 

Between  what  riyei  s  is  Philippi  situated  ? 

What  important  event  distinguished  this  city  ? 

Which  of  the  Grecian  states  last  rose  to  power? 

When  and  by  whom  was  Macedonia  founded  ? 

Who  raised  Macedonia  from  obscurity  ? 

What  did  Philip  do  on  ascending  the  throne  ? 

What  was  the  character  of  this  great  king  ? 

What  designs  did  he  form  after  subduing  Greece  ? 

What  prevented  the  execution  of  his  design  ? 

What  did  Alexander  do  on  the  death  of  his  father  ? 

Give  an  account  of  his  success  and  death. 

When  did  mount  \resuvius  first  become  a  volcano? 

What  circumstances  attended  the  first  eruption  ? 

What  is  said  of  Pliny,  the  naturalist  ? 

"W  ho  were  the  first  inhabitants  of  Sicily  ? 

Who  were  the  Cyclops  ? 

How  represented  by  the  poets? 

What  is  said  of  mount  j£tna  ? 

What  were  the  principal  towns  in  Sicily  ? 

What  were  Scylla  and  Charybdis  ? 

What  is  said  of  Corsica  and  its  inhabitants? 

What  is  said  of  the  islands  Sirenusae  ? 

What  were  the  ancient  names  of  Italy  ? 

Of  what  did  Italy  at  first  consist  ? 

How  was  Italy  afterwards  divided  ? 

What  part  of  Italy  was  Gallia  Cisalpina  ? 

Around  what  gulf  was  Liguria  ? 

~W  hich  way  from  Rome  was  Etruria  ? 

Which  way  was  Rome  from  Tuscia  ? — From  Umbria?— 

From  Picenum  ? 

What    art  of  Greece  was  called  Magna  Grsecia? 
What  is  said  of  Italy  ? 
"W  hat  colonies  early  settled  in  Italy  ? 
What  was  the  situation  of  Rome  ? 
What  is  said  of  its  magnificence  and  population  ? 
On  what  river  was  Tibur  situated  ? 
Where  was  Ostia  ? — What  was  it  ? 
Where  was  Capua  ?— What  is  said  of  it  9 


QUESTIONS.  291 

What  is  said  of  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii  ? 

For  what  was  Cannes  remarkable  ? 

What  was  the  birth-place  of  Virgil  ? 

When  was  Rome  founded — And  by  whom  ? 

How  were  its  inhabitants  collected  ? 

What  was  their  character  ? 

On  how  many  hills  was  Rome  built  ? 

What  was  its  extent  and  population  ? 

What  was  the  government  of  Rome  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Augustus  ? 

What  is  said  of  his  successors  ? 

What  became  of  the  Roman  empire  ? 

What  is  called  the  dark  ages  of  the  world  ? 

By  what  names  was  Spain  anciently  known  ? 

Into  what  provinces  was  it  divided  ? 

Between  what  mountains  was  the  Fretum  Herculeum  ? 

What  were  these  mountains  called  ? 

What  celebrated  men  were  natives  of  Spain? 
What  did  ancient  Gaul  comprise  ? 

By  what  three  nations  was  Gaul  inhabited  ? 

Who  conquered  Gaul? 

Into  how  many,  and  what  parts,  was  Gaul  divided  ? 

Wrhat  did  each  of  the  divisions  comprise  ? 

Who  were  the  Helvetii? 

Into  what  classes  were  the  Gauls  divided  ? 

What  were  the  occupations  of  each  ? 

How  were  the  common  people  regarded  ? 

What  was  the  ancient  name  of  G  Britain  ? 

What  was  Scotland  called  ? — By  whom  inhabited  ? 

What  was  the  ancient  name  of  Ireland  ? 

Till  what  time  was  Britain  little  known  ? 

What  were  the  office  and  authority  of  the  kings  of  Brit- 
ain? 

WThat  were  the  duties  and  power  of  the  Druids? 

What  is  said  of  the  ancient  Britons  ?  • 

What  was  the  extent  of  ancient  Germany  ? 

What  were  the  natural  features  of  Germany  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  northern  parts  of  ancient  Europe  ? 
What  was  the  situation  of  Thrace  ? 


293  QUESTIONS. 

What  was  the  character  of  the  Thracians  ? 

What  is  said  of  Asia  ? 
What  were  the  principal  mountains  ? 
What  were  the  principal  rivers  in  Asia  Minor  ? 
WThat  towns  on  the  island  of  Cyprus  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  island  ol  Rhodes  ? 
For  what  was  it  celebrated  ? — Describe  it. 
Where  was  Troy  situated  ? — For  what  celebrated  ? 
For  what  was  Ephesus  famous  ? 
What  is  said  of  Miletus  ? 
"What  is  said  of  Iconium,  Lystra,  and  Derbe  ? 
W^hat  is  said  of  Tarsus  ? — of  Nice  ? 
VVhat  is  said  of  Asia  Minor  ? 

What  was  Palestine  called  ? 
VVhat  were  some  of  the  mountains? 
What  were  some  of  the  lakes? 
What  is  said  of  the  Dead  Sea  ? 
What  is  said  of  Palestine  ? — How  was  it  situated  ? 
Describe  the  country— its  climate — fertility,  &c. 
What  is  said  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  ? 

What  mountains  near  the  north  part  of  the  Red  Sea-2 
VVhat  is  said  of  Babylon  ?— • its  extent  ? 
VVhat  is  said  of  the  countries  east  of  Persia  ? 

VVhat  mountains  in  Africa  ? 
What  the  largest  river  ? — Describe  it. 
In  what  part  of  Egypt  was  Goshen  ? 
VVhat  is  said  of  ancient  Egypt  ? 

How  was  the  country  watered  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  pyramids? 
What  monuments  of  art  and  labour  still  remain'? 
What  is  said  of  Carthage  ?— What  of  Tunis  ? 


QUESTIONS.  293 


QUESTIONS  RELATING  TO  GOVERNMENT  AND  RELIGION, 

What  is  an  empire ?— What  is  a  kingdom? 

What  is  a  dutchy  ? — What  is  a  state  ? 

What  is  the  constitution  of  a  state  ? 

What  is  the  sovereignty  of  a  state  ? 

What  does  a  regular  government  consist  of  ? 

What  is  the  legislative  power  composed  of? 

What  are  they  in  the  United  States  ? 

When  assembled,  what  are  they  called? 

What  does  the  legislature  consist  of  in  the  individual 

states  ? — When  convened  what  are  they  called  ? 
Of  what  is  the  legislature  composed  in  England  ? 
What  is  the  judiciary  ?— What  is  the  executive  power  1 
What  is  a  form  of  government  ? 
How  many  kinds  of  government  are  there  ? 
What  is  a  monarchy  ?— What  is  a  limited  monarchy  ? 
What  is  an  arbitrary  monarchy  ? 
What  is  an  absolute  government  ? 
What  is  an  elective  monarchy  ? 
What  is  an  hereditary  monarchy  ? 
What  is  an  aristocracy  ?— What  is  a  democracy  ? 
What  is  a  republic  ? 

What  is  the  government  of  the  United  States  ? 
What  is  a  mixed  government  ? 

What  is  religion  ? 

How  many  kinds  of  religion  are  there  ? 
What  is  Paganism  ?— .What  is  Judaism  ? 
What  is  Christianity  ?— -What  is  Mahometanism  ? 
Who  was  the  author  of  this  system  ? 
What  are  the  followers  of  Mahomet  called? 
What  book  contains  their  religion  ? 

How  is  the  Christian  religion  divided  ? 
What  is  the  Iloman  Catholic  religion  ? 
What  is  understood  by  the  infallibility  of  the  Pope  ? 
What  is  meant  by  his  supremacy  ? 
What  was  the  consequence  of  the  corruptions  and  abua- 

es  of  ooperv  ? 
Who  are  the  protestants? 
25* 


m  QUESTIONS 

What  are  those  Christians  called,  who  reject  the  Cafciio* 
lie  religion  ? 

What  is  the  separation  of  the  Protestants  from  the  Ro- 
man Catholics  called  ? 

How  are  the  Protestants  divided  ? 

Who  are  the  Calvinists  ?—  Who  are  the  Lutherans  ? 

How  does  Episcopacy  differ  from  Calvinism  ? 

What  is  the  church  form  of  government  called  ? 

Who  are  the  Presbyterians? 

When  a  religion  is  sanctioned  by  law,  what  is  it  called  ? 

What  are  those  called  who  differ  from  the  established 
church  ? 

Who  are  the  Baptists  ?— Who  are  the  Independents  ? 

Who  are  Deists  ? — Who  are  Atheists  ? 


General  Questions^  which,  with  little  -variation^  may  be 
asked  concerning  every  country  orstate,  and  which 
should  be  promptly  answered  by  the  pupil. 

How  is  the  country  bounded  ? 
What  are  the  principal  mountains  ? 
What  are  the  principal  lakes  ? 
Where  do  they  take  their  rise  ? 
-In  what  direction  do  they  run  ? 

Into  v  hat  do  the  rivers  flow  ? 
What  are  the  principal  towns  and  cities  ? 
On  what  rivers,  bays,  &c.  are  they  situated  ? 
W  hat  is  the  state  of  learning  ? 
What  are  the  colleges  ?— And  where  are  they  ? 
What  bays,  straits,  or  gulfs  belong  to  it  ? 
Mention  the  islands,  capes,  and  peninsulas. 
What  are  the  soil  and  climate  ? 
What  are  the  mineral  productions  ? 
What  are  the  vegetable  productions  ? 
What  are  the  animals  ? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  inhabitants  ? 
What  is  the  government  ? — What  is  the  religion  ? 
What  antiquities  are  there  ?— What  curiosities  ? 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


NAMES  OF  PLACES, 

WITH    THEIR.    TRUE    ACCENTUATION. 

The  ancient  names  are  distinguished  by  Italics,  and  hare 
their  corresponding  modern  names  annexed  to  them.  The 
pronunciation  of  difficult  words  is  conveyed  by  a  different 
spelling  inclosed  in  parentheses.  With  respect  to  the  pro- 
nunciation of  ancient  names  it  may  be  observed,  that  the 
diphthongs  oe  and  ae,  ending  a  syllable  with  the  accent  on  it, 
are  pronounced  exactly  like  the  long  English  e,  as  Cce'sar, 
CE'ta,  are  pronounced  as  if  written  Cee'sar,  Etta  ;  and  like 
the  short  e  when  followed  by  a  Consonant  in  the  same  sylla^ 
ble,  as  Dted'alus,  (Ed'ipus,  are  pronounced  as  if  written 
fied'dalus,  Edfdtpus. 

When  a  word  ends  in  double  i,  the  first  I  has  the  long  sound  of 
e,  and  the  other  the  long  sound  of  I,  as  Fabii  is  pronounced 
as  if  written  Fa'be-I. 


Jlbass'ne,  Abyssin'ia  or  Ethio- 
pia, a  part  of  Africa. 
Jlbde'ra,  a  maritime  town  of 

Thrace. 
Ab'ergavenny  (  Ab'ergai'ny),  a 

town  of  England. 
A'bex   (A'besh),   a  country  of 

Africa. 

J£bu8t  Humber,   a  river  of  En- 
gland. 
Jlbi/dos,  Naga'ra,  a  city  in  Asia 

opposite  Ses'tos   in  Europe. 
Jlbiflat  Ceri'ta,  a  mountain  in 

Mauritania. 
Jtbyssiriia%   a   part  of    Upper 

Ethio'pia. 
Jlcan'thvs,  a  town  of  Macedo'- 

nia,  of  Egypt,  and  of  other 

places. 
Jlcarna'nia,  Car'nia,  a  division 

of  Epi7rus. 
Jlcha'ia,  the  northern  part  of 

Peloponne  sus. 
Jlchelo'its9    A  s'pro-Pot'amo,    a 

river  between  jj&to'lia  and 


Acarna'nia. 
Jlch'erony  a  river  of  Epirus,  and 

one  of  the  Brut'tii  in  Italy. 
Acqs  (Ax),    a   small   city   of 

France. 

Acqui  ( Ac-ke),  a  town  of  Italy. 
Jlcri'tas,   Ca'po  Gal'lo,  a  cape 

on  the  south  of  Peloponne'- 

sus. 

Jlcro-Cerciunii  monies,   moun- 
tains in  Epi'rus. 
•fieri/ nf i*9     or    Comtantien'sis, 

Unter-see,  the  lower  part  of 

lake  Constance. 
jlcftium,     Azrio,     a    town    of 

Acarna'nia. 
M'dua,  Ad'da,  a  river  of  Cis»» 

al'pine  Gaul. 

Adige[A-dizh'],a  river  of  Italy. 
Jldramitftiwn,     Adramit'ti,     a 

maritime  town  of  Mysia. 
JLdrianap'olis,    Adriano'ple,   a 

town  in  thrace. 
Jldriatficus  si'nus,  the  gulf  of 

Yeniee, 


296 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


JEg<efum  mdre,  the  Archipel'- 

ago  sea. 
JEgi'na.)  En'gia,  an  island  in 

the  Saron'  ic  gulf. 
JE'gium,  Vostit'za,  a  town  of 

Acha'ia  Proper. 
JEgyp'ttiSy  Egypt,  a  celebrated 

country  of  Africa. 
jEo'lia,  a  country  of  Asia    Mi- 
nor. 

JEo'li(sinsul<et  the  Lip'ari  isles. 
dZstua'rium,  a  common  name 

signifying  frith  or  arm  of  the 

sea. 
JEtldo'pia,   a  large   division  of 

Africa. 
jEt'na,      Gibel,      a     volcanic 

mountain  in  Sicily. 
JE,to'liat  a  part  of  GreeceProper 
Africa*  the  third  great  divi- 
sion of  the  earth. 
Jlgrigerftumi    Grigen'ti,  Vec'- 

chio,  a  town  of  Sicily. 
AixlachapelleCAiz-la-sha-pel'), 

a  town  of  Germany. 
Al'ba  Lon'ga,  Palaz'zo,  a  town 

of  La'tinm. 
Ma'nia,  Ser'van  or  ShirVan, 

a  country  of  Asia  west  of  the 

Caspian  Sea. 
Albuquerque    (Al-bu-kirk,)    a 

town  in  Spain. 
M'bion,  the   ancient  name  of 

Britain. 
Mbis,  the  Elbe,  a  large  river 

of  Germany. 
Mln/nea9  a  fountain  and  wood 

near  Tibur  in  La'tium. 
JUIexan' dria,    or    Alexandria, 

Alexandret'ta  orScandaroon, 

a  city  of  Syria,  Egypt,  and 

other  places. 
Algiers  )Al-ge'ers),  one  of  the 

Barbary  states. 
JLllol' roves.    Centro'nes,    Dau'- 

phine,  and  Savoy'. 

*  the  Alps,  the  highest 


mountains  of  Europe. 
Jilphe'us,  Al'feo,  a  river  of  E'lis 

in  Peloponne'sus. 
Jlmafnus,     Mon'te    Ne'gro,    a 

branch  of  Tau'rus 
Jlmase'a,  or  Jlma'sia,  Amasi'eb3 

a  city  of  Pontus. 
Jlmbra'ciat2i  city  of  Thespro'tia. 
Ambro'ne*,  Berne,  Friburg,  Lu- 

cern',  Basil  or  B£sle. 
Am'iens,  a  city  of  France. 
Jlmi'ms,  Ems,  a  river  of  Ger- 
many. 
Jlmifsust    Samsoun,   a  city   of 

Pontus  in  Asia  Minor. 
Jlmphif/ olis,  Jambo'li,  a  city  of 

Macedonia. 
Jlmphisfsa,  Salo'na,  the  capital 

of  Lo'cri. 
Jlnacto' rium,  Voni'za,  a  town 

of  Epi'rus. 
Jlfnas<   Guadia'na,   a   river  of 

Spain 
An'con  or  Anco'na,  a  town  of 

Pice'aum  in  Italy. 
Ancy'ra,    Angou'ra,   a  city  of 

Gala'tia. 
An' ties,  a  village  near  Man'tna, 

the  birth-place  of  Virgil. 
Andomatu'num,  or  Jlndomadu'- 

num,   Lan'gres,    a    town   of 

Champagne  in  France. 
An'drost    AnMro,  one   of   the 

Cyc'lades. 

Mio,  Tevero'ne,  a  river  of  Italy. 
»Anfthemu9ta:tity  of  Macedonia. 
Jlntic'yra,  As'pro  Spi'tia,  a 

town  of  Pho'cis. 
Jlntig'o'ma,  an  inland  town  of 

Epi'rus. 
Antio'chia  or  Jlntiochi fa,   Anti- 

och,  the  capital  of  Syria. 
Jlntio' chia,   Ak-Shehr,  a  town 

of  Pisi'dia. 
Jlntitau'nis,  a  branch  of  mount 

Tau'rus  in  Asia. 

,  a  branch  of  the 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


297 


Allegany  mountains. 
JlpamJa,  Mouda'nia,  a  city  of 

Bithyn'ia. 
Jlpenni'nuS)  the  Appennines,  a 

chain  of  mountains  in  Italy. 
A'phas,  a  river  of  Greece. 
Jlpid!  anus,  Salam'pria,  a  river 

of  Thes'saly. 
Apollo'nia,  Poli'na,  a  town  of 

Illyr'icum. 
»9p-pii-Fo'rum,    Bor'go-Lon'go, 

a  town  of  the  Vol'sci. 
Jlpau'lia,  a  part  of  the  king- 
dom of  Naples. 
A'qux  soils,  Bath  in  England. 
Jiqiule'ia,  a  town  of  Vene'ti. 
Jjqmtafni  ordquita'nia,  Gas'co- 

ny  and  Guienne  (Gue-enn'.) 
Ara'bia  Deser^ta,  a  division  of 

Arabia. 

JLra'bia  Fe'lix,  Arabia  the  Hap- 
py, the    southern    part  of 

Arabia. 
vfoa'bia    Petr<efa,    Arabia    the 

Stony,  the  northern  part  of 

Arabia,  through  which  the 

Israelites     travelled     from 

Egypt  to  the^Holy  Land. 
Jlrab'icus  si'nus,   the  Arabian 

gulf  or  Red  Sea. 
Ji'rar,  Soane  CSone,J  a  river 

of  France. 
Jlrau'sio,  O/ange,   a  town  of 

Gal'lia  Narbonen'sis. 
Jraa/um,  Pa'pa,  a  promontory 

west  of  Acha'ia. 
Arbe'la,  Er'bil,  a  town  of  As- 

syr'ia. 

Jircol xfta,part  of  Peloponne'sus . 
Jlr'dea,  a  town  of  Latium. 
Arelaftwnt  Aries  (Arls,)  a  city 

of  Gaul. 

Jtr^ethou,  a  river  of  Epi'rus. 
Arethu'sa,  a  famous  fountain  of 

Syracuse'. 
Jlrtgolist  a  division  of  Pelopon- 

ne'sus. 


Argol'icus  sinusygnlf  of  Napo'li. 
Ar'gos,  \r'go,capitalofAr/golis. 
Jtfgyre,  the  island  of  Suma'tra* 
Arim'inum,  Rim'ini,  a  town  of 

Um'bria. 
Ar'magh  (Ai/mar),  a  town  of 

Ireland. 

^rme'nm^lh/orjTurcoma'nia,  ^ 
Jlrmefnia  JMinor,  Aladu'lia,  5 

countries  of  Asia  Minor. 
Ji^nuS)  Ar'no,  a  river  of  Tus- 
cany 

Jlr'pi,  a  town  of  Apulia. 
Jirpi'num^  Arpino,  a  town  of 

the  Volsci  in  L.atium. 
Jlrsin'oe  or  Cleop'atris,  Su'ez^ 

a  city  of  Egypt  and  Arabia. 
Jlr'tabrum    or   JVcr'ittw,     cape 

Finisterre  (  Fin'is-terJ. 
Jlrtax'ata,  Ar'desh,  the  capi- 
tal of  Arme'nia. 
Jlrtemis'ium,  a  town  of  Eubae'a. 
Jls'culum,  As'coli,  a  town  of 

Pice'num  and  Apu'lia. 
Aso'pusy  a  river  of  Bceotia,  and 

other  places. 
Jlspeii'dui},     a   town    of  Pam- 

phyl'ia. 
Asphal'tites,  the  Dead  Sea,  a 

lake  of  Jude'a. 
^ssyr'ia,  Curdis'tan,  a  country 

of  Asia. 
Astra? 'us,   Vistri'za,  a  river  et 

Macedonia. 
Jlstu'rica  Jlugusta,  Astorga,  a 

town  of  Spain. 
Jltlie'noe,  Ath'ens  or  Se'tin£s,  a 

celebrated  city  of  At'tica. 
Mlesis,  Adige,  a  river  of  Cis- 

aFpine  Gaul  or  Italy. 
Jl'thos,  Mon'te  Sayto  or  Ag'ios 

OVos,  a  mountain  of  Mace* 

donia. 
Jltlan' ticus  Oce'anus,    the  At- 

lantic  ocean. 
At'trax,  a   city   of  Thessaly, 

and  a  riyer  of  JEto'lia. 


238 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


Attaflia  or  Jlttali'a,  Ita'lah,  a 

city  of  Lydia. 

Jit' licci)  a  division  of  Greece. 
Attreba'tes,  Berkshire  in  Eng-* 

land. 
Jltiifruii,    Adour,    a    river   of 

Gaul, 
Avari'cum,    Bour'ges,  a  town 

of  France. 
Jlu'fiduS)    Ofan'to,   a    river  of 

Apu'lio  in  Italy. 
Augsburg  (Os'burg),  a  city  of 

Germany. 
Jlugusfta  Taurino'mm,  Turin, 

the  capital  of  Piedmont. 
Augus'ta  Treviro'rum,  Treves 

(Tree-vesJ,  or  Triers,  a  city 

of  Germany. 
•/&/#*,  Meg'alo-Yathi,  a  town 

of  Boeo'tia. 
Aux'umet    Ax'um,    a   city   of 

Ethiopia 
Ave'nto,  Avignon  [Avinon],  a 

town  of  France. 
Avergne    [Au-vern7],    a  pro- 

vince  of  France. 
Avignon   [Avinon],  a  city  of 

France 
Avranches  [Av-ransh7],  a  town 

of  France. 
JLxfiusy   Varda7ri,   a  river    of 

Macedonia. 

Azofritst  a  town  of  Thessaly. 
Bubylo'nia9  or  Chald&'a,  Prak, 

a  country  of  Asia. 
Bactriana,  Balk,  a  country  of 

Asia. 

Btf'tica,  a  province  of  Spain. 
Bce'tis,  Guadalquiver,  a  river 

of  Spain 
Bagdad    [Bag'dat],  a  city   of 

Asia. 
JBa^rada9  Meger'da,  a  river  of 

Africa  Proper. 

Soled r**  or    ~)  Major'ca   and 
r^i  des9     $     Minorca. 


Bamby'ce  or  Hieraffolia,  Men- 

bigz,  a  city  of  Syria, 
jprtr  ce,  Bar'ca,  a  town  of  Cy- 

rena'ica  in  Africa. 
JBarci'no,   Barcelona,  the  capi- 
tal of  Catalo'nia  in  Spain. 
Ba'rium,  Ba7ri,  town  of  Apu'lia. 
Ba''sil  or  Basle  [Ball],  a  canton 

of  Switzerland, 
Batumi,  Utrecht,    [U'trate],  a 

city  and  province  of  Holland. 
JBatvn<e.     Ada7neh,  a    city   of 

Mesopotamia. 
Bel'g<e,  the  Netherlands. 
Bel'gtc,  an  ancient  division  of 

England,   including   Hamp. 

si)  ire,     Somersetshire,    and 

Wiltshire. 
Belleisle  [Bell-ile7],  an  island 

of  France. 
liena'cus,  Gai^da,  a  lake  in  the 

north  of  Italy. 
Eeneven' turn,      Beneven7to,    a 

town  of  the  Sam'nites  in  Italy. 
Bard  a,  Ha7leb,  a  district  and 

city  of  Syr'ia. 
Berx'a,   Es'ki-Za'dra,    a  city 

of  Thrace. 
Bera'a,  Oara-Veria,  a  city  of 

Macedonia. 
Bereni'ce,  a  city  of  Arabia  Pe- 

trae'a,  the  Ezion-Geber  of  the 

Old  Testament,  also  a  port 

of  Egypt  on  the  Red  Sea. 
Berg/en,  the  capital  of  Norway. 
Bher'ings  [Ber'ings],  the  strait 

between  North  America  and 

Asia. 
Bithyn'ia,   a   country  of  Asia 

Minor. 
Bla'nii,  Dub'lin   and  Kilda're 

in  Ireland. 

Blem'my-es,  the  ancient  inhab- 
itants of  Ethio'pia. 
Eodot'ria,   Frith  of  Forth  in 

Scotland. 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


299 


B<eoftia,  a  country  of  Greece 
Proper. 

Boiohx'miwn,  Boie'tniimt  or 
Jioioha'mum  Bohe'mia. 

Bole'rium,  Lands  End,the  south 
west  extremity  of  England. 

Bologna  I  Bolo'iia],  a  large 
town  of  Italy 

Bono'nia,  Bologna  [Bolo'na],  a 
town  of  Italy. 

Borys'thenes,  the  N leper  [Nee'- 
per],  a  large  river  of  Europe. 

Bos'phorus-  Cimme'rius,  S  t  r  ait 
of  isaffa,  which  unites  tJie 
Black  Sea  with  the  sea  of 
Asoph. 

Bourdeaux  [Boor-do'],  a  mar- 
itime city  of  France. 

Bretagne'  [Brit-tany],  an  an- 
cient  province  of  France. 

Briancon  [Bre-an-son'j,  a  town 
of  France. 

Brigan'tes,  Yorkshire,  Lanca- 
shire, &c  in  England. 

Briganti'nus  lacusy  lake  of  Con- 
stance. 

Brighthelmston  [Brigh'ton],  a 
sea-port  town  of  Sussex. 

Briianfnia,  Britain,  England, 
Scotland,  and  Wales. 

Brix'ia,  Bres'cia,  a  town  of  the 
Cenoman'ni  in  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

Bruc'ten,  a  division  or  people 
of  Germany. 

JBnmduf  sium,  Brun'disi,  a  cel- 
ebrated port  of  Calabria. 

Brutftii  or  Bn/tiit  a  division 
and  people  of  Ancient  Italy. 

Burdig'ala,  Bourdeaux,  [Boor- 
do'],  a  town  of  France. 

'Buthro'tvan,  Butrin'to,  a  sea- 
port of  Epirus. 

£uxenftumt  Policas''tro,  a  town 
of  LucaViia. 

jByzcw'tium,  Constantino'ple, 
capital  of  the  Ottoman  em- 
pire. 


Cxsare'a,  Jersey,  an  island  in 

the  English  channel. 
Casare'a,   a    city   ofSama'ria, 

and  of  other  places. 
Crts'ia  Sylva,  a  forest  in  Ger- 
many. 
Cal'fe,  Oporto,  a  city  and  port 

of  Portugal. 
Cala'bria,  "Cala'bria  Cit'ra,   a 

country  of  Italy. 
Caledonia,  Scotland. 
Cagl'ia,  capital  of  Sardin'ia. 
Cat'pe,  the  rock  of  Gibraltar . 
Callip'olis,   Gallip'oli,  a   town 

of  Thrace. 
Cambu'nii  mon'tes,    mountains 

of  Macedonia. 
Campa'nia}   a  part  of  what  is 

now  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 
Ca'tiaan,  Judea,  Palestine,  or 

the  Holy  Land. 
Can'nae,   a  village  of  ApuHia, 

celebrated   for  the  defeat  of 

the  Romans  by  Hannibal. 
Cawt'pus,  a  town  of  Egypt  on 

the  mouth  of  the  Nile. 
Can'tium,  Kent  in  England. 
Canu'sium,  Cano'sa,  a  town  of 

Apu'lia. 

Caper'naum,  a  city  of  Galilee. 
Cappado' 'cia,  a  country  of  Asia 

Minor. 
Cap'ua,  the  chief  town  of  Cam- 

pa'nia. 
Car  am' bis,  Kerem'pi,  a  city  of 

Paphlagx/nia. 
Ca'ria,  Aidinel'li,  a  country  of 

Asia  Minor. 
Carlstadt   [Carl-stat],    capital 

of  Croatia. 

Cartha'go,  Carthage,  the  cap- 
ital of  Africa  Propria. 
Casili'num,  Casili'no,    a  town 

of  Campania. 
Cas'pium  ma're,  the    Caspian 

sea. 
Cn9*arfdriay  Cassan'der,  a  to^vn 


500 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


of  Macedonia. 
Cassiter'ides,  the  Scilly  islands, 

Lands  End,  and  Lizard  point. 
Catana,  Catania,    a    town   of 

Sicily. 
Castile  [Cas-teel],  a  province 

of  Spain. 
Caucasus,     a  high    range  vof 

mountains    extending  from 

the  Eux'ine  to   the  Caspian 

sea,    and   into    the  north  of 

Asia. 
Caufdium,  a  town  of  Sam'nium 

in  Italy. 
Cel'ta,   Normandy   and   Brit- 

tany. 

Cel'tica  or  Lugdunen' sis,  a  di- 
vision of  Gaul. 
Cenoman'ni     or     Cknoma'ni^   a 

people  of  Cisal'pine  Caul. 
Ce'os,  Zi'a,  one  of  the  Cyc'lades. 
Cept.aUe'nia,  Cefalo'nia,  an  isl- 
and in  the  Ionian  sea. 
Cephis'sus,  a  river  of  Boco'tia. 
C^rsdso'rum,  a  town  of  Egypt. 
Cfere'wtw,   Luga'no,   a  lake  of 

Italy. 

Chteronefat  a  town  of  Boeo'tia. 
Chulcid'ice,  a  part  of  Macedo'- 

nia. 
Chal'cis,  Egripo,  a  town  of  Eu- 

bre'a. 
Chald^a,  Kel'der  or  Irak,  Ba- 

bylo'nia  or  Assv'ria. 
Champagne     [Shampain],     a 

province  of  France. 
Champlain      [Sham-plain],     a 

lake  between  Vermont  and 

New  York. 

Chao'nia,  a  division  of  Epirus. 
Charidet 'mum,   Gata,  a  cape  of 

Spain. 
Charyb'dis,  a  famous  whirlpool 

in  the  strait  of  Sicily. 
Cherburg  [Shur-burg],  a  sca- 

nort  town  of  France. 
Cheroni'tes  or  ChelonPtes,  Cabo 
Torneao,  a  cape  west  of  EHs. 


Chersone'sus,    [Kersonea'sus], 

a  common  name  signifying  a 

peninsula. 
Chersone'svs  Cim'brica,  Jutland 

or  Denmark  Proper. 
Chili   [Che'le],   a  country    of 

South  America. 
Chilicothe  [Chilly-coth'e],  cap. 

ital  of  Ohio. 
Chimborazo  [Kimbora'zo],  the 

highest  point  of  the  Andes. 
Cfu'os,  Sci'o,  an   island  in  the 

Ege'an   Sea 
Cilic'ia,  Carama'nia,  a  country 

of  Asia  Minor. 
Cim'brica,  Jutland  or  "Denmark 

Proper. 

Cimme'riu*,  Strait  of  Caffa. 
Cir'ta,  Constan'tia,  the  capital 

of  Numidia. 
Cisalpi'na  Gal'lia,  the  northern 

part  of  Italy. 
Cla'nis,    Chia'na,    a   river    of 

Tuscany. 
Clazom'enx,   Voui/la,    a   town 

of  lo'nia. 
CnPdus,  [Nixdus1,   a   town  of 

Ca'ria. 

Coct/tus,  a  river  of  Epirus. 
Coda'nus  8ifmus>  the  Baltic  sea. 
Cx'le  Syi^ia,  a  country  of  Asia. 
CW'cA/s,  a  country  of  Asia  east 

of  the  Eux'ine  sea. 
Cologne  [Co-lone'],  a  town  of 

Germany. 
Colosfsjs,  Cho'nos,  a    town   of 

Phrygia. 

Columfna  Ile)JcuUs9  the  pillars 
•  of  Hercules,  the  mountains 

on  each  side  of  the  Strait  of 

Gibraltar. 

Commage'ne,  a  part  of  SyrHa. 
Compiegne  [Compain],  a  tow» 

of  France. 
Condivie' rwnt    Nantz,    a  city 

of  France. 
Consen'tiu,  Cosen^za,  capital  of 

the  Brutii. 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


301 


?,Livadia  LinVne, 
a  lake  of  BceoHia. 

Cofftos,  Ky  pt,  a  town  of  Egypt. 

Corcz/Va,  Corxfu,  an  island  in 
the  Ionian  sea, 

Cor^duba,  CordoVa,  a  city  of 
Ba^tica  in  Spain. 

Corfirfium,  San  FerriNno,  the 
capital  of  the  Ptligrii  [Peli- 
ni,j  a  brave  people  in  Italy. 

Cor  Mi,  a  town  of  the  Volxsci 
in  Italy. 

Corirfthuft,  Cor'inth,  the  capi- 
tal of  Acha'ia  Proper. 

Corio?i^di,  Kings  and  Queens 
counties,  in  Ireland. 

Coritaniy  Lincolnshire,  Not- 
tingham shire,Derbyshire,6cc. 

Ctrinthi'acus&fnus,  the  Corin- 
thian gulf. 

Corsica  or  Q/rVzos,  Corsica,  a 
large  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean sea. 

Coutances  [Coo-tance^],  a  sea- 
port town  of  France. 

Cra'ter,  Basvs>in,  the  gulf  of 
Naples. 

Cremona,  a  town  north  of  the 
Po,  near-ManHua. 

CreVa,  Crete  or  CanMia,  a 
large  island  in  the  south  part 
of  the  Egexan  sea. 

Crisfiofus,  sinus,  gulf  of  Salo^na. 

Crouton,  Crotovna,  a  city  of  the 
BruHil 

Ctes'ifihon,  [Tes'i/ihon,']  El- 
MalaHn,  a  city  of  Assyria. 

Cu'ma,  Cyme,  a  town  of  Cam- 
pa 'nia. 

CijbiJlra,  BusHereh,  a  town  cf 
"Asia  Minor. 

Cyflades,  a  circular  cluster  of 
islands  in  the  Kgexan  sea. 

Cydo"nia,  a  city  ot  Crete. 

Cyllt^ne,  a  high  mountain  of 
Arcadia. 

Cylle^ne,    Chiaret/za,  a   town 


and  port  of  E^lea. 
Cylifie^nua  si^ws,   t;he   gulf  of 

Finland. 
Cy/iaris^sa.  Arca'dia,   a   town 

of  Messe^nia. 
Cyparis  sits  sfmit,  gulf  of  Ar- 

caMia. 
Ct/yzrws,  a  large  island  in  the 

Mediterranean  sea. 
CyrenaYcat  &  JLyPia  Supe^riorj 

Bar^ca  in  Africa. 
Cyre^ne,  the  capital  of  Cyre- 

na^ica. 
Cythfra,    Ceri^go,   an   island 

south  of  the  More'a. 
Cythe'ron,  mountain  of  Boeotia  j 
Cytin^eum^  a  city  of  Doris  in 

Greece. 
Cyz^icuf},  a  city  of  Mysia   on 

the  Propontis. 
Da'cia,  Transylvania,  Moldax- 

via,  and  WalkOchia. 
Dalma'tia,  a  ccuntry  of  Europe, 
Damascus,   Dem^esk,   a  city 

of  Syria* 
DanudrU*  or  Is'ter,  the  river 

Danube. 
Dardanelles      [Dar-da-nels^], 

two  castles  of  Turkey,  one  on 

each  side  of  the  strait  cf  the 

same  name,  anciently  called 

Hcfle &fiont ;     one  is  called 

SesHcs,  the  other  AbyMos. 
DtSlos,  cne  of  the  CycMadcs  in 

the  Egtxan  sea. 
Dcrji/ii,    CasHii,   a   town    of 

Phccis. 
Drr^be,  Alah-dag,   a  town   of 

LycaoVia. 

Dieman's  Land  [Diman's],  is- 
land south  ctNcvs -Holland. 
Dk-ppe     [Deep],     a     seaport 

trwn  cf  France. 

Dicme\liee,  TrenOiti,  three  is- 
lands in  tlie  gulf  rf  Venice. 
D?-un>,  Stan-Dia,    a  city   of 

Macedonia, 


26 


3Q5 


NAMES  bF  PLACES. 


Di-uodv>rutn^  Metz,   a  city  of 

Lorrainv  in  Gaul. 
Dnieper    [Ne^per],    a  large 

river  of  Europe. 
Dniester,  [Neater],  a  river 

of  Europe. 
Dodo^na,  a  town  of  Molos^sis 

inEpirus. 
Dordrecht    [Dort],  a  t*wn  of 

Holland. 

/Vm,  apart  of  Greece  Proper. 
Drepa>num,  Trapa^ni,  a  mari- 
time town  of  Sicily. 
Jjumn<fniiy  Cornwall  and  Devx- 

onshire. 
jftuqueHa,  [Duke"la],a province 

ot  Morocco. 
Difriust  DouVo,   a   river   of 

Portugal. 
Dur^nium    or     Durno-vcfria, 

Dorchester  in  England. 
Duro friges,  Dorsetshire,  a  di- 
vision of  England. 
&uroi>er^nuni<  Canterbury,  a 

town  ot  England. 
Dyrrhcfchium,    Du-raz^zo,    a 

town  of  IllyrMcum  or  Mace- 
donia. 

HLbor^acum^  York  in  England. 
JLbifdez  *>2  W«,  H<  bYides,  the 

Western  Isles  of  Scotland. 
JSc/ia^ana,  Hamxadan,  capital 

of  Media. 
JLchhix  or  l<.chi>nades,  Curzo- 

lavri,  small  islands  cf  Greece 

at  the    mouth  of  the   river 

Achelo^s. 
Edcs'tsa  or  J£'ga>  Mogle'na,  a 

city  of  Mactdo'nia. 
Jldes'sa  or  Edes'se,  a  town  of 

Mesopcta'mia. 
Edinburgh        [Ed'inborcugh] , 

capital  of  Scotland, 
JKdon'is  or  jEdon'ica,  a  district 

of  Macedonia. 
JLlx'a,  I-a-le'a,  a  town  of  ./Eo'- 

1)5,  in  Asia  Minor. 


Ela'tia,   or   Elatifa,   Tur'ct- 

Cho'rio,  a  town  in  Phocis. 
Rlr.u'sis>  Lessi'na,  a  village  of 

Attica. 

or  Ele'cL)   a   division  of 

Peloponne'sus. 

7z>,    Belvede're,   a  town   of 

Peloponnesus. 
Elusaber'ris,  Aux,  a  town  of 

France. 

Rlyma'w,  a  town  of  Persia. 
£mer'ita  Augusta,  MeriMa,  a 

city  in  Spam. 

Em\na-us,  a  city  of  Jude'a. 
Mmfio'rias,  Atnpu'rias,  a  town 

of  Spain. 

Enifi 'eus,  a  river  of  Macedonia. 
£  o'um  nia're,  the  Chinese  sea. 
JSor'di  or  Eorda/ii  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Eortas'a  ,a  district  of 

Macedonia, 

JZ/ih'e&us,  Aios'eluc,  the  capi- 
tal of  Ionia. 
Epid&u'rus,  Pidav'ra,  cr  Mal- 

va'sia   Vec'chia,  a  town  of 

Ar'golis. 
Ejiidauru*,    Regu'si-Vec'chio, 

a  town  of  Iliyncum. 
Ep?ru*,    Alba'nia,  and  Cani- 

na  or  Chime'ra. 
Ere'tria^   Gravali'nais,    a  city 

of  Euboe'a. 

Eryman'thuS)  a  woody  moun- 
tain of  Arcadia. 
ILryth'ranLin  ma're,  tke  Ara'- 

bian  sea. 
Esquimaux,    [Es'-ke-mo],    a 

country  and  people  of  North 

America. 
Ethio'flim,  a    large  country  of 

Africa. 
Etru'ria.)  Tuscany,  a  country 

of  Italy. 
Euboe'a*  iNegvopont,  an  island 

east  of  Bceo'tia. 
Euga'nd,  a  people  of  Italy. 
Eufiate'ria,  Tchenikeh  [Ohc'- 


¥AMES  OF  PLACES. 


ni&eh],  a  city  of  Pontus. 
JZu/ihra'tea,     Euphrates,    or 

Frat,  a  large  river  of  Asia. 
Euri'fius,  a  narrow  strait  be- 

tiveen  Boeo'iia  and  Eubce'a. 
JE^n//a,s,Vasinpot'amo,  or  Ba- 

silipot'amos,  a  river  of  Pelo- 

ponnesus. 

Fidari,    a    river   of 


Erreux   [Er-roo]»   a   town  of 

Normandy  in  France. 
Euxi'nus  Pon'tus  [YuxiVius], 

the  Black  sea. 
Ferma'nagh     [Ferma'na],     a 

county  of  Ulster  in  Ireland. 
Finisterre     [Fin-is-  ter],     the 

western  cape  of  Spain. 
Finnin'gia,  Fin'land,  a  part  of 

Sweden. 
Floren'tia  Florence,  the  capi- 

tal of  Tus'cany. 
Fontevrault    [Fon'-te-vro'j,    a 

town  of  France. 
Fo'rum  Ju'lii,  Friu'li,  a  town 

of  the  Ven'eti  in  Italy. 
Fre'tum^   a  common  name  sig- 

nifying a  strait. 
Fre'ium  GaPticum,  Strait  of 

Dover. 

Frc'tum  Hercu'leum,  \  Strait  of 
orFretumGadita'num.  5  Gibraltar 
Fris'ii,  Holland  and  Friesland. 
Frontigniac  [Fron-tin-yac],    a 

town  in  France. 
Ga'hii,  a  town  of  La'tium,  now 

extinct. 
Ga'des*  Ca'diz,  an  island  and 

town  of  Spain. 

Gaditcfnus  si'nusj&w  of  Cadiz 
Gastu'lia,  the  country   of  the 

GsetuMi,  the  first  kmabitacls 

of  Africa. 
Gala'tia,   a   country  of   Asia 

Minor. 

Gale'sus,  Gale'so,  river  of  Italy. 
,  a  dnstriat  et' 


Syria. 

Galla'cia,  Galli'cia,  Astu'ria, 
and  Biscay. 

Gat'lia,  France. 

Gai'lia  Cisalfii'na.the  northern 
part  of  Italy. 

Gal'licus  si''nus,  gulf  of  Lyons. 

Gangeficus  sinus,  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal. 

Garga'num,  Qarga'na,  a  cape 
or  protuontory  of  It'aly. 

Garonne  [Ciar-owa'],  a  river 
of  France. 

Garwrina,  Garonne,  a  river 
of  Gaul. 

Ge'la,  city  of  Sicily  near  whrr»..- 
Ter'ra  no'va,  now  stands 

Gena'bum  or  Gen'abum,  Or- 
leans, a  town  of  France. 

Geriua>  Gen'oa,ckyofLlguria, 
formerly  a  republic  of  Italy. 

Gerfna'nvii  GernKtny. 

Germa'na  Sarmfte't  Poland. 

Ghent  [Gong],  a  town  of  Flan- 
ders. 

Gil'boa>  a  mountain  and  town 
ofGal'ilee. 

G/oVa,  the  river  and  frith  of 
Clyde,  in  Scotland. 

Gnos'sus  or  Gno'sus,  one  of. 
the  principal  towns  of  Crete. 

Gon'nug  or  Gon'?iit  a  town  of 
Thessaly. 

Gor'dium,  GarMiu-co'me,  a 
town  of  Phryg'ia. 

Gortyn'ia  or  Gorty'na,  one  of. 
the  principal  cities  of  Crete. 

Gratia,  Greece. 

Gr&'cia  Pro'firia,  Greece  Pro- 
per. 

Gram' fill  ?nonftes,  the  Gram- 
pian hills  between  England 
and  Scotland. 

Gran'icus  or  ffrornVw*,  Ousvo- 
la,  a  river  of  Mysia  in  Asia 
Minor. 

)  a  town  of  /EoHa  IB 


-304 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


Asia  Minor. 

Guadaloups  [Go-de-lupe'],one 
of  the  Caribb-e  islands. 

&uadaiquiver  [Gau-dal-ke- 
veer'],  a  river  of  Spain. 

Guayaquil,  [Gua-a-keel],  a 
town  of  Peru. 

Guernsey  [Gurn-sey],  an  is- 
land of  Great  Britain  on  the 
coast  of  France. 

Guienne  [Gwe-en'],  a  province 
of  France. 

Gu'ts  and  HUlcvio'nis^  Goth- 
land, or  rather  the  people  of 
Scan  dina' via. 

Gyttiium,  Co'io-Kyth'ia,  the 
port  of  Sparta. 

Hadriat'icu3>  Su'fierns  or  Ad- 
riaPicus  sin  us,  the  Gulf  of 
Venice. 

Hadrume'tumt  a  city  of  Nu- 
midia,  or  Africa  Proper. 

H^raus  Emftiehdag,  a  moun- 
tain of  Thrace. 

Haliac'mon^  Platamo'na,  a  ri- 
ver between  Thessaly  and 
Macedonia. 

Hafanne' su9,  Dnrmo,  an  island 
of  Macedonia. 

Ha'dcarna*! BUS,  Bodroun,  the 
chief  town  cf  Ca'ria. 

ffa'lys,  Ki'zU-Er'mark,  a  riv- 
er of  Asia  Minor. 

Harwich  [Har'rij],  a  seaport 
cf  Essex  in  England. 

Havre-de-Grace  [Havxer  de 
Gras'],  a  seaport  of  France. 

ffe'brus,  Mari'sa  or  Mariza,  a 
river  of  Thrace. 

llebu'des  or  Ebudt**  the  He- 
brides or  Western  Isles  of 
Scotland. 

Hel'ena,  St.  a  small  island  in 
the  Atlantic  ocean. 

Hd'icon,  Zag'aro  Vou'ni,  a 
mountain  on  the  confines  of 
Boeo'tia  and  Phocis. 

Hdinrio'tcK,  a  people  of  Mace- 


donia. 


, 

city  of  Syr'ia. 
Hrilesfifm'tua,    Dar-da-nelles' 

or  Hel'lespont. 
Helve'  tio,)  Switzerland. 
fferac£efa,  Zei'ton,   a  town  of 

Thessaly,  and  of  other  places. 
Hcrac'teum,  HeracMea,  a  town 

of  Macedo'nia. 
ffercula'ncum,  a  city  of  Cam- 


Hircu'le.um  Fre'tum,  strait  ef 

Gibraltar, 
Her'  culis  Pro?no?ito'riu?ntSpa.r- 

tiven'to,  a  cape  of  Italy. 
Hercyn'ia  Syl'va,  the  Hercy- 

nian  forest  in  Germany. 
Hesfie'ria,  Spain. 
Hiber'nia^  or  lerne*  Ire-land. 
Hi  bcr'nicum    or     Vergin'ium 

Ma're,  the  Irish  sea  or  St. 

George's  channel. 
Hicrafi'olis  or  Bam6y'c*>Metof- 

bigz,  a  city  of  Syria. 
Hierosol'yma,  Jerusalem,   the 

capital  of  Judea. 
Hiji-fio-re'gius,    a     maritime 

town  of  Numidia. 
Hir'ri  and  JEs'tii  or  Osti'ones. 

Livo'aia   and    Estho'nia   or 

Revel. 
Hisfia'lia,    Seville,  ^  the    chief 

city  of  Andalusia  in  Spain. 
Hhfia'nia  or  Hespe'ria,  Spain. 
Hixtria  or  Istria,    formerly  a 

part  of  Illyricum. 
Hugue  [Hoge,  fir  mounting  the 

g  hard']  a  town  and  cape  of 

France.  " 
Ho'reb,  the  western  summit  of 

inoimt  Si'nai. 
Hydas'jies,  Shan-trou,  a  river 

of  Indii. 
Hydraritum,  Otran'to,  a  mar- 

itime town  of  Calabria. 
Hymet'tus    a  mountain   netfr 

Athans. 


NAMES'  OF  FLACES. 


305 


/de'rfc,  Spam. 

Ibe'ria,  Imeri'ta,  a  country  of 

Asia,  north  of  Arme'nia. 
Ibe'rus,  Ebro,  a  river  in  Spain. 
Ica'ria,  Ica'ros,  an  island  near 

the  coast  of  Ionia. 
Ice'ni,  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  &c.  in 

England. 

Ichnu'sa,  Sardinia. 
Ico'nium,  Koni'eh,  the  capital 

of  Lycao'nia. 
Iculis'ma^    Angouleme     [An'- 

gooleem'],  a  town  of  France.- 
I' da>  a  high  mountain  of  Crete, 

and  also  of  Tro'as. 
Iflom'enet  a  town  of  Macedonia. 
IgUmae'a  or  JL'dom,  a  part  of 

Ara'biaPetne'a,  and  also  of 

Jude'a. 
ler'ne,  one  of  the  ancient  names 

of  Ireland. 
Iler'da-,  Leri'da,  a  town  of  Cata- 

lo'nia  in  Spain. 
Il'ium  or  Trc'ja,  Troy,  capital 

of  Tro'as. 

Hist'sus-,  a  river  of  At'tica. 
Illyr'icum,  It'lyris,  and  Ittyrta, 

Crotia,  a  country  of  Europe 

bordering   on    the  Adriat'ic 

sea. 
Il'va,  El'ba,  a  small  island  near 

Italy,  the  late   residence  of 

Bonaparte. 
Im'aus,  Ime'ia,  a  vast  ridge  of 

mountains  in  Asia. 
Im'bros,  Eni'bio,   an  island  of 

the  Ege''an  sea. 
In'dicus  oci-'anus,   the  Indian 

ocean. 
In'dus*  Sin'dus,  or  Sin'thmtfiz 

Sind,  Sinde,  or  Indus,  a  cele- 
brated river  of  Asia. 
In'subres,  a  people  of  Cisal'pine. 

Gaul. 

In'sutcti  a  common  name  signi- 
fying an  island. 

Jh'&ula  Fortuncftes,  the  Fortu- 
nate I&ks,  now  Ae  Cana'riss. 


fn'snloe  Hesfier'ides,  swpposeA 

to  be  the  Cape  Verd  Islands. 
In'suU  Pwr/mra'rrV^adeiras, 

a  cluster  of  (islands   in   the 

Atlantic  ocean    belonging  ta 

Portugal. 
Intercnrina*  Ter'ni,  a  town  cf  ^ 

Umbria  in  Italy. 
lo'nia,  a  part  of  Asia  Minor. 
lo'nium  ma're,   the   southern 

part  of  the  gulf  of  Venice. 
Isau'ria  or  Isau'rica  re'gw^  a  - 

country  of  Asia  Minor. 
Is'ca  Dumnonio'runi)  Exeter 

in  England. 
Is'marus,  a  mountain  and  town 

of  Thrace. 

Is'sus,  Ais'se,  a  town  of  Cilicia. 
Is'tcr,  or  Danubius,  the  river 

Danube, 
Italia,  Italy. 
Jto/'i'ca,Sevillala  Vieja,  atowts 

of  Bx'tica  in  Spain. 
I(h'aca9Thetfk\,a  small  rocky 

island  in  the  Ionian  sea,  the  • 

country  of  Ulysses. 
Itu'na    JEtuu'riwn,     Solv/ay 

Frith,  between  Cumberland 

and  Kirkcudbrightshire. 
Ju'dera,  Zara,  a  city  of  Illyri- 

cum. 
Janeiro  /?zo[Ja-ne'ro],a  river  & 

province  of  Smth.  America. 
Japygium  or  -Jafiyg'ia,  Cape* 

de  Lieuco,  a  southern  cape  ot 

Italy. 
Jaxar'tes,  Sir  cr  Sihon,  a  river 

of  Asia  running  into  the  Cas- 
pian sea. 
Jorda'nes,  Joc'dan,  a  celebrated 

river  of  Jude'a. 
Jud&'a>  a  part  of  Syria,  the  He- 

ly  Land. 
Juver'na,   oue  of  the  ancient 

names  of  Ireland. 
Lab'rador,  a  cottntry  of  No 

America, 


306 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


Laceda'mon  or  Sfiar'ta,  Pa'leo- 
Cho'ri,  the  capital  of  Laco'nia. 

Laco'nia  or  Lacon'ica,  a  divis- 
ion of  Peloponne'sus. 

Lacon'icus  si'nus,  gulf  of  Colo- 
kyth'ia. 


'CUH,  a  common  name  signi- 

fying a  lake. 
Lado'ga,  a  lake  and  town  of 

Russia. 

Jdmia,  a  city  of  Thes'saly, 
Laodice'aj  La'dik,   a  town   of 

Phryg'ia. 
Laris'sa  Cremasfte%  a  town  of 

Thes'saty. 
iMri'us  lacus,  Co'mo,  the  larg- 

est lake  of  Italy. 
Jdtiunii  now  a  part  of  Pope- 

dom  ;  a  division  of  Italy,  the 

country  of  Latins. 
La  us  ei'nus,  Policastro,  a  gulf 

of  Italy. 
La'un,    Laino,    [La-e'-no],    a 

river  of  Italy. 
Leghorn  [Le-gorn'],   a  town  of 

Etru'riain  Italy. 
Lema'nusQY  Lausa'nius  lacus, 

the  lake  ot  Geneva. 
Lent'  nos,  Stalimen,  an  island  in 

the  Egean  sea  near  Thrace. 
Leominster    [Lem'-in-ster],   a 

town  in  Massachusetts  and  in 

England. 
Leonii'ni  or  Leontinum,  Lenti'- 

ni,  a  town  of  Sicily. 
Lefi'tis*  Lebida,  a  town  of  the 

RJgitj  Syr'tica  in  Africa. 
A?r/7za,  a  celebrated  lake  near 

Argos  in  Pelopoftne/sus. 
.Lesbos,  Metelin,  an  island  on 

the  coast  of  Mys'ia. 
.Leu'cas,  St.  MauYa,  a  town  on 

the  peninsula  of  Leuca'dia. 
Acuca'ta.  a  promontory  of  Leu- 

ca'dia in  Acarna'nia. 
Lcucofi'ctra,  Piat'taro,  a  south- 

ern cape  of  Italy,  which  is 


the  termination  of  the  Appen* 

nines. 
Lcuc'tra,  Livados'tro,  a  town  of 

Boeo'tia. 
Lib'anus,  Leb'anon,  a  mountain 

of  Syria. 
Lib'ya  Infe'rior,  and  G&tu'lia, 

Biledul;gerid,  an  inland  coun- 
try of  Africa. 
Lihijs'sa,  Gebi'se,  a  city  of  Bi- 

thynia,  where  Haanibal  was 

buried. 
JLi'ger  or  Li'gcris,  Loire  [Lorr], 

a  river  of  France. 
Legu'ria,  a  country  cf  Italy  in 

Gal'lia,  Cispada'na. 
Ligus'tkus  si'nus&utf  of  Genoa. 
Lylyba'um       firomonto'rmm, 

Boe'o  or  Boco,  a  cape  of  Sicily. 
Lily'daum,  Marsal'ia,  a  town  of 

Sicily. 
Limerick  [Lim'rik],  a  county 

and  town  of  Ireland. 
Lin'gonesy  &'dui,  Seq'uani&w- 

gundy   and  Franchecompte' 

[Franch-com-ta],    divisions, 

or  a  people  of  Gaul. 
Lir/ari,  an  island  north  of  Sicily 
Lifrist  Gari^lia'no,  a  river  of 

Italy, 
Lvi'susy  Ales'so,  a  town  of  Illy r- 

icum  on  the  frontier  of  Mace- 
donia. 

Locris.z.  part  of  Greece  Proper. 
Londi'num  or  L,Qndin'iumtl*a&- 

don. 
JLuca'nia,  Basilica'ta,  a  country 

of  Italy. 
Luqdu'num^  Lyons,  a  town  of 

France. 

JLmita'nia,  Portugal. 
Lute'tiaParis'iiw  Parisiorum, 

ParNis. 
Lycao'nia,  a   country   of  Asia 

Minor. 

JLyc'ia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor. 
Lyd'ia&  country  of  Asia  Minor, 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


307 


Limy'ra  or  Lymi're,  a  town  of 

Lyc'ia. 
Lynces'ta,  an  inland  people  of 

Macedonia. 
Lyonois  [Le-o-na'],  a  province 

of  France. 

Lys'tra^  a  town  of  Lycao'nia. 
Macedo'nia,  a  country  on  the 

southeast  of  Europe  extend- 

ing from  the  Ege'an  to  the 

Adriatic  sea. 

«,T/a'cra,Ma'gra,  a  river  of  Italy 
Madeir'as[Ma-der'-as],  islands 

in  the  Atlantic  ocean  belong- 

ing to  Portugal. 

Mad'rid,  the  capital  of  Spain. 
Mean'dcr,  Me-in'dea,a  river  of 

Phryg'ia  in  Asia  Minor. 
Maelstrom  [Mal'strom],  a  cel- 

ebrated   whirlpool    on     the 

coast  of  Norway. 
M<enaiu9>  a  high  mountain  of 

Arca'dia. 


Maastricht  [Mees-tret],a  town 

of  the  Netherlands. 
Magellan,  a  strait  which  sepa- 

rates Ter'ra  del  Fu'ego  from 

South  America. 
Magnesia,  Mana'chia  or  Guz- 

el-Hizar,  a  town  of  Lydia. 
Jtfagne'sia,  a  district  and  town 

of  Thessaly. 
Magonti'acum,  Mentz[Ments] 

a  town  of  Germany. 
Mahrattas,  [Ma-rat'tas],  two 

powerful  states  of  India. 
Malabar7,  the  western  coast  of 

Hindostan. 
Mal'aca,  Mal'aga,  a  port  town 

of  Grana'da  iu  Spain. 
Male'd,  M  ;lera,  a  promontory 

of  Laco'nia. 
Man'abui  M:\reb,  a    city    of 

Ara'bia  Fe'Mx. 
Mali'acus  si'nus&  bay  between 

Thessaly  and  Lo'cris. 


Mantine'a,  Trupoliz'zaja  town 

of  Arcadia. 
Man'iua^  capital  of  the  ductiy 

of  the  same  name  in  Italy. 
Mara'£-non[Ma-ra'-non],  a  riv- 

er and  province  of  S.America. 
Marathon,  a  village  of  At'tica. 
Mare,  a  common  name,  which 

signifies  a  sea. 
Maridu'num,  Caermar'then  in 

Wales. 
Mari'no[Ma-re'no],  a  town  and 

smiill  republic  of  Itiily. 
Mannaijica^  a  country  of  Afri- 

ca west  of  Egypt. 
Mar'mora,  a  small  sea  between 

the  Archipel'ago  and  Black 

sea. 
Marseilles  [Mar-sails],  a  town 

of  France. 

Mar'  si,  a  people  of  Italy. 
Marru'-uium    or  Marru'bium^ 

Sim   Benedetto,    a   town    of 

Pice'num  in  Italy. 
MasAce^syli,  a  division,  and  peo- 

ple of  Numid'ia. 
Massil'ia,    Marseilles    [Mar- 

sails],  a  city  of  France. 
Massy  HI  a  division  and  people 

of  Numidia. 

Maurita'nia^  Morocco  and  Fez. 
Mauritania  Casarien'fris,  Al- 


eiers. 
Mc'dia,    a    country    of  Asia 

south  of  the  Caspian  sea. 
Mediola'num,  Milan,  the  capi- 

tal of  the  In'subres. 
Mediterra'neum    ma're,     the 

Mediterranean  sea. 
Megalofi'olis,  Leonar'di,  a  town 

of  Arca'dia. 
Mfg'arixi  Meg'ara,  a  town  of 

Greece  Proper. 
Mr'  las  or  Mcl'anes  sj'7t^s,Saros 

a  gulf  of  Thrace. 
Mclibce'a*  a  town  cf  Magne'sia, 

in  Thessaly. 


2PW 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


l' it  a,  Mal'ta  [Molta],  an  isl- 
and in  the  Mediterranean  sea, 

south  of  Sicily. 
Mtlitc'ne,  Mala'ria,  a  city   of 

Cappado'cia. 
MHOS*  Milo,  one  of  the  Cyc- 

lades. 
Mem'fihisi  an  ancient  town  of 

Egypt. 
Mena'fiii,  Tun'grii,  Dutch  and 

Austrian  Brabant. 
J\feso/iota'mia,    Diarbeck,  the 

country  between  the  Ti'gris 

and  Euphrates. 
Messa'na,  Messi'na,  one  of  the 

principal  towns  of  Sicily. 
Messe'ne,    Mavra-Matia,    or 

Maura  Matra,capital  of  Mes- 

se\iia. 
Messe'nito)  a  division  of  Pelo- 

ponne'sus. 
Messeni'acus  sinus,  gulf  of  Co- 

ron. 

Mctafionrtum,&  town  of  Lucania 
Meia'ris,  the  Wash,  an  arm  of 

the  sea  between  Lincolnshire 

and  Norfolk  in  England. 
jlfetau'rui,  Me'tro,  a  river  of 

Um'bria  in  Italy. 
Mct/to'ite,   Modon,   a   town  of 

Messe'nia ;    also  a  town  of 

Macedonia. 
Mil'an,*  a  city  and   duehy   of 

Italy. 

Afc7?Vtt«,  a  city  of  lo'nia. 
Min'cius,  Mincio,  a  branch  of 

the  river  Po. 
Min'iuB,  Minho  or   Mingo,   a 

river  of  Galli'cia  in  S};ain. 
MitylSne,  capital  of  the  island 

of  Lesbos. 
Molnle   [Mo-beeK],  a  river  of 

West  Florida. 
Ma'nusv  Maine  [Main],  a  river 

of  (Germany. 

Mee'ris^a,  lake  of  ancient  Egypt. 
Mas'sia,  a  country  seath  of  the 

Dan'ube, 


Molos'sis,  a  district  ©f  Epiriis, 
Mv'na  in'sula,  the  island  of  An- 

glesey, belonging  to  Wales. 
Mona'bia  or  Monoe'da,  the  Isle 

of  Man* 
Mono-mo-tapa,   a   kingdom  of 

Africa. 
Mon'te  Video  [Ve'deo],  a  town 

of  South  America. 
Mo'sa,  Maese  [Meese]  .orMeuse 
,  a  river   of  Gal'lia 


Mosaaibique  [Mo-zam-beck], 

a  kingdom  of  Africa. 
Munich  [Mu'nick],  capital  of  ' 

Bava'ria. 
Muftina,   Modevna,   a  city  of 

Gallia  Cispada'na. 
Myca'le,*.  promontory  of  Ionia. 
Myce'na,  a  city  of  Ar'golis  in 

Greece. 
Mygdo'nia,  a  district  of  Mace- 

donia. 

My'ra,  a  town  of  Lyc'ia. 
Mya'ia*  a  country  of  Asia  Minor. 
Nar\  Ne'ra,  a  fiver  of  Umbra.. 
JVhr'bo    Mar-  'tins  ,    Narbonne' 

[Nar-bon'],'a  city  of  Langue- 

doc/  in  France. 

JVkrbbnen'sist2L  division  of  Gaul. 
JVar^w.Nar'ni,  a  town  of  Um^- 

bria  in  Italy. 

Naryc'ia,  a  town  of  Greece. 
JVau-crati*t  a  town  of  Lower 

Egypt. 
Nuufiac'tuij  LepanHo,  a  town 

of  /Eto'lia. 
Nuufior'tus  or  NdufiGT*tian>Q- 

ber  or  Lay^bach,  a  town  of 

Pannonia  or  Nor'icum. 

'-GSi    Nax'ia,  one  of  the 


Neafi'olis,  Naples,  the  capital. 

city  of  Campa'nia. 
Nes'sus  or  Ne&^tus,  Mestos  a. 

wver  of  Thrace. 


NAMES  OP  PLACES. 


SOS 


Neufchatel  [Noo-shat-tellv],  a 
town  of  Switzerland,  and  of 
France. 

Niagara  [Ne-ar'-ga-ra],  a  riv- 
er, and  celebrated  falls  in 
North  America. 

Nica'a,  Nice  or  Is- Nik,  the 
capital  of  Bithyn'ia  in  Asia 
Minor. 

NicefNece],  a  country  and  city 
of  Italy,  a  seaport  of  France, 
and  a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  cel- 
ebrated for  the  first  general 
theological  council  which  was 
"held  there,  A.D.  325. 

Nicobar',  an  island  in  the  bay 
of  Bengal'. 

Micopfok**  Ke'nisat-a'soud,  a 
city  of  Cilic'ia. 

Mcopfoli8t  a  town  of  Thrace 
and  of  other  places. 

Nieper[Ne'per],ariver  of  Rus- 
sia. 

Niester  [Nees'ter],  a  river  of 
Austrian  Poland. 

Niger  [Ni'jer],a  river  of  Africa. 

Wlus,  Nile,  a  large  river  of 
Egypt. 

Nfnus  or  JVzV£i;e,Nino,the  cap- 
ital of  the  Assyr'hin  empire. 

Nis'ibis&  city  of  Mesopotamia. 

Nor^icum,  Austria,  a  division  of 
Europe. 

No'vaCartha'go,  Cartha^e'na, 
a  city  of  Mer'cia  in  Spain. 

/Vumarftia,  a  warlike  city  of 
Spain. 

Numid'ia*  Tu'nis,  a  country  of 
Africa. 

CEto[E/ta]  Bani'na,  a  chain  of 
mountains  extending  from 
Thermopylae  to  mount  Pin- 
dus. 

Oce'anus,  a  common  name  sig- 
nifying ocean. 

Oce'anus  Aquitariicus^  the  bay 
of  Biscay. 

Oce'anus 
ish  Channel. 


Oce'anus  Gennan'icus,  the 
North  sea. 

Oce'anus  Occidentals,  the 
Western  or  Atlantic  ocean. 

Ocri'num,  Land's  End  or  Liz- 
ard Point. 

GE-a,  Tripoli,  a  city  of  Africa. 

(E-to,  Bam'na,  a  mountain  on 
the  confines  of  Thessaly. 

Olisiji\  Lisbon,  the  capital  of 
Portugal. 

Olv inflict,  Rofe'o,  a  town  of 
E'lis  in  Peloponne'sus. 

Olym'fiustmQ\int  Lafcha,on  the 
confines  of  Thessaly. 

Otyn'thus,  near  Aeioma^ma,  a 
town  of  Macedonia. 

Onoch>onu8&  river  of  Thessaly, 

Ophiu^sa^  FormenteVa,  an  isl- 
and south  of  Iv'ica  in  ths 
Mediterranean  sea. 

Ojion'tius  si'nus*  a  Bay  of 
Greece  Proper. 

Or' cades,  the  Orkney  islands. 

O^cas,  Dungsby  or  Duncansby 
Head,  the  northerly  point  of 
Scotland. 

Vrdovi'ces,  Flintshire,  Mont- 
gomery, &c.  Also  the  peo- 
ple of  North  Wales. 

Ore' US)  Ori\>,  a  town  of  Eubcea. 

O/icum,  a  town  of  Epi'rus. 

Oron'teS)  A'si,  a  river  of  Syr'ia. 

Ortyg'ia,  an  island  near  Syra- 
cuse'. 

Os'sa,  a  mountain  of  Thessaly. 

Os'tia,  the  ancient  port  of  Rome 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 

Ot'ahei'te,  one  of  the  Society 
islands. 

O^thrys,  a  mountain  of  Thes'- 
salyi. 

O/tacfc'ra,Northumberland  and 
Durham. 

O-why-hee,  one  of  the  Sand- 
wich islands. 


310 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


Qx'uz,  Gihon,  a  large  river  of 
Asia. 

Pachy'nus,  Pas'saro,  one  of  the 
capes  of  Sicily. 

Pacts' tus,  a  river  of  Lyd'ia,  in 
Asia  Minor. 

Pa'dus,  Po,  a  large  river  in  the 
north  of  Italy. 

Pxsta'nus  sinus,gu\f of  Saler'no 

P<t&'tumor  Po«fd(/wia,Pes'ti,  a 
town  of  Luca  'nia. 

Palctsti'na,  Pal'estine,  or  the 
Holy  Land. 

PaliniCrum,  Palinu'ro,  a  cape 
of  Lucania  in  Italy. 

Patmy'ra,T3Ldfmor',Zi  city  in  the 
deserts  of  Syr'ia, 

Palmyre'ne,  Theu'demor  or 
Tad'mor,  a  country  east  of 
Syria. 

Pajlus,  a  common  name  signi- 
fying a  pool,  marsh,  or  stand- 
ing water. 

Pami'sus,  a  river  of  Thessaly. 

Pamhhyl'ia]  a  country  of  Asia 
Minor. 

Panama [Pan-ar'-mah],  capital 
of  TerraFirma  in  S.  America. 

Ptf7z,§ve'w$,Casta'g'nas  [Cas-ta'- 
nas],  a  mountain  of  Thrace. 

/^ttne/TwajSclavo'nia,  Croa'tia, 
Carnio'la,  8cc.  an  ancient  di- 
vision of  Europe. 

Panor'mus, Palermo,  the  pres- 
ent capital  of  Sicily. 

Pafihlago'nia,  Pendera'chia,  a 
country  of  Asia  Minor. 

Pafihos,  Ba'tb  or  Ba'fa,  a  city 
of  Cyprus. 

Par' ma,  a  city  of  Gallia  Cispa- 
davna  in  Italy. 

Parnas'sus,  Parnas'so,  a  cele- 
brated mountain  of  Pho'cis 
near  Del'phi. 

Par'nes  or  Fame  thus,  Cash'a, 
a  mountain  of  At'tica  aboimd- 
llg  in  veirrs. 


Pa'ros,  one  of  the  Cyc'lades  ifi 

tlie  Ege'an  sea. 
Parrhafsiust  a  mountain  of  Ar- 

ca'dia. 
Par'thia,  Irak-A'gem,  a  eoun- 

try  of  Asia. 
Pas'saro,  a  town  of  Molos'sis  m 

Epi'rus. 
Pat'ara,  Pat'era,  the  capital  of 

Lyc'ia. 
Ptita'vium,  Pad'ua,  a  town  of 

Venice  in  Italy. 
Pat'mos,  Path'mos,an  island  in 

the  Ege'an  sea. 
Pausit'yfrusy     Pausilip'po,     a 

mountain  near  Naples, 
Pelas^gicus  si'nus,  gulf  of  Vole 

in  Thessaly. 

Pe'lion,*,  mountain  of  Thessaly. 
P^7a,Palatirsa,  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal towns  of  Macedonia. 
Pelofionne'sus,     More'a,    the 

southern  part  of  Greece. 
Pelo'ris  or  Pelo'rus,  Pelo'ro  or 

Terra  del  Faro,  one  of  the 

capes  of  Sicily. 
Peiu'sium,  Ti'neh  or  Damiet'ta 

a  town  of  Egypt. 
Pe'neus  or  Pene'us,  Belvidere, 

river  and  town  of  Elis  in  Pelo- 

ponne'sus. 
PensacoMa,    capital  of    West 

Florida. 

Pentd'icus,  a  mountain  of  At'- 
tica. 
Ptfiare'thus,  an  island   in  the 

Egean  sea. 
PerdiMc[Per-de'-do],a  river  of 

West  Florida. 
P<»r',§-a,Ka'ra-hi'sar,  a  town  of 

Pamphyl'ia. 
P^r,y^'o/^,Es'takar  or  Tehel- 

minar,  the  capital  of  Persia. 
Per^sicus  sinus,  Persian  Gulf. 
Pc**i'nu8,  Posse'ne,  a  town  of 

Phrygia. 
Ptr'si*  a»d  Susia'nt,  Persia,  a 


NAMES  OF  F1ACE3, 


311 


•auntry  of  Asia. 
Petd'ia,  or  Pctilfia,  Strongoli, 

a  town  of  Brutii. 
Pe'tra  or  Ar'ce,  Krace,  a  town 

of  Arabia  Petrae'a. 
Pha'ra  or  Pa'ran,   a   city   of 

Arabia  Petrze'a. 
Pha'ros,  a  small  island  in  the 

bav  of  Alexandria  near  the 

mouth  cf  the  Nile. 
Pharsa'/ia,ihe  cour  try  or  plains 

arr'ird  Pharsalus. 
Pharsa'lust  Far^sa,  a   city  of 

Thessaly. 
Pha'sis,  Fa'oz,  a  river  and  crty 

of  Coi'chis. 
Phe'neus  or  Phe*neos,  Pho'nia, 

a  city  of  Arcadia. 
P^£'ra?,Phe'res,a  town  of  Thes- 
saly. 
Philadelphia^   A'lah-sher,    or 

the  beautiful  city,  in  Lydia. 
Philifi'pi,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 
PhilifijiQfi'Gtisy  Philippop'pli,  a 

town  of  Thrace. 
PhUista'a  or  Philis'tia,  a  dis- 
trict of  Syria. 
Phli'ufi,  Staph'lica,  a  town  of 

Achavia  Proper. 
jP/jcctf'ajFo'chia,  a  city  of  Ionia. 
Pho'cia*  a  division  of  Greece 

Proper. 
Phani'cia,  a  part  of  Syria  and 

Palestine. 

Pho'lo  6>,a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 
PAryg^ia,   a   country   of  Asia 

M  inor. 
Phthio^tis  [ThioUs],  a  part1  of 

Thessaly. 
Pice'mim}  a  part  of  Popedom 

in  Italy. 

Pic'ti,  Dumbarton,  also  a  peo- 
ple of  Scotland. 
Piedmont     [Peed-e-mont'],    a 

country  of  Italy. 
Pie*riay  a  district  of  Macedo'- 
r.ia. 

,*  black  dwwfisfe  peo- 


ple of  Africa. 

Pinffila,  a  ir.cuntaln  of  Eceotia. 
Pin'dus,  a  chain  of  mountains 

between  Macedonia  &  Thes- 

saly. 

Pi'sa  [Pe'sa],  a  city  of  Italy. 
Pi's*,  Pisa,  a  city  of  Tuscany 

in  Italy. 
Pisau'rum.  Pes'aro,  a  town  of 

It?.ly.  . 
Piscat<«qua  [Pis-catr-a-way],  a 

river  of  New  Hampshire, 
Pisid'ia,    a   country    of    Asia 

Minor. 
Pityu'sa,  Ivica,  an   Island   of 

Spain  in  the  Mediterranean 

sea. 
Placen'tia,  Placen'za,  a  city  of 

Cispatla'oa. 
Piaice'a,  Cocla,  a  city  of  Boeox- 

tia,  memorable  for  the  defeat 

of  the  Persians  undt  r  Mar- 

donius 
Poitcu  [M-too^],  a  province  ef 

France. 


ta,a  town  of  Campania,  which 

was     overwhelmed    by    an 

earthquake  A.D,  79. 
Pom'  fie  ion  or  Pam'fielo%  Pam- 

pclu'na,  capital  of  Navarre 

[Navar'],  in  Spain. 
Pon'tu&,  a  common  name  sig- 

nifying a  sea. 
Pontus,  a  country  of  Asia  Mi- 

nor. 
Por'tus  Hcr'culis,  or  Libur'ni^ 

Leghorn  fLegorn'],  a  city  of 

Italy. 
Potida\ii  afterwards  Cassan'- 

dria,  Cassan'der,  a  town  tf 

Mscedo'nia. 
Prunes'  'tet  Palestri'na,  a  city  of 

Latin  m. 
Proconne\us,  Marrmora,an  is- 

land in  the  Propon'tis. 
Promcnto'rium  o#crftf#,  cape 

St.  Vincent. 


312 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


Pro/ion' tis,  Sea  of  Mar'mora. 

Pru'sa,  BurNsa,  capital  of  Bi- 
thyn'ia. 

Ptolema'is,  [Tolema'is] , A'cre, 
a  city  ef  Gai'ilee,  and  of  Up- 
per Egypt. 

Pute'oli,  Puzzo'la,  a  city  of 
Campa'nia. 

Pytfna,  or  CzV'row,  Kitro,  a 
town  of  Pie'ria  in  Macedonia, 

Py'lus*  NavaVin,  a  town  of 
Messe'nia  in  Peloponnesus. 

Pyre'ne^Py  rents' us  mons,  the 
Pyrenees  or  Pyrene'an 
Mountains  betweenSpain  and 
France. 

Qwesnoy  [Ke-noy],  a  town  of 
the  French  Netherlands. 

Qui'to  [Ke'- to],  a  city  and  au- 
dience or  province  of  South 
America. 

Raleigh  [RawHey],  capital  of 
North  Carolina, 

Ravcn'na,  a  town  of  the  Lin- 
gones  in  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

Re'gio  Syr'tica  or  Trifiolita'na, 
an  ancient  country  of  Africa. 

Reg' m,  an  ancient  division  of 
England  containingSurry  and 
Sussex. 

Rha,  Wolga,  the  largest  river 
of  Europe. 

Rhani'mis.  a  village  of  At'tica. 

R/i^lia,  Bava'ria,  a  division  of 
Germany. 

Rhe'gium,  Regxgio  or  Regio,  a 
town  of  Cala'bria  on  the  strait 
of  Messi'na. 

Rheims  [Reems],  a  town  of 
France. 

Rhe'nusy  Rhine,  a  large  river 
of  Germany  and  Gaul. 

Rho'da,  Rovses,  a  port  town  of 
Catalo'nia. 

Rhod'anus,  F<hone,  a  large  riv- 
er of  France. 

Rho'do-fie,  a  range  of  moun- 
tains in  Thrace. 


Rho'dus,   Rhodes   [Roads],  a 

large  island  in  the  Mediter- 

ranean sea. 
Ridu'na,  Al'derney,  an  island 

in  the  English  Channel. 
Rio-Janei'ro,  [Re'oJane'ro],  a 

river  and   rich   province  of 

Brazil7. 
Rochelle  [Rosheir],  a  town  of 

France. 
Rochfort  [Rosh'fort],  a  town  of 

France,  and  of  the  Nether- 

lands. 
Ro'mat  Rome,  the  capital  of 

La'tium,  in  Italy. 
Romag*'-na  [Ro-ma^na],  a  prov- 

ince of  Italy. 
jRw'6z'con,Rugovne  or  Fiumisi^no 

[Fiumise'no],a  river  between 

GariiaCisal[)ada/na  anditaly. 
Rusiccfde,  Sigiga'da,  a  town  of 

Numidia. 
Sab'  a  r/;a,Sana'a,  a  city  of  Ara'- 

bi  i  Fexlix. 

Sabria'na,  the  Bristol  channel. 
Sabrina,  Sevrern,  a  large  river 

of  England. 
Saco  [Saw'co],  a  town  and  riv- 

er in  the  district  of  Maine. 


ve'dro,  a  town  of  Spain. 
Sa'is,  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt. 
Sal'  amis,  Colcu'ri,  an  island  of 

Greece. 
Sai'&mist  Famagus'ta  or  Con- 

stan'za,  a  town  of  Cyprus. 
&z/a//2/z\Salxpe,a  town  of  Apu'- 

lia  in  Italy. 
Salvadoiy  [St]  a  town  of  Congo 

in  Africa. 
Sama'ra,   Somme   [Somm],  a 

river  of  France. 
Samar'cand,  a  town  of  Usbec 

Tartary. 
Samd'ria  or  Scbas'te,  a  district 

of  Syria. 
Sam'niufn,  a  part  of  the  King- 

dom rf  Naples. 
Samoie'da  [Sa-mo-e^-da  ]  a  large 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


313 


country  of  Russia. 
Sa'mos,  an  island  in  the  Ege'an 

sea,  opposite  to  Eph'esus. 
Samosafta,  Se'misat,  a  city  of 

Commage'ne  in  Sy'ria. 
Sar'des>    Sart,  the    capital    of 

Lydia. 
Sardin'ia  or-.S'ctr/Jo,Sardin'ia,an 

island  in  the  Mediterranean. 
Sarma'tia,  a  part   of  Europe 

and  Asia. 
Sardinia,    Guernsey,  an  island 

in  the  English  channel. 
Samothra'cia    or    Samothrdce, 

Samothra'ki,  an  island  in  the 

Ege'an  sea. 
Saron'icus  snms,   the   gulf  of 

En'gia. 
Sa3/o?ies9  Saxony,a  division  and 

people  of  Germany. 
Scal'dis,  Scheldt  [Skeld],a  riv- 

er  of  Bel'gica. 

Scan'dla  or  Scandina'via,  Nor- 
way and  Sweden, 
Scandi'la  or  Scandi'le,  an  island 

of  Thes'saly. 
Schaff-hau'-sen,  a  town  &  can- 

ton  of  Switzerland. 
Scheldt,  [Skeld],  a  river  of  the 

Netherlands. 
Sci'athus,   Skia'tho,  an  island 

in  the  Ege'an  sea. 
Sco'ti,  Ross  in  Scotland;  the 

Scots. 
Scritojin'ni,  Lap'land  and  West 

Both'nia. 
Scylacs'um  or  Scylaciitm?SquiY- 

lace,  a  town  of  Bru'tii. 
Scyla'cius   si'nus,  the   gulf  of 

Squil'lace,    in  the  south  of 

Italy. 

*Sfct//fo'ww,Skil'leo,a  promonto- 
ry of  Ar'golis. 

Scyros,  SkyVo  or  Sy'ra,  an  isl- 
and in  the  Ege'an  sea. 
&cyth'iat  northern  parts  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia. 

27 


Seges'ta,  a  town  of  Sicily,  and 

of  Panm/nia. 
SetroTt'tium,      Caarnarvon      in 

North  Wales. 
Sego'via,  a  city  of  Old  Castile 

in  Spain. 
Seleu'cia,  Eu'shar,  a  city  of  Pi- 

sid'ia,  and  of  other  places. 
Seleu' sis,  Syr'ia  Proper 
Senegal  [Senegall'],  a  kingdom 

of  Negroland  in  Africa. 
Se'nia  or    Segfnia9  a  town  of 

Libur'nia  in  Illyi/icum. 
Senna'ar   or  Sen'nar,  a  king- 
dom of  Nubia  in  Africa. 
Se'nus,  Shannon,  the  largest  ri- 
ver of  Ireland. 
Seq'uana,  Seine  [Seen],  a  large 

river  of  France. 
Seriphus  or  Seri'phos,  Ser'pho, 

one  of  the  Cyc'lades. 
Ses'tos,   Zem'enic,   a   town  of 

Thrace  on   the  Hellespont, 

opposite  Aby'dos. 
Sib'aris  or   Syb'aris,  a  city  of 

Luca'nia. 

Sica'nia  or  Sicil'ia,  Sicily. 
SWyon,   BasyFico,  an  ancient 

city  of  Acha'ia  Proper. 
Sicyo'nia,   a  division  of  Pelo- 

ponne'sus. 
Si' don,  Sei'de  or  Zaide,  a  city 

of  Phoenicia. 

Silu'res,  a  part  of  south  Wales, 
Sier'ra    [Se-er'-ra]  Leo'ne,    a 

river  and  fort  of  Africa. 
Sime'ni  or  Ice'm,  Norfolk,  Suf= 

folk. 

Si'nx,  Cliinese  Tartary. 
Si'nai,  a   mountain  of  Arabia 

near  the  northern  part  of  the 

Red  sea. 
Sin'dus,    Sidthus,    or     In'dus., 

Sind  or  Sinde,  a  celebrated 

river  of  Asia. 
Sindpe,  Sivnub,  a  city  of  Paph- 

lago'nia. 


314 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


Si' mis,  a  common  name  signi- 
fy ing  bay  or  strait. 

Sire7iu's<K  in'sulce,  islands  of  the 
Sy'rens  on  the  coast  of  Italy. 

Si/mium,  capital  of  Paimo'nia. 

Stnyr'na,  Ismir,  a  city  of  Ionia. 

Solitudi'nes,  Za'ara  or  the 
Gr  ^at  Desert  in  Africa. 

Sparta,  Pa'leo-Cho'ri,  a  city 
of  Lacedse'mon 

Sper'chius  or  Sperche'us,  a  riv- 
er of  Thes'saly 

Spoletiumy^Spole'to,  a  town  of 
Um'bria. 

Staech'adea,  Hieres,  five  small 
islands  on  the  coast  of  Mar- 
seilles. 

Stagi'ra,  Stau'ros,  a  town  of 
Chalcid'ice"  in  Macedonia. 

St.  Croix  [Croy],  a  river  be- 
tween the  District  of  Maine 
and  New  Brunswick. 

S'ra'lus,  a  city  of  ^Eto'lia. 

Strom' boli,  one  of  the  Lip'ari 
islands  near  Sicily. 

Stroph'ades,  Strofa'dia  or  Stri- 
vali,  two  small  islands  in  the 
lo'nian  sea. 

Stri/mon,  Jem'boli  or  Jam'boli, 
a  river  of  Macedo'nia. 

Strymon'icus  si'nus,  the  gulf 
of  Contes'sa. 

Stympha'lus,  a  town,river,lake, 
and  fountain  of  Arcaxdia. 

Sue'vi,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Sue'vicum  ma're  or  Coda'nus 
si'nus,  the  Baltic  sea. 

Suio'nes,  Sweden   I»roper. 

Sul'mo,  Sulmo'na,  a  town  of 
Um'bria  in  Italy. 

Su'sa,S uster  or  Tus'ter,capital 
of  Susiaxna. 

Susia'na,  Susis'tan  or  Persia,  a 
country  of  Asia. 

Sy-e'ne,  As'suan,  a  city  of  Up- 
per Egypt  of  the  Nile. 

Syractfxce,  Syracuse,  the  an- 
cient capital  of  Sicily. 


Syr'ia,  Palestine  or  Jude'a. 
Tab'raca,  a  town  of  Nuniid^ia 

in  Africa. 
Tcen'arus,  Mat'apan,  the  south- 

ern  cape  of  Greece 
Ta'gus,  Tajo,  a  river  of  Port* 

tigftl. 
Tamo'sis,    Thames    [Tames], 

the  largest  river  of  Britain. 
Tariager  or  Tan'agrus,  Negro, 

'a  river  of  Luca'nia. 
Tan'agra,  Scami'no,  a  town  of 

Boeo'tia. 
Tan'a-is,  Don,  a  river  of  Scyth'- 

ia  between  Europe  and  Asia. 
Taren'tum,  Taren'to,  a  city  of 

Cala'bria. 
Tarenti'nus  sinus,  gulf  of  Ta- 

ren'to. 
Tarraconerisis,  Navarre   (Na- 

var7)  and  Catalo'nia. 
Tarr-aco,   Tarrago'na,  a  town 

of  Spain. 
Tar'sus,  Tar-sous  or  Teras'soj 

capital  of  Cili'cia. 
Tauri'ni,  people  ofGalliaTrans- 

pada'na  at  the  foot  oftheAlps. 
Tuurino'rwn  Jlugus'ta,   Turin, 

a  city  of  Italy. 
Tau'rus,  an  extensive  range  of 

mountains  in  Asia. 
Ta'vium  or  Trivia,  Tchoro'um 
[Choro'um],a  city  of  Galatia. 
Ti/z/^-'e^z^fTa-ig'etus]^  moun- 
tain of  Laco'nia. 
Te-a'nwn,  Civita'te,   an  inland 

town  of  Apulia. 
Te-afnum,     Tia'no,   an   inland 

town  of  Campania. 
Tega'a,  Mok'lia,  a  town  of  Ar- 

ca'dia. 
Tem'pt,  a  pleasant  vale  of  Thes- 

saly. 

Ten'edos,  an  island  in  the  Ege'- 
an  sea  on  the  coast  of  Tro'as. 
Terges'te,  Trieste  [Tre-esf], 

the  chief  town  of  Is'tria* 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


315 


si'nus,  gulf  of  Tri- 
este. 
Terinx'us  si'nus,  gulf  of  St.  Eu- 

phe'mia. 

Thaf^acus,  El-der  or  Por'to, 
Cate'na,  a  city  on  the  con- 
fines  of  Syr'ia  and   Arabia, 
on  the  Euphrates . 
Thupsusy*.  city  of  AfricaProper. 
Tha'sos,  ThapNso,  an  island  in 

the  Ege'an  sea. 
The' bee  'or      Thefbet     Thebes 
[Th*ebs]  or  Thiva,  capital  of 
Boeotia;also  a  city  of  Egypt. 
Ther^ma,  afterwards  Thessalo- 
ni'ca,  Salon'ichi,  a  city    of 
Macedonia 

Therma'icus  si'nus*  the  gulf  of 

Salon'ichi  or  ThessaloniVa. 

Thermopylae,  a  celebrated  pass 

between  Greece  Proper  and 

Thessaly. 

The^mns,  a  town  of  .ZEtoHia. 
Thesprn^tia*  a  districtof  Epirus. 
ThessaVia,  Janna,  Thessaly,  a 

country  of  Greece. 
ThibetfTi^bet],   a  country  of 

Asia. 

Thra'cia,  Roma^nai,  RumeHia, 
or  Thrace,  a  large  country 
in  the  east  of  Kurope. 
Thrasyme'nus,  Peru^gia,  a  lake 

in  Etruria. 

Thu^-le,  the  Shetland  and  Ork- 
ney islands. 
Thyatfra,  AkhiNsar,  a  city  of 

Lydia. 
Tibe'rias,  a  lake  and  town  of 

GalHlee. 
Ti'bcris,  Teve're  or  Tiber,   a 

celebrated  river  of  Italy. 
TiPur,  Tivoli,  a  town  of  Lati- 

um  on  the  river  of  An'io. 
Tici'num,    PaVia»    a   town  of 

GalHia  CisalpiNna  in  Italy. 
TWrcwsjTesino,  a  river  of  Italy. 
Tigranocer/tai    Se'red,  a   city 
of  Armenia  Major. 


Ti'gris,  BasilinNsa  or  Berexma} 
a  lurge  river  of  Asia. 


&c.or  a  people  of  theHelve'tii. 
Ttn'gis,  Tangier,  a  port  town 

of  MorocVo. 
Tole'tum,  Toledo,  the  capital 

of  New  Castile  in  Spain. 
7Wo\?o,  TouMouse[Too-lousexl 

a  town  of.  France. 
Tontams,  Tomerir,    a  moun- 

tain of  Thespro'tia  in  Epirus* 
Torona'icus  sinus,  the   gulf  of 

Cassan'dra. 
Toxan'dri,  Antwerp,  or  a  peo- 

ple of  Gallia  Belg'ica. 
Trape'zus,   Treb'izond,  a  city 

of  Pontus  in  Asia  Minor. 
Trebi'a,  Tre'vi,  a  town  of  Um- 

bria  in  Italy. 
Tres  [Trees]  Tdber'nx,  the  S 

Taverns,  a  place  on  the  via 

Jlp'pia,  or  Ap'pian  Way. 
Tncfca    Trica'la,    a   town  of 

Thessaly. 
Triden'tum,    Trent,    a  city  of 

the  Rae'ti  in  Italy,  famous 

for  the  ecclesiastical  council, 

which  sat  there  18  years  to 

regulate    the  affairs  of  the 

Church,  A.  D.  1545. 
Trieste  [Tre-est'],   a  town  in 

Carnio'la  on  the  gulf  of  Ven- 

ice [Ven'is]. 
Trincoma'le,  a  seaport  town  of 

the  island  of  Ceylon. 
Trinoban'tes,    Middlesex    and 

Essex  in  England. 
Trif/ohs,    Tripoli,    a  city   of 
Phoenicia,  &  of  other  places. 
Tripolita'na,  Trip'oli,  a  divis- 

ion of  Africa. 
Tro'as,    Troy,     a    celebrated 

country  of  Asia  Minor. 
Trcezen  or   Tr<eze'ne,  Damaila 

a  city  of  Ar'golis. 
Troglodytes,   an    ancient  sav- 

age people  of  Ethk/pia. 


316 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


Troja  or  Ilium,  Troy,  capital  of 

Tro'as. 
Trued  tus,  TronHo,  a  river  of 

Picenum  in  Italy. 
7tt^#Hm,Toul,a  town  of  France. 
Tu'nes,   Tunis,  a  place  about 

fifteen  miles  from  old  Garth- 

age,  in  Africa. 
Tus'culum,  Fresca'ti,  a  city  of 

La'tium. 
Tits' cum,   Try-rhe'num,  or  In'» 

ferum  ma're,  the  Mediterra- 

nean  sea  west  of  Italy. 
Ty'rus,  Neister  [Nees'ter],  a 

river  of  Europe,  which  runs 

into  the  Euxine  sea. 
Ty'rus,  Tyre,  called  also  in  the 

east,  Sur  or  Sour,  a  city  of 

Phoenicia. 
Ulia'rus,  Ol'eron,  an  island  on 

the  coast  of  France. 
Um'bria,   a  division  of  Italy, 

now  a  part  of  Popedom. 
Urbi'num,   Urbino,  a  town  of 

Umbria. 
U'rius   sinus,  gulf  of  Manfre- 

do'riia  in  Italy 
C^/ccjjSat'cor,  a  city  of  Africa 

Proper. 
Utrecht  [U-trate],  a  city  of  the 

Netherlands. 

Uxan'tis,  Ushant',  a  small  isl- 
and on  the  coast  of  France. 
Valenciennes  [  Val-len-seen],  a 

town  of  France. 
Valen'tia,  Valencia,  a  town  of 

France,  of  Spain, and  of  Italy. 
Ye  c'tis,  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
VecturiJnes,  Edinburgh  ;  or  a 

people  of  Scotland. 
Veli  mis,  Vel'/no,  a  river  of  It- 
aly, which  runs  into  the  Nar. 
Venteti,   *  people  of  Brittany 


in  France. 
Ven'etm  lofcus,    Boden-sea  or 

Lake  of  Constance. 
Ven'ta  Belga'runiy  Winchester 

in  England. 
Venu'sia,  Veno'sa,  a  town  of  A. 

pu'lia  in  Italy,the  birth  place 

of  Horace. 
Verbafnus    lacus,   Maggiore  or 

Locarno,  a  lake  of  Italy. 
Vergin'iwn  or  Verginum  mafre, 

the  Irish  sea  or  St.  George's 

Channel. 
Vero'na,  a  town  of  the    Ceno- 

man'ni  in  Cisalpine  Gaul. 
Vesu'vius,   Mon'te  Vesu'vio,  a 

volcanic  mountain  in  Italy. 
Via'der  or  Via'drus,  the  river 

O'der,  in  Germany. 
Fien'na,  Vienne'  [Ve^nn'],  a 

city  of  Dau'phine  in  France. 
Vindafna,     Vennes,   a   seaport 

town  of  Brittany  in  Gaul. 
Vincennes  [Vin-sens'j,  capital 

of  Indiana  Territory. 
Vindelidia,  Suabia  [Swa'bia],  a 

country  of  Europe. 
Vindi'Lis,  Belle  Isle,  an  island 

between  Gaul  and  Britain. 
Visur^gis,  the  Weser,    a  river 

of  Germany. 
Vultur'nus,  Vultur'no,   a  river 

ofCompania  in   Italy. 
Xarfthus  or  Seaman' der,  a  riven 

of  Troas. 
Xan'thw  Ekseni'de,  the  chief 

city  of  Lycia  in  Asia  Minor. 
Zacyn'thus,  Zant,  an  island  of 

Greece  in  the  Ionian  sea. 
Za'ma,  a  town  of  Numidia,near 
which    Hannibal   was     van* 
quished  by  Scipio. 


FINIS. 


POSTSCRIPT. 


SINCE  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  this  work 
several  changes  of  considerable  importance  have  taken 
place  in  the  political  division  of  the  world.  These 
changes  have  not  been  noticed  from  time  to  time  on  ac- 
count of  the  inconvenience  which  the  alteration  would 
occasion  to  students  in  classes  and  to  instructors.  It  has 
however  been  thought  expedient  to  notice  in  this  place 
some  of  the  principal  changes. 

UNITED  STATES* 

At  page  tenth  is  a  table  of  the  states  included  under 
the  government  of  the  United  States.  Several  new 
states  have,  within  a  few  years,  been  admitted  to  the 
Union. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  present  states  and  terri- 
tories. 

Eastern  states,  ("New  Hampshire,    Vermont, 

or  <  Maine,*  >     Connecticut, 

New  England.  (^  Massachusetts,  $     Rhode  Island. 

Middle  states.   I  *ew  y°rk>  Pennsylvania, 

(_  New  Jersey,  Delaware. 

f  Maryland,  South  Carolina, 

South 'n  states.  <  Virginia,  Georgia, 

(.  North  Carolina,  Columbia,  District. 

fOhio,  Tennessee, 

West'n  states.  \  j£"»»  Mississippi, 

1  Illinois,  Alabama, 

(.Kentucky,  Louisiana. 

*  Maine  has,  with  the  consent  of  Massachusetts,  formed  a. 
constitution  of  government,  but  is  not  yet  admitted  into  the 
Union  by  Congress  as  an  independent  stale. 
23 


318  POSTSCRIPT. 

Territories.       $  ^!chi£a.n!  Arkansas. 

£  Missouri,* 

The  number  of  states  which  now  form   the  Union, 
exclusive  of  Maine  and  Missouri,  is  22. 

EUROPE. 

The  Netherlands.  The  countries  described  pages  75 
to  77  under  the  heads  or  Holland  and  Austrian  and 
French  Netherlands,  constitute  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands.  The  late  Prince  of  Orange  is  at  its  head 
with  the  title  of  king,  The  residence  of  the  court  and 
govern rrient  is  alternately  at  the  Hague  and  at  Brussels. 
The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy,  and  the  legisla- 
tive power  is  vested  in  an  assembly  of  States  General, 
consisting  of  an  hereditary  and  an  elective  branch.  The 
population  of  the  kingdom  is  5,226,000, 

Germany.      The   political   constitution   of  Germany 
has  been  entirely  new  modelled.      This  part  ef  Europe 
is  divided  between  thirty  eight  distinct  governments,  all 
of  which  are  independent  of  one  another  for   the  pur- 
poses of  internal  police,  but  are  bound  together  by  an 
act  of  confederation  by  virtue  of  which  a  perpetual  Diet 
is  helden  at  Frankfort  on  the  Mayne,  consisting  of  am- 
bassadors from  the  several  States.     At   this  Diet  the 
emperor  of  Austria  and  the  kings  of  Prussia,   Great 
Britain,  Denmark,  and  the  Netherlands,  are  represented 
for   that  portion  of  their  respective  dominions   which 
formed  a  part  of  the  late  empire  of  Germany,  and  the 
ambassadors  of  the  most  powerful  of  these  sovereigns 
have  a  leading  influence  at  the  Diet.     The  present  pop- 
ulation oi  Germany  is  about  30  millions. 

France,  consisting  of  the  provinces  which  belonged  to 
the  kingdom  before  the  revolution,  is  divided  into  86  de- 
partments. Its  government  is  a  hereditary  monarchy 
under  a  constitution  which  was  given  to  the  kingdom  on 

•  Missouri  has  the  population  necessary  to  entitle  it  to  be- 
come a  state,  and  the  question  of  its  admission  has  been  far 
sometime  pending  in  Congress. 


POSTSCRIPT.  319 

the  restoration  of  the  Bourbon  dynasty,  in  1814.  It  has 
a  legislative  body,  consisting  of  a  house  of  peers,  the 
members  of  which  are  hereditary  ;  and  a  house  of  dele- 
gates, the  members  of  which  are  elected  at  the  end  of 
every  five  years  by  the  departments.  The  present  pop- 
ulation is  about  29  millions. 

Switzerland  at  present  consists  of  22  cantons,  which 
have  distinct  governments,  but  are  united  together  by  a 
general  confederation,  and  have  a  general  Diet.  They 
have  entered  into  a  treaty  with  the  leading  powers  of 
Europe,  by  which  their  independence  is  acknowledged, 
and  their  neutrality,  in  case  of  future  wars,  is  guarantied. 
The  population  ot  the  22  cantons,  in  which  is  included 
all  the  country  which  has  ever  formed  a  part  of  Swit- 
zerland, is  1,720,000* 

Italy  is  at  present  divided  between  eight  independent 
states,  besides  Lombardy  and  Venice,  which  belong  to 
the  empire  of  Austria,  but  are  under  a  distinct  adminis- 
tration. Piedmont,  Savoy,  the  ancient  Republic  of  Gen- 
oa, and  the  island  of  Sardinia,  constitute  the  kingdom 
or  Sardinia.  The  ancient  Duchy  of  Tuscany,  which  for 
some  years  formed  the  kingdom  of  Etruria,  constitutes 
the  Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany.  Beside  these  states, 
there  are  now  in  Italy  the  Duchy  of  Modena,  the  Duchy 
of  Parma  and  Placentia,  the  Duchy  of  Lucca,  the  States 
of  the  Church,  the  kingdom  of  the  two  Sicilies,  including 
Naples  and  the  island  of  Sicily,  and  the  little  republic 
of  San  Marino.  These  different  states  have,  of  course, 
different  forms  of  government.  The  population  is  about 
11  millions. 


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